Land | September 2025 - Browse Articles

16 pages, 8656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Leisure Agriculture Resources in Southern Jiangsu Region Based on Multi-Source Data

by Zhaoyi Wang, Zhihan Tao and Tao Wu

Land 2025, 14(9), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091879 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2025

Abstract

Leisure agriculture has become an essential driver of rural revitalization in China, yet most existing studies focus on provincial or municipal levels and rely on single-method approaches, leaving a gap in understanding spatial distribution patterns and driving mechanisms in highly urbanized metropolitan regions. [...] Read more.

Leisure agriculture has become an essential driver of rural revitalization in China, yet most existing studies focus on provincial or municipal levels and rely on single-method approaches, leaving a gap in understanding spatial distribution patterns and driving mechanisms in highly urbanized metropolitan regions. This study addresses this gap by constructing a comprehensive leisure agriculture database for southern Jiangsu using multi-source data, including POI (Point of Interest), statistical yearbooks, and GIS datasets. Kernel density estimation, nearest neighbor index (NNI), geographic concentration index (GCI), and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with VIF testing were applied to analyze spatial clustering and influencing factors. Results reveal that leisure agriculture resources exhibit significant clustering with a clear “core–periphery” pattern, concentrated in urban–rural transition zones. Agricultural output value and the number of A-level scenic spots significantly promote clustering, whereas GDP, population, and transportation density show weaker explanatory power. Theoretically, this study integrates multiple spatial statistical methods into a comprehensive analytical framework, enriching the understanding of leisure agriculture evolution under metropolitanization. Practically, it provides empirical evidence to support the optimization of leisure agriculture resource allocation, inform rural revitalization policies, and guide coordinated urban–rural planning in developed regions. Full article

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17 pages, 7305 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Ecological–Economic Zoning Scheme and Coordinated Development of the China–Russia Northeast–Far East Transboundary Region

by Xinyuan Wang, Fujia Li, Hao Cheng and Kirill Ganzey

Land 2025, 14(9), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091878 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The China–Russia northeast–far east transboundary region is ecologically complex and economically promising, but fragmented cross-border management poses challenges to ecological security and regional sustainable development. To scientifically reveal functional differentiation and support bilateral cooperation, this study established a comprehensive evaluation system comprising 21 [...] Read more.

The China–Russia northeast–far east transboundary region is ecologically complex and economically promising, but fragmented cross-border management poses challenges to ecological security and regional sustainable development. To scientifically reveal functional differentiation and support bilateral cooperation, this study established a comprehensive evaluation system comprising 21 indicators across five categories: natural, ecological, economic, social, and resource. Using the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm at the grid scale, eight initial clusters with distinct eco-economic characteristics across administrative boundaries were identified. Based on these results, spatial patterns were refined using expert knowledge from both China and Russia, ultimately delineating ten core eco-economic functional zones. The study finds that (1) the results of the eco-economic zoning scheme reveal clear spatial functional differentiation, with the northern part of the region focusing on ecological conservation and resource development, and the southern part on agricultural and forestry production as well as port trade; and (2) China and Russia show significant differences in natural resource endowments, infrastructure levels, and population distribution, indicating strong potential for functional complementarity and coordinated development. Further, this study breaks through traditional administrative-unit-based zoning approaches and proposes a grid-scale eco-economic zoning scheme across administrative boundaries, providing spatial support for ecological protection, resource development, and regional governance in the border areas between China and Russia. The findings may also serve as a methodological reference and practical demonstration for eco-economic zoning scheme and coordinated management in other complex transboundary regions around the world. Full article

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24 pages, 11317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Property Subdivision: Land Use Change Patterns and Water Rights Around Cerro Castillo National Park, Chilean Patagonia

by Andrés Adiego, Trace Gale, Luis Alberto Longares Aladrén, Andrea Báez-Montenegro and Ángela Hernández-Moreno

Land 2025, 14(9), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091877 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures under global change scenarios, with surrounding land subdivision and land use/land cover change (LULCC) dynamics often undermining their conservation goals and intensifying demand for basic services such as water availability. This study analyzed the [...] Read more.

