Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in Agricultural Soils in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Area and Soil Sampling
2.2. Determination of Soil Property
2.3. Pesticide Residue Analyses
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in 2013
3.2. Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in 2023
3.3. Soil Properties
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Herbicide | Chemical Group | Application Time | Molecular Formula | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Water Solubility (mg/L) pH 7 | log KO/W at pH 7 and 20 °C | Vapor Pressure (mPa) (at 20 °C) | Soil Degradation, DT50 in Field (day) | Bioconcentration Factor (l L/kg−) | Threshold of Toxicological Concern (Cramer Class) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,4-D-methyl ester | Phenoxy-carboxylates | post em | C9H8Cl2O | 235.064 | / | / | / | / | / | High (class III) |
Aclonifen | Diphenyl-ether | post em | C12H9ClN2O3 | 264.66 | 1.4 | 4.37 | 0.016 | 80.4 | 2896 | High (class III) |
Amidosulfuron | Sulfonylureas | post em | C9H15N5O7S2 | 369.4 | 5600 | −1.56 | 1.3 × 10−3 | 21 (typical) | 4.85 | High (class III) |
Aminopyralid | 6-Chloropicolinates | post em | C6H4Cl2N2O2 | 207.02 | 2480 | −2.87 | 2.59 × 10−5 | 12.1 | 100 | High (class III) |
Benfluralin | Dinitroanilines | post em | C13H16F3N3O4 | 335.28 | 0.064 | 5.27 | 1.8 | 39.9 | / | High (class III) |
Bentazon | Benzothiadiazinone | post em | C10H12N2O3S | 240.3 | 7112 | −0.46 | 0.17 | 7.5 | 21 | High (class III) |
Carfentrazone-ethyl | N-Phenyl-triazolinones | post em | C15H14Cl2F3N3O3 | 412.2 | 29.3 | 3.7 | 7.2 × 10−3 | 8.2 | 176 | High (class III) |
Clethodim | Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) | post em | C17H26ClNO3S | 359.92 | 5450 | 1.50 | 2.68 × 10−2 | 3 | 3.5 | High (class III) |
Clomazone | Isoxazolidinone | post em | C12H14ClNO2 | 239.7 | 1212 | 2.58 | 27 | 27.3 | 40 | High (class III) |
Clopyralid | 6-Chloropicolinates | post em | C6H3Cl2NO2 | 192.0 | 7850 | −2.63 | 1.36 | 8.2 | 1 | High (class III) |
Cycloxydim | Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) | post em | C17H27NO3S | 325.47 | 53 | 1.36 | 0.01 | 5 | low risk | High (class III) |
Diflufenican | Phenyl ethers | pre/post em | C19H11F5N2O2 | 394.3 | 0.05 | 4.2 | 4.25 × 10−3 | 64.6 | 1276 | High (class III) |
Ethofumesate | Benzofurans | pre/post em | C13H18O5S | 286.35 | 50 | 2.7 | 0.65 | 37.8 | 144 | High (class III) |
Fenoxaprop-ethyl | Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates (FOPs) | post em | C18H16ClNO5 | 361.77 | 0.9 | 4.28 | 1.87 × 10−4 | 4 | 4.9 | High (class III) |
Fluazifop-P-butyl | Aryloxyphenoxy-propionates | post em | C19H20F3NO4 | 383.4 | 0.93 | 4.5 | 0.12 | 8.2 | 320 | High (class III) |
Flufenacet | α-Oxyacetamides | post em | C14H13F4N3O2S | 363.33 | 51 | 3.5 | 0.09 | 39 | 71.4 | High (class III) |
Flumioxazin | N-Phenyl-imides | pre em | C19H15FN2O4 | 354.3 | 0.786 | 2.55 | 0.32 | 17.6 | low risk | High (class III) |
Foramsulfuron | Sulfonylureas | post em | C17H20N6O7S | 452.4 | 3293 | −0.78 | 4.20 × 10−8 | 25.4 (typical) | low risk | High (class III) |
