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Article

The Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Dibenzofurans at a Background Station in Taiwan during Biomass Burning Seasons in El Niño and La Niña Events

by
Shih Yu Pan
1,
Yen-Shun Hsu
1,
Yuan Cheng Hsu
2,
Tuan Hung Ngo
1,
Charles C.-K. Chou
3,
Neng-Huei Lin
4 and
Kai Hsien Chi
1,*
1
Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
2
National Environmental Research Academy, Ministry of Environment, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
3
Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
4
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Atmosphere 2024, 15(8), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081002
Submission received: 2 July 2024 / Revised: 27 July 2024 / Accepted: 19 August 2024 / Published: 20 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Microplastics in Air)
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Abstract

To measure the long-range transport of PCDD/Fs, a background sampling site at Mt. Lulin station (Taiwan) was selected based on meteorological information and its location relative to burning events in Southeast Asia. During regular sampling periods, a higher concentration of PCDD/Fs was recorded in 2008 at Mt. Lulin station during La Niña events, with levels reaching 390 fg I-TEQ/m3. In contrast, a higher concentration of 483 fg I-TEQ/m3 was observed in 2013 during biomass burning events. This indicates that La Niña affects the ambient PCDD/F concentrations. The ratio of ΣPCDD/ΣPCDF was 0.59, suggesting significant long-range transport contributions from 2007 to 2023. From 2007 to 2015, the predominant species was 2,3,4,7,8-PCDF, accounting for 25.3 to 39.6% of the total PCDD/Fs. From 2018 onward, 1,2,3,7,8-PCDD became more dominant, accounting for 15.0 to 27.1%. According to the results from the receptor model PMF (n = 150), the sources of PCDD/Fs were identified as dust storms and monsoon events (19.3%), anthropogenic activity (28.5%), and biomass burning events (52.2%). The PSCF values higher than 0.7 highlighted potential PCDD/F emission source regions for Mt. Lulin during biomass burning events, indicating high PSCF values in southern Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam.
Keywords: biomass burning; PCDD/Fs; source apportionment; El Niño; La Niña biomass burning; PCDD/Fs; source apportionment; El Niño; La Niña

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pan, S.Y.; Hsu, Y.-S.; Hsu, Y.C.; Ngo, T.H.; Chou, C.C.-K.; Lin, N.-H.; Chi, K.H. The Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Dibenzofurans at a Background Station in Taiwan during Biomass Burning Seasons in El Niño and La Niña Events. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081002

AMA Style

Pan SY, Hsu Y-S, Hsu YC, Ngo TH, Chou CC-K, Lin N-H, Chi KH. The Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Dibenzofurans at a Background Station in Taiwan during Biomass Burning Seasons in El Niño and La Niña Events. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pan, Shih Yu, Yen-Shun Hsu, Yuan Cheng Hsu, Tuan Hung Ngo, Charles C.-K. Chou, Neng-Huei Lin, and Kai Hsien Chi. 2024. "The Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Dibenzofurans at a Background Station in Taiwan during Biomass Burning Seasons in El Niño and La Niña Events" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081002

APA Style

Pan, S. Y., Hsu, Y.-S., Hsu, Y. C., Ngo, T. H., Chou, C. C.-K., Lin, N.-H., & Chi, K. H. (2024). The Long-Term Monitoring of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin Dibenzofurans at a Background Station in Taiwan during Biomass Burning Seasons in El Niño and La Niña Events. Atmosphere, 15(8), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15081002

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