Protected areas (PAs) are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures under global change scenarios, with surrounding land subdivision and land use/land cover change (LULCC) dynamics often undermining their conservation goals and intensifying demand for basic services such as water availability. This study analyzed the buffer zone around Cerro Castillo National Park in Chilean Patagonia to assess the evolution of rural private properties, considering their subdivision, LULCC, and legal water demand dynamics. Using cadastral records, Landsat 8 imagery, and official water rights databases, we quantified property subdivision and analyzed LULCC and water rights distribution patterns through spatial overlap analysis. Results indicate a nearly fourfold increase in subdivisions between 2011 and 2023, with 304 properties divided into 3237 units occupying 43.7% of the private land area. LULCC analysis revealed a net recovery of native forest (+10%) alongside notable increases in urban coverage (+152%) and exotic plantations (+245%). Legal water demand almost doubled, with 68% of consumptive rights concentrated in subdivided properties. These findings highlight property subdivision as an important factor influencing socioecological change in the territories that surround PAs. We argue that subdivision dynamics can serve as an early indicator for anticipating land use pressures and can complement integrated landscape-scale planning, consistent with the transformative change approaches advocated by international biodiversity frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating the Balance: The Role of National Parks in Ecological Conservation and Socioeconomic Development, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1678 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil C-CO₂ Emissions Across Different Land Uses in a Peri-Urban Area of Central Croatia

by Marija Galic, Aleksandra Percin and Igor Bogunovic

Land 2025, 14(9), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091876 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle by storing organic carbon and releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) through biological processes. Land use management practices influence soil CO₂ emissions by changing physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Seasonal soil [...] Read more.

Soils play an important role in the global carbon cycle by storing organic carbon and releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) through biological processes. Land use management practices influence soil CO₂ emissions by changing physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Seasonal soil C-CO₂ emissions (soil CO₂ efflux expressed as C-CO₂ in kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) were analyzed under cropland, orchard, grassland, forest, and abandoned land, in a peri-urban area in central Croatia in 2021 and 2023. Emissions were measured using the static method in a closed chamber, accompanied by measurements of soil temperature, moisture, and total porosity. In both years, grassland and orchards had the highest average soil C-CO₂ emissions, whereas cropland showed consistently lower values. However, total soil C-CO₂ emissions were significantly lower in 2023, probably influenced by higher precipitation and changes in soil moisture. The seasonal trends differed from year to year, with the highest emissions recorded in fall 2021 and spring 2023. In both years, there was a positive correlation between average soil C-CO₂ emissions and soil temperature/moisture, while soil porosity also contributed to the observed emission variations. The results show the significant influence of land use types on soil C-CO₂ emissions and emphasize the importance of seasonal and environmental factors in assessing soil carbon cycling. This research enhances understanding of soil contributions to climate change and supports the development of sustainable land management practices aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for "Land, Soil and Water" Section)

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32 pages, 625 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Construction to Operation: A Public Service Ecosystem Framework for Urban Rail Transit’s Economic Impact

by Fei Xia, Guangdong Wu and Zhibin Hu

Land 2025, 14(9), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091875 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Urban rail transit (URT) is becoming an important component of a modern city’s transportation infrastructure, which greatly improves the overall efficiency of urban mobility. However, it remains unclear whether URT systems stimulate economic growth through agglomeration effects or inadvertently hinder productivity through fiscal [...] Read more.

Urban rail transit (URT) is becoming an important component of a modern city’s transportation infrastructure, which greatly improves the overall efficiency of urban mobility. However, it remains unclear whether URT systems stimulate economic growth through agglomeration effects or inadvertently hinder productivity through fiscal crowding-out effects. To address the question, we analyzed panel data from 26 Chinese cities from 2007 to 2020 through the theory of public service ecosystems (PSE) to interpret the effects of URT construction and operation on the economy from the dual perspectives of value creation and value destruction. We found that URT construction follows the law of diminishing marginal returns, whereas operational efficiency is positively associated with economic growth. Furthermore, URT construction usually exhibits stronger economic benefits in the central and western regions of China, whereas the optimization of operational efficiency is more effective in the eastern regions. Our findings offer phase-specific strategies for policymakers: prioritizing network expansion for emerging URT systems and formulating service innovation roadmaps for mature systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Socio-Economic and Political Issues)

52 pages, 4532 KB

Open AccessReview

New Insights into Agriculture on Small Mediterranean Islands: A Systematic Review

by Mireille Ginésy and Rita Biasi

Land 2025, 14(9), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091874 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

The numerous inhabited small islands of the Mediterranean basin are marginal geographic territories of high natural value. Historically, island communities have developed complex, poly-cultural agricultural systems, based on the use of native genetic resources and traditional ecological knowledge, to address the challenges linked [...] Read more.