Imazamox | Imidazolinones | post em | C15H19N3O4 | 305.33 | 626,000 | −2.9 | 6.3 × 10−8 | 16.7 | 0.1 | High (class III) |
Iodosulfuron-methyl | Sulfonylureas | post em | C14H14IN5O6S | 507.26 | 25,000 | −0.7 | 2.6 × 10−6 | 3.2 | low risk | High (class III) |
Lenacil | Uracils | post em | C13H18N2O2 | 234.29 | 2.9 | 1.69 | 1.7 × 10−6 | 39.8 | 18 | High (class III) |
Mesotrione | Triketones | pre/post em | C14H13NO7S | 339.32 | 1500 | 0.11 | 5.7 × 10−3 | 5 | low risk | High (class III) |
Metamitron | Triazinones | post em | C10H10N4O | 202.21 | 1770 | 0.85 | 7.44 × 10−4 | 11.1 | 75 | High (class III) |
Metazachlor | α-Chloroacetamides | pre/post em | C14H16ClN3O | 277.75 | 450 | 2.49 | 0.089 | 6.8 | low risk | High (class III) |
Metobromuron N | Phenylureas | post em | C9H11BrN2O2 | 259.1 | 328 | 2.48 | 0.144 | 22.4 | low risk | High (class III) |
Metribuzin | Triazines | pre/post em | C8H14N4OS | 214.29 | 10,700 | 1.7 | 0.121 | 19 | 10 | High (class III) |
Metsulfuron-methyl | Sulfonylureas | post em | C14H15N5O6S | 381.37 | 2790 | −1.87 | 1 × 10−6 | 13.3 | 1 | High (class III) |
Napropamide | Acetamides | pre em | C17H21NO2 | 271.35 | 74 | 3.3 | 2.2 × 10−2 | 72 | 98 | High (class III) |
Nicosulfuron | Sulfonylureas | post em | C15H18N6O6S | 410.4 | 90,700 | −2.16 | 6 × 10−3 | 13.5 | low risk | High (class III) |
Oxyfluorfen | Diphenyl ethers | pre/post em | C15H11ClF3NO4 | 361.7 | 0.116 | 4.86 | 0.026 | 73 | 1637 | High (class III) |
Pendimethalin | Dinitroanilines | pre em | C13H19N3O4 | 281.312 | 0.33 | 5.4 | 3.34 | 100.6 | 5100 | High (class III) |
Phenmedipham | Phenlcarbamates | post em | C16H16N2O4 | 300.31 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 7 × 10−7 | 16.7 | 165 | High (class III) |
Propyzamide | Benzamides | post em | C12H11Cl2NO | 256.12 | 9 | 3.27 | 0.058 | 50.5 (typical) | 49 | High (class III) |
Prosulfocarb | Thiocarbamates | post em | C14H21NOS | 251.39 | 13.2 | 4.48 | 0.79 | 9.8 | 700 | High (class III) |
Quizalofop-ethyl | Aryloxyphnoxy-propionates (FOPs)) | post em | C19H17ClN2O4 | 372.8 | 0.31 | 4.28 | 0.04 | 60 | 867 | High (class III) |
Rimsulfuron | Sulfonylureas | post em | C14H17N5O7S2 | 431.4 | 7300 | −1.46 | 8.9 × 10−4 | 10.8 | low risk | High (class III) |
s-metolachor | Chloroacetamide | pre em | C15H22ClNO2 | 283.79 | 480 | 3.05 | 3.7 | 23.17 | 68.8 | High (class III) |
Thifensulfuron-methyl | Sulfonylureas | post em | C12H13N5O6S2 | 387.4 | 54.1 | −1.65 | 5.19 × 10−6 | 10 | 0.8 | High (class III) |
Triflusulfuron-methyl | Sulfonylureas | post em | C17H19F3N6O6S | 492.43 | 260 | 0.94 | 1.01 × 10−2 | 4.5 | 1.3 | High (class III) |
Tritosulfuron | Sulfonylureas | post em | C13H9F6N5O4S | 445.3 | 78.3 | 0.62 | 9.3 × 10−5 | 8.2 | low risk | High (class III) |
Terbuthylazine | Triazines | pre/post em | C9H16ClN5 | 229.81 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 0.152 | 21.8 | 34 | High (class III) |
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Active Substance | Depth (cm) | 2013 | 2023 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Min (mg/kg) | Max (mg/kg) | Frequency (%) | Min (mg/kg) | Max (mg/kg) | ||
2.4-D-methyl ester | 0–30 | 89.06 | <LOD | 5.65 | 85.16 | <LOD | 4.37 |
