Impact of Catchment Discretization and Imputed Radiation on Model Response: A Case Study from Central Himalayan Catchment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hydrologic Model Framework
2.1.1. Snow and Glacier Balance
2.1.2. Study Catchment and Data
2.1.3. Meteorological Forcing and Observed River Gauge Data
2.1.4. MODIS Snow Product, Topographical, and Land Cover Data Sets
2.2. Catchment Discretization Technique
2.2.1. Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
2.2.2. Regular Space Grid
2.2.3. Hypsography (Elevation Zone)
2.2.4. Implementation of New Radiation Algorithm in the Shyft
2.3. Model Construction, Calibration, and Validation
2.4. Evaluation Metrics
2.4.1. Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE)
2.4.2. Critical Success Index (CSI)
3. Results
3.1. Intercomparison of the Catchment Discretization Methods
3.2. Evaluation of Catchment Discretization and Imputed Radiation on Streamflow Efficiency
3.3. Effects of Imputed Radiation on Snow Simulations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S.N. | Input Data [Unit] | Source | Time Resolution |
---|---|---|---|
Data serving as input to the model for simulations | |||
1 | Temperature [C] | WFDEI | Daily |
2 | Precipitation [mm/h] | ” | ” |
3 | Relative Humidity [-] | ” | ” |
4 | Wind Speed [m/s] | ” | ” |
5 | Incoming shortwave radiation [watt/m] | ” | ” |
Data serving as a validation data | |||
1 | Discharge [m/s] | DHM, GoN | Daily |
2 | Snow cover [per pixel] | MODIS | 8-day |
Parameter | Description and Unit | Lower Limit | Upper Limit |
---|---|---|---|
kirchner parameter 1 (see Equation (2)) [-] | −8.0 | 0.0 | |
kirchner parameter 2 (see Equation (2)) [-] | −1.0 | 1.2 | |
kirchner parameter 3 (see Equation (2)) [-] | −0.15 | −0.05 | |
p_corr_factor | scaling factor for precipitation [-] | 0.2 | 2.0 |
tx | temperature threshold rain/snow [C] | −3.0 | 2.0 |
wind_scale | determining wind profile [-] | 1 | 6 |
FDR | fast albedo decay rate during cold condition [days] | 5.0 | 15 |
SDR | slow albedo decay rate during melt [days] | 20.0 | 40.0 |
surface magnitude * | snow heat constant [mm SWE] | 30.0 | 30.0 |
max_water * | fractional max water content of snow [-] | 0.1 | 0.1 |
max albedo * | maximum snow albedo used in snow routine [-] | 0.9 | 0.9 |
min albedo * | minimum snow albedo used in snow routine [-] | 0.6 | 0.6 |
ae_scale_factor * | scaling factor for actual evapotranspiration [-] | 1.0 | 1.0 |
rad_albedo ** | average albedo of the surrounding ground | ||
surface below the inclined surface [-] | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
rad_turbidity ** | an empirical turbidity coefficient [-] | 0.5 | 0.5 |
S.N. | Models | Descriptions |
---|---|---|
1 | PTGSK-HYP | Priestley–Taylor (PT) method for estimating potential evaporation; Gamma snow routine (GS) for snow melt, sub-grid snow distribution, and mass balance calculations; a simple storage–discharge function (K) for catchment response calculation; and catchment discretization by hypsography (HYP) method. |
2 | RPTGSK-HYP | Imputed incoming shortwave radiation (R) in PTGSK and catchment discretization by HYP method. |
3 | PTGSK-SqGrid | PTGSK and catchment discretization by regular square grid (SqGrid) method. |
4 | RPTGSK-SqGrid | Imputed incoming shortwave radiation (R)in PTGSK-SqGrid. |
5 | PTGSK-TIN | PTGSK and catchment discretization by TIN method. |
6 | RPTGSK-TIN | Imputed incoming shortwave radiation (R) in PTGSK-TIN. |
S.N. | Sum | ||
---|---|---|---|
Sum |
CID | Mean Aspect (Degree from North) | Mean Slope (Degree) | Mean Elevation (m asl) | Glacier Area (sq. km) | Zonal Area (sq. km) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 171.8 | 24.3 | 1084.0 | 0.0 | 96.7 |
2 | 174.3 | 31.3 | 1742.8 | 0.0 | 144.8 |
3 | 181.5 | 31.2 | 2483.6 | 0.0 | 193.3 |
4 | 186.7 | 31.8 | 3232.3 | 0.0 | 274.1 |
5 | 184.3 | 30.0 | 3948.2 | 0.5 | 487.6 |
6 | 179.2 | 28.2 | 4663.5 | 51.3 | 693.0 |
7 | 178.8 | 26.8 | 5358.1 | 290.7 | 726.8 |
8 | 181.9 | 32.4 | 6015.3 | 276.5 | 317.1 |
9 | 175.1 | 39.4 | 6728.4 | 40.1 | 59.7 |
10 | 208.4 | 37.6 | 7397.3 | 0.0 | 6.9 |
PTGSK-TIN | RPTGSK-TIN | |
---|---|---|
Evapotranspiration (%) | 19.7 | 17.8 |
Glacier melt (mm) | 535.9 | 513.1 |
Runoff (mm) | 1355.9 | 1354.8 |
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Bhattarai, B.C.; Silantyeva, O.; Teweldebrhan, A.T.; Helset, S.; Skavhaug, O.; Burkhart, J.F. Impact of Catchment Discretization and Imputed Radiation on Model Response: A Case Study from Central Himalayan Catchment. Water 2020, 12, 2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092339
Bhattarai BC, Silantyeva O, Teweldebrhan AT, Helset S, Skavhaug O, Burkhart JF. Impact of Catchment Discretization and Imputed Radiation on Model Response: A Case Study from Central Himalayan Catchment. Water. 2020; 12(9):2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092339
Chicago/Turabian StyleBhattarai, Bikas Chandra, Olga Silantyeva, Aynom T. Teweldebrhan, Sigbjørn Helset, Ola Skavhaug, and John F. Burkhart. 2020. "Impact of Catchment Discretization and Imputed Radiation on Model Response: A Case Study from Central Himalayan Catchment" Water 12, no. 9: 2339. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092339