The numerous inhabited small islands of the Mediterranean basin are marginal geographic territories of high natural value. Historically, island communities have developed complex, poly-cultural agricultural systems, based on the use of native genetic resources and traditional ecological knowledge, to address the challenges linked to unfavorable climate, geology, and topography. However, economic, socio-demographic, and climatic factors have caused farmland abandonment, leading to soil and land degradation and to a decline in biodiversity and ecosystem services. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review to assess the state of scientific research with regard to agriculture on small Mediterranean islands. After screening records retrieved on Scopus, Web of Science, CABI, and Google Scholar, 167 articles published before July 2025 were included in the analysis. The articles covered 6 countries and 126 islands, with Greek and Italian islands being the most represented. Key topics included trajectories, drivers, and consequences of land use change, agrobiodiversity, and water resources. To complete the systematic review, 30 relevant EU-funded projects were identified and analyzed. Overall, the scientific research aimed at supporting agriculture on Mediterranean small islands tends to focus on a single issue or very few issues. However, we suggest that given the complexity of the drivers and consequences of farmland abandonment, more integrated approaches could have a greater impact. By providing a systematic overview of the current state of the research on agriculture on small Mediterranean islands, this review offers a solid basis for guiding ongoing and future research, actions, and policies aimed at building resilience in these fragile and endangered lands. Full article

23 pages, 1764 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Biomass Estimation Methods for Forest Ecosystems in Kenya: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

by Hamisi Tsama Mkuzi, Caleb Melenya Ocansey, Justin Maghanga, Miklós Gulyás, Károly Penksza, Szilárd Szentes, Erika Michéli, Márta Fuchs and Norbert Boros

Land 2025, 14(9), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091873 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Accurate forest biomass estimation is essential for quantifying carbon stocks, guiding sustainable forest management, and informing climate change mitigation strategies. Kenya’s forests are diverse, ranging from Afromontane and mangrove ecosystems to dryland woodlands and plantations, each presenting unique challenges for biomass measurement. This [...] Read more.

Accurate forest biomass estimation is essential for quantifying carbon stocks, guiding sustainable forest management, and informing climate change mitigation strategies. Kenya’s forests are diverse, ranging from Afromontane and mangrove ecosystems to dryland woodlands and plantations, each presenting unique challenges for biomass measurement. This review synthesizes literature on field-based, remote sensing, and machine learning approaches applied in Kenya, highlighting their effectiveness, limitations, and integration potential. A systematic search across multiple databases identified peer-reviewed studies published in the last decade, screened against defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main findings are (1) Field-based techniques (e.g., allometric equations, quadrat sampling) provide reliable and site-specific estimates but are labor-intensive and limited in scalability. (2) Remote sensing methods (LiDAR, UAVs, multispectral and radar imagery) enable large-scale and repeat assessments, though they require extensive calibration and investment. (3) Machine learning and hybrid approaches enhance prediction accuracy by integrating multi-source data, but their success depends on data availability and methodological harmonization. This review identifies opportunities for integrating field and remote sensing data with machine learning to strengthen biomass monitoring. Establishing a national biomass inventory, supported by robust policy frameworks, is critical to align Kenya’s forest management with global climate and biodiversity goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Soil-Water Resilience to Climate Change: Mechanisms and Management)

15 pages, 4449 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Long-Term Wildfire Dynamics in Portugal Using Trajectory Analysis (1975–2024)

by Bruno Barbosa, Ana Gonçalves, Sandra Oliveira and Cláudia M. Viana

Land 2025, 14(9), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091872 (registering DOI) - 13 Sep 2025

Abstract

Wildfire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes are becoming increasingly unpredictable, driven by the combined effects of climate change, land-use transitions, and socio-economic pressures. Traditional metrics such as burned area or ignition points often fail to capture the complexity of the temporal and spatial recurrence [...] Read more.

Wildfire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes are becoming increasingly unpredictable, driven by the combined effects of climate change, land-use transitions, and socio-economic pressures. Traditional metrics such as burned area or ignition points often fail to capture the complexity of the temporal and spatial recurrence of fire events. To address this gap, we apply, for the first time, a trajectory analysis framework to wildfire occurrence data across mainland Portugal (1975–2024), using pixel-level binary time series at 100 m resolution. Originally developed for land cover change detection, this method classifies each pixel into sequences representing distinct temporal patterns (e.g., stability, gains, losses, or alternations) over defined periods. Results reveal a predominance of stable absence and alternation-type trajectories, particularly “All alternation gain first”, which points to recurrent yet irregular fire activity. Regional differences further highlight the influence of divergent socio-ecological contexts. The findings suggest that fire regimes in Portugal are not only recurrent but structurally dynamic, and that trajectory-based classification offers a novel and valuable tool for long-term monitoring and regionally adapted fire management. Applying this method to wildfire data required specific adjustments to account for the unique temporal and thematic characteristics of fire regimes, ensuring a meaningful interpretation of the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Trajectory Analysis to Describe Changes in a Time Series of Maps)

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22 pages, 2448 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing Reference Models for Ecological Restoration—Case Study from Colorado National Monument, USA

by Patrick J. Comer, Gregory E. Eckert and George D. Gann

Land 2025, 14(9), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091871 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Restoration practitioners specify goals that describe how the focal ecosystem will look or function upon reaching recovery goals. Goals may be influenced by the level of degradation, surrounding landscape conditions, societal choice, and a changing climate regime. The Society for Ecological Restoration’s International [...] Read more.