30–60 | 88.28 | <LOD | 7.73 | 10.94 | <LOD | 6.77 | |
Aclonifen | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 91.41 | <LOD | 9.42 |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 92.19 | <LOD | 6.83 | |
Amidosulfuron | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.20 |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Aminopyralid | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.76 | 2.34 | <LOD | 1.28 |
30–60 | 2.34 | <LOD | 2.65 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Benfluralin | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Bentazon | 0–30 | 100.00 | 0.126 | 5.27 | 99.22 | <LOD | 7.70 |
30–60 | 99.22 | <LOD | 5.68 | 99.22 | <LOD | 9.02 | |
Carfentrazone-ethyl | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Clethodim | 0–30 | 2.34 | <LOD | 0.45 | 1.56 | <LOD | 0.21 |
30–60 | 2.34 | <LOD | 0.19 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Clomazone | 0–30 | 32.03 | <LOD | 229.40 | 29.69 | <LOD | 22.62 |
30–60 | 27.34 | <LOD | 72.03 | 26.56 | <LOD | 25.98 | |
Clopyralid | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | 0 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | 0 | 1.56 | <LOD | 179.80 | |
Cycloxydim | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | 0 | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.12 |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | 0 | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.13 | |
Diflufenican | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 2.07 | 1.56 | <LOD | 3.81 |
30–60 | 1.56 | <LOD | 4.22 | 1.56 | <LOD | 3.27 | |
Ethofumesate | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 24.34 | 2.34 | <LOD | 8.96 |
30–60 | 0.78 | <LOD | 6.29 | 2.34 | <LOD | 1.88 | |
Fenoxaprop-ethyl | 0–30 | 5.47 | <LOD | 1.67 | 3.13 | <LOD | 2.09 |
30–60 | 2.34 | <LOD | 0.39 | 3.13 | <LOD | 3.99 | |
Fluazifop-P-butyl | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Flufenacet | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Flumioxazin | 0–30 | 67.97 | <LOD | 1.83 | 72.66 | <LOD | 1.10 |
30–60 | 71.09 | <LOD | 0.86 | 79.69 | <LOD | 0.72 | |
Foramsulfuron | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.11 | 4.69 | <LOD | 0.39 |
30–60 | 3.13 | <LOD | 0.19 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Imazamox | 0–30 | 5.47 | <LOD | 3.69 | 3.91 | <LOD | 8.53 |
30–60 | 3.91 | <LOD | 1.89 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Iodosulfuron-methyl | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Lenacil | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 2.34 | <LOD | 21.84 |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Mesotrione | 0–30 | 3.13 | <LOD | 0.37 | 3.91 | <LOD | 24.06 |
30–60 | 0.78 | <LOD | 0.27 | 2.34 | <LOD | 1.87 | |
Metamitron | 0–30 | 3.13 | <LOD | 0.72 | 1.56 | <LOD | 4.05 |
30–60 | 3.91 | <LOD | 3.94 | 1.56 | <LOD | 3.38 | |
Metazachlor | 0–30 | 78.91 | <LOD | 1.44 | 75.78 | <LOD | 1.16 |
30–60 | 68.75 | <LOD | 1.29 | 78.13 | <LOD | 0.67 | |
Metobromuron N | 0–30 | 0.00 | na | na | 8.59 | <LOD | 4.33 |
30–60 | 0.00 | na | na | 1.56 | <LOD | 3.21 | |
Metribuzin | 0–30 | 12.50 | <LOD | 10.36 | 12.50 | <LOD | 14.44 |
30–60 | 10.94 | <LOD | 5.19 | 16.41 | <LOD | 9.74 | |
Metsulfuron-methyl | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 26.14 | 12.8 | <LOD | 3.18 |
30–60 | 0.78 | <LOD | 12.64 | 3.13 | <LOD | 65.01 | |
Napropamide | 0–30 | 99.22 | <LOD | 2.21 | 98.44 | <LOD | 2.74 |
30–60 | 97.66 | <LOD | 3.17 | 97.66 | <LOD | 2.72 | |
Nicosulfuron | 0–30 | 24.22 | <LOD | 40.19 | 25.00 | <LOD | 76.57 |
30–60 | 22.66 | <LOD | 21.7 | 21.88 | <LOD | 46.39 | |
Oxyfluorfen | 0–30 | 52.34 | <LOD | 0.70 | 60.16 | <LOD | 1.04 |
30–60 | 48.44 | <LOD | 0.69 | 53.91 | <LOD | 0.63 | |
Pendimethalin | 0–30 | 28.13 | <LOD | 37.62 | 35.16 | <LOD | 50.78 |
30–60 | 27.34 | <LOD | 11.04 | 28.91 | <LOD | 30.69 | |
Phenmedipham | 0–30 | 0.78 | <LOD | 4.66 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Propyzamide | 0–30 | 61.72 | <LOD | 0.71 | 67.19 | <LOD | 3.47 |
30–60 | 69.53 | <LOD | 1.19 | 71.09 | <LOD | 2.34 | |
Prosulfocarb | 0–30 | 100.00 | 0.109 | 5.58 | 98.44 | <LOD | 5.86 |
30–60 | 97.66 | <LOD | 2.93 | 98.44 | <LOD | 5.97 | |
Quizalofop-ethyl | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Rimsulfuron | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
s-metolachlor | 0–30 | 38.28 | <LOD | 670.20 | 35.16 | <LOD | 114.70 |
30–60 | 30.47 | <LOD | 329.90 | 31.25 | <LOD | 80.95 | |
Thifensulfuron-methyl | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Triflusulfuron-methyl | 0–30 | 1.56 | <LOD | 10.07 | 3.91 | <LOD | 16.08 |
30–60 | 3.13 | <LOD | 2.14 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Tritosulfuron | 0–30 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD |
30–60 | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.00 | <LOD | <LOD | |
Terbuthylazine | 0–30 | 42.97 | <LOD | 37.85 | 41.41 | <LOD | 99.03 |
30–60 | 35.16 | <LOD | 32.03 | 32.03 | <LOD | 36.14 |
Active Substances | Depth of Soil Sample | t-Test for Independent Samples | |
---|---|---|---|
0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | ||
± SD mg a.s./kg Soil | ± SD mg a.s./kg Soil | ||
2,4-D-methylester | 1.305 ± 1.058 | 1.477 ± 1.351 | t = 1.065 NS; p = 0.288; d.f. = 225 |
Amidosulfuron | – | – | – |
Aminopyralid | 0.758 | 1.479 ± 1.014 | t = 0.615 NS; p = 0.601; d.f. = 2 |
Bentazon | 1.939 ± 1.061 | 1.918 ± 1.081 | t = 0.160 NS; p = 0.873; d.f. = 253 |
Clethodim | 0.453 | 0.139 ± 0.041 | t = 6.577 *; p = 0.0.22; d.f. = 2 |
Clomazone | 11.856 ± 6.213 | 4.763 ± 2.176 | t = 1.010 NS; p = 0.316; d.f. = 74 |
Clopyralid | – | – | – |
Cycloxydim | – | – | – |
Diflufenican | 2.068 | 2.315 ± 2.697 | t = 0.075 NS; p = 0.953; d.f. = 1 |
Ethofumesate | 24.335 | 6.288 | – |
Fenoxaprop-ethyl | 0.711 ± 0.464 | 0.234 ± 0.145 | t = 1.696 NS; p = 0.128; d.f. = 8 |
Fluazifop-P-butyl | – | – | – |
Flumioxazin | 0.336 ± 0.209 | 0.331 ± 0.184 | t = 0.149 NS; p = 0.882; d.f. = 177 |
Foramsulfuron | 0.110 | 0.150 ± 0.028 | t = 1.289 NS; p = 0.288; d.f. = 3 |
Imazamox | 1.037 ± 1.349 | 0.817 ± 0.741 | t = 0.328 NS; p = 0.750; d.f. = 10 |
Iodosulfuron-methyl | – | – | – |
Mesotrione | 0.251 ± 0.111 | 0.273 | t = 0.175 NS; p = 0.872; d.f. = 3 |
Metamitron | 0.371 ± 0.266 | 1.109 ± 1.586 | t = 0.908 NS; p = 0.394; d.f. = 7 |