Restoration practitioners specify goals that describe how the focal ecosystem will look or function upon reaching recovery goals. Goals may be influenced by the level of degradation, surrounding landscape conditions, societal choice, and a changing climate regime. The Society for Ecological Restoration’s International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration recommend that goals should be informed by reference models of site conditions, which include the biotic composition, the environmental setting, and dynamic processes—had anthropogenic degradation not occurred—while accounting for anticipated changes. The SER principles address many aspects of ecological restoration, and practical steps include conceptualizing the structure and function of the natural system, measuring ecological integrity, and assessing potential climate change effects and adaptations. Models optimally reflect a variety of information sources and are based, where possible, on multiple reference sites of similar native ecological conditions. Using a project site from the Colorado National Monument in the USA, we illustrate a stepwise process to address these principles and standards by compiling and synthesizing map, text, and tabular information from reference materials and sites. By addressing these principles and systematically utilizing existing frameworks and locally available data, practitioners can streamline the establishment of reference models for ecological restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem and Biodiversity Conservation in Protected Areas)

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27 pages, 7199 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Snow Grooming on Morphology and Erosion of Alpine Hillslopes: A Case Study from Kasprowy Wierch Ski Station in the Tatra Mountains

by Dawid Piątek and Kazimierz Krzemień

Land 2025, 14(9), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091870 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The rapid expansion of ski tourism and climate change-induced snow shortages have led to intensified ski run maintenance, including extensive earthworks, artificial snowmaking, and regular snow grooming. While these activities are known to cause significant land degradation, quantitative geomorphological studies, specifically on the [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of ski tourism and climate change-induced snow shortages have led to intensified ski run maintenance, including extensive earthworks, artificial snowmaking, and regular snow grooming. While these activities are known to cause significant land degradation, quantitative geomorphological studies, specifically on the effects of snow grooming, are limited. This study addresses this knowledge gap by quantitatively assessing the impact of snow grooming on erosion processes and hillslope morphology by comparing them with natural landforms. We achieved this by determining the spatial distribution, morphometry, and long-term persistence of studied landforms. The study area consisted of a unique ski resort at Kasprowy Wierch, which does not use artificial snowmaking or extensive earthworks. We combined detailed field mapping with the analysis of multi-temporal Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and orthophotos from 2012, 2019, 2020, and 2023. Our methodology also included the calculation of volumetric changes using the DEM of Difference (DoD) analysis. We distinguished two groups of eroded areas, natural landforms (e.g., shallow landslides, debris flow tracks, nivation niches) and snow groomer-induced forms, which were concentrated on ski runs. Natural landforms were elongated and deeper, with higher edges, clustered along debris flow tracks, and occurred on steeper slopes (mean 26.8°). They were more persistent and extensive, with a total area ranging from 3891 m² in 2012 to 3452 m² in 2023. In contrast, groomer-eroded landforms, located on gentler slopes (mean 23.4°), were smaller, more angular, less persistent, and concentrated on narrower, intensively used ski run sections. Their total area decreased from 2122.71 m² to 1762.25 m² over the same period, despite an increase in their count. The volumetric analysis revealed distinct dynamics: over the long term (2012–2023), natural forms showed a total deposition of +8.196 m³, while groomer-eroded forms experienced total erosion of -2.070 m³. During an extreme rainfall event in 2020, natural landforms experienced vast erosion of -163.651 m³, nearly five times greater than the -33.765 m³ observed on snow groomer-eroded landforms, demonstrating their greater susceptibility to high-magnitude events. Importantly, a comparison with other studies reveals that the scale of erosion from snow grooming is relatively small compared to the severe impacts of artificial snowmaking. Our findings are relevant for managing protected areas, such as Tatra National Park, where the focus should be on mitigating anthropogenic impacts to preserve natural processes, which in turn implies that the development of new ski infrastructure should be prohibited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Bio- and Geo-Diversity and Landscape Changes II)

25 pages, 8141 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Spatial Vitality in Historic Districts: A Grey Relational Analysis of Multidimensional Built Environment Factors in Shanghai’s Zhangyuan

by Yiming Song, Wang Zhang, Yunze Deng, Hongzhi Mo and Yuan Li

Land 2025, 14(9), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091869 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Enhancing the vitality of historic districts is a key challenge in China’s urban regeneration. This study takes Shanghai’s Zhangyuan Historic District as a case, constructing a framework with six spatial indicators—width-to-height ratio (W/H), interface transparency, connectivity, integration, Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and [...] Read more.