Metazachlor | 0.278 ± 0.202 | 0.259 ± 0.164 | t = 0.692 NS; p = 0.489; d.f. = 187 |
Metribuzin | 1.724 ± 2.511 | 1.074 ± 1.357 | t = 0.864 NS; p = 0.395; d.f. = 28 |
Metsulfuron-methyl | 26.139 | 12.648 | – |
Napropamide | 0.775 ± 0.416 | 0.811 ± 0.477 | t = 0.657 NS; p = 0.511; d.f. = 250 |
Nicosulfuron | 4.669 ± 8.209 | 2.648 ± 4.444 | t = 1.174 NS; p = 0.245; d.f. = 58 |
Oxyfluorfen | 0.207 ± 0.106 | 0.213 ± 0.121 | t = 0.324 NS; p = 0.746; d.f. = 127 |
Pendimethalin | 2.658 ± 6.980 | 1.201 ± 2.558 | t = 1.161 NS; p = 0.250; d.f. = 69 |
Phenmedipham | 4.657 ± 0.934 | – | – |
Propyzamide | 0.215 ± 0.107 | 0.228 ± 0.202 | t = 0.522 NS; p = 0.602; d.f. = 166 |
Prosulfocarb | 0.789 ± 0.650 | 0.772 ± 0.595 | t = 0.219 NS; p = 0.827; d.f. = 251 |
Quizalofop-ethyl | – | – | – |
Rimsulfuron | – | – | – |
s-metolachlor | 29.878 ± 99.076 | 21.781 ± 54.520 | t = 0.458 NS; p = 0.648; d.f. = 86 |
Terbuthylazine | 5.301 ± 7.459 | 4.527 ± 5.516 | t = 0.578 NS; p = 0.565; d.f. = 98 |
Thifensulfuron-methyl | – | – | – |
Triflusulfuron-methyl | 5.481 ± 6.488 | 1.489 ± 0.662 | t = 1.399 NS; p = 0.234; d.f. = 4 |
Tritosulfuron | – | – | – |
Active Substances | Depth of Soil Sample | t-Test for Independent Samples | |
---|---|---|---|
0–30 cm | 30–60 cm | ||
± SD mg a.s./kg Soil | ± SD mg a.s./kg Soil | ||
2,4-D-methylester | 1.163 ± 1.114 | 0.966 ± 0.837 | t = 1.4605 NS; p = 0.146; d.f. = 221 |
Aclonifen | 0.765 ± 1.098 | 0.588 ± 0.856 | t = 1.372 NS; p = 0.171; d.f. = 233 |
Amidosulfuron | 0.200 | – | – |
Aminopyralid | 0.338 ± 0.386 | – | – |
Benfluralin | – | – | – |
Bentazon | 2.137 ± 1.387 | 1.832 ± 1.105 | t = 1.944 NS; p = 0.053; d.f. = 252 |
Carfentrazone-ethyl | – | – | – |
Clethodim | 0.180 ± 0.039 | – | – |
Clomazone | 2.672 ± 5.708 | 0.983 ± 1.260 | t = 1.616 NS; p = 0.111; d.f. = 70 |
Clopyralid | – | 98.976 ± 114.292 | – |
Cycloxydim | 0.129 | 0.119 | – |
Diflufenican | 3.538 ± 0.382 | 0.208 ± 0.082 | t = 12.049 *; p = 0.0068; d.f. = 2 |
Ethofumesate | 4.451 ± 3.370 | 4.451 ± 3.370 | t = 1.345 NS; p = 0.250; d.f. = 4 |
Fenoxaprop-ethyl | 1.325 ± 1.302 | 1.134 | t = 0.137 NS; p = 0.895; d.f. = 6 |
Flufenacet | – | – | – |
Fluazifop-P-butyl | – | – | – |
Flumioxazin | 0.361 ± 0.264 | 0.264 ± 0.176 | t = 3.924 **; p = 0.0001; d.f. = 193 |
Foramsulfuron | 0.273 ± 0.137 | – | – |
Imazamox | 2.292 ± 2.942 | – | – |
Iodosulfuron-methyl | – | – | – |
Lenacil | 4.138 ± 7.828 | – | – |
Mesotrione | 4.549 ± 9.579 | 0.303 ± 0.127 | t = 0.595 NS; p = 0.574; d.f. = 6 |
Metabromuron | 1.177 ± 1.345 | 3.283 ± 0.729 | t = 3.588 **; p = 0.0043; d.f. = 11 |
Metamitron | 4.276 ± 4.126 | 0.893 ± 1.063 | t = 3.546 **; p = 0.0011 *; d.f. = 37 |
Metazachlor | 0.264 ± 0.131 | 0.238 ± 0.140 | t = 1.317 NS; p = 0.189; d.f. = 198 |
Metribuzin | 4.694 ± 4.169 | 0.893 ± 1.063 | t = 3.934 ***; p = 0.0004; d.f. = 35 |
Metsulfuron-methyl | 3.182 | 25.205 ± 34.489 | t = 0.553 NS; p = 0.636; d.f. = 2 |
Napropamide | 0.746 ± 0.462 | 0.903 ± 0.491 | t = 2.602 **; p = 0.009; d.f. = 249 |
Nicosulfuron | 6.042 ± 14.914 | 0.429 ± 0.439 | t = 1.676 NS; p = 0.099; d.f. = 40 |
Oxyfluorfen | 0.226 ± 0.127 | 0.258 ± 0.167 | t = 1.318 NS; p = 0.190; d.f. = 144 |
Pendimethalin | 3.319 ± 8.637 | 4.078 ± 9.020 | t = 0.377 NS; p = 0.707; d.f. = 80 |
Phenmedipham | – | – | – |
Propyzamide | 0.376 ± 0.553 | 0.290 ± 0.320 | t = 1.285 NS; p = 0.200; d.f. = 175 |
Prosulfocarb | 0.742 ± 0.484 | 0.843 ± 0.812 | t = 1.197 NS; p = 0.232; d.f. = 250 |
Quizalofop-ethyl | – | – | – |
Rimsulfuron | – | – | – |
s-metolachlor | 17.928 ± 26.503 | 14.306 ± 14.539 | t = 0.511 NS; p = 0.610; d.f. = 83 |
Terbuthylazine | 8.666 ± 14.685 | 2.981 ± 2.452 | t = 2.202 *; p = 0.030; d.f. = 93 |
Thifensulfuron-methyl | – | – | – |
Triflusulfuron-methyl | 4.901 ± 6.065 | – | – |
Tritosulfuron | – | – | – |
Soil Properties 2013 | Max | Min | Average ± SD | CoV | LQ | UQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH in KCl | 8.53 | 4.78 | 7.29 ± 0.6 | 0.09 | 7.27 | 7.57 |
pH in water | 9.79 | 5.80 | 8.23 ± 0.51 | 0.06 | 8.13 | 8.41 |
CaCO3 (%) | 31.98 | 0.27 | 11.86 ± 7.85 | 0.66 | 5.01 | 17.89 |
Organic matter (%) | 8.41 | 0.29 | 3.32 ± 1.11 | 0.34 | 2.64 | 4.00 |
CEC (T) | 68.50 | 1.50 | 24.82 ± 7.46 | 0.30 | 20.75 | 28.44 |
Mechanical composition | ||||||
Coarse sand | 37.0 | 0.10 | 1.99 ± 3.71 | 1.87 | 0.50 | 2.00 |
Fine sand | 84.20 | 8.60 | 36.42 ± 11.55 | 0.32 | 28.53 | 41.78 |
Powder | 55.60 | 5.00 | 31.73 ± 7.62 | 0.24 | 28.63 | 36.00 |
Clay | 59.10 | 6.50 | 29.86 ± 8.52 | 0.29 | 24.53 | 35.33 |
Soil Properties 2023 | Max | Min | Average ± SD | CoV | LQ | UQ |
pH in KCl | 8.28 | 4.46 | 7.26 ± 0.68 | 0.09 | 7.23 | 7.62 |
pH in water | 9.27 | 6.06 | 8.18 ± 0.54 | 0.07 | 8.14 | 8.43 |
CaCO3 (%) | 39.86 | 0.09 | 12.37 ± 8.36 | 0.68 | 3.94 | 18.23 |
Organic matter (%) | 7.98 | 0.84 | 3.38 ± 1.18 | 0.35 | 2.55 | 3.96 |
CEC (T) | 56.75 | 1.00 | 24.55 ± 8.13 | 0.33 | 19.44 | 29.19 |
Mechanical composition | ||||||
Coarse sand | 23.20 | 0.10 | 1.72 ± 2.69 | 1.56 | 0.50 | 1.70 |
Fine sand | 81.40 | 9.60 | 37.42 ± 12.86 | 0.34 | 29.65 | 44.88 |
Powder | 63.20 | 6.10 | 31.86 ± 7.90 | 0.25 | 28.18 | 36.43 |
Clay | 56.00 | 5.40 | 29.01 ± 8.93 | 0.31 | 23.40 | 33.63 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Šunjka, D.; Pucarević, M.; Lazić, S.; Stojić, N.; Milošević, L.; El Bilali, H.; Bošković, D.; Vuković, S.; Mitrić, S.; Berjan, S.; et al. Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in Agricultural Soils in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia). Land 2024, 13, 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091347
Šunjka D, Pucarević M, Lazić S, Stojić N, Milošević L, El Bilali H, Bošković D, Vuković S, Mitrić S, Berjan S, et al. Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in Agricultural Soils in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia). Land. 2024; 13(9):1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091347
Chicago/Turabian StyleŠunjka, Dragana, Mira Pucarević, Sanja Lazić, Nataša Stojić, Ljiljana Milošević, Hamid El Bilali, Dragana Bošković, Slavica Vuković, Siniša Mitrić, Siniša Berjan, and et al. 2024. "Monitoring of Herbicide Residues in Agricultural Soils in Vojvodina Province (Northern Serbia)" Land 13, no. 9: 1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091347