Enhancing the vitality of historic districts is a key challenge in China’s urban regeneration. This study takes Shanghai’s Zhangyuan Historic District as a case, constructing a framework with six spatial indicators—width-to-height ratio (W/H), interface transparency, connectivity, integration, Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), and mean radiant temperature (MRT)—across spatial morphology, path accessibility, and thermal comfort. Using Grey Relational Analysis, the study quantitatively examines how these factors affect spatial vitality and pedestrian behavior. Findings indicate that, overall, W/H and connectivity are the primary drivers of vitality in plazas and alleys, while thermal comfort (MRT, UTCI) strongly affects stationary behaviors. By typology, plazas exhibit the strongest association with interface transparency (grey relational grade = 0.870), demonstrating that open sightlines and permeable interfaces promote pedestrian flow and staying. North–south alleys show pronounced associations with thermal comfort (MRT = 0.918; UTCI = 0.874), suggesting microclimate-friendly environments can substantially enhance vitality in linear walking spaces. East–west alleys are dominated by connectivity (0.831) and W/H (0.849), whereas integration shows a low grade (0.512), revealing weaker configurational coherence for this spatial type. At the micro-scale, connectivity outperforms integration in predicting pedestrian route choices, reflecting actual movement preferences. The study highlights the combined effects of multidimensional built environment factors and provides a scientific basis for targeted spatial optimization, sustainable renewal, and vitality-oriented design in historic urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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32 pages, 7588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Participatory Assessment of Cultural Landscape Ecosystem Ser-Vices: A Basis for Sustainable Place-Based Branding in Coastal Territories

by Alfredo Fernández-Enríquez, Gema Ramírez-Guerrero, María De Andrés-García and Javier García-Onetti

Land 2025, 14(9), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091868 (registering DOI) - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cultural ecosystem services are difficult to evaluate due to their subjective nature and the lack of indicators of the benefits they provide to people. This study applied an innovative methodology to assess the cultural landscape’s ecosystem services in the coastal countryside of La [...] Read more.

Cultural ecosystem services are difficult to evaluate due to their subjective nature and the lack of indicators of the benefits they provide to people. This study applied an innovative methodology to assess the cultural landscape’s ecosystem services in the coastal countryside of La Janda in Cádiz, Spain, based on heritage assets situated outside urban centers. After identifying 700 cultural landmarks scattered throughout La Janda that represent the region’s cultural values and foster feelings of identity and belonging at a local level, public domain routes totaling 243.78 km have been selected to appreciate them. These routes have been incorporated into an Android application, enabling users to access a bibliographic summary of the landmarks and generate data on social preferences when contemplating cultural heritage. Integrated into a Public Participation Geographic Information System, these data serve as an indicator for evaluating cultural ecosystem services and support efforts to conserve and enhance the cultural capital spread across the territory. These data also allow for the identification of symbolic and emotional values linked to place identity, offering valuable inputs for sustainable place-branding strategies that promote the territory beyond conventional tourism models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Heritage Preservation as a Basis for Sustainable Development and Transformation of Historic Urban Landscapes)

24 pages, 2651 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Correlation Between the Accessibility of Built Environment Elements and Residents’ Self-Rated Health in New Rural Communities

by Xiu Yang, Chao Liu, Wei Liu, Ximin Hu and Kehao Li

Land 2025, 14(9), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091867 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

In the contexts of rapid urbanization and the Healthy China Strategy, understanding how the built environment affects residents’ health has become a pressing issue for the development of new rural communities. This study aims to investigate the associations between facility accessibility and residents’ [...] Read more.

In the contexts of rapid urbanization and the Healthy China Strategy, understanding how the built environment affects residents’ health has become a pressing issue for the development of new rural communities. This study aims to investigate the associations between facility accessibility and residents’ health, and to provide evidence for health-oriented rural planning. Taking Pujiang County in Chengdu as the case study, we measured the accessibility of nine categories of facilities using GIS-based network analysis and evaluated residents’ health through the Self-Rated Health Measurement Scale (SRHMS). Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDT) combined with SHAP interpretation were employed to examine and explain the influence of accessibility factors on health outcomes. The results indicate that the accessibility of road entrances, public toilets, garbage transfer points, schools, and community service centers is negatively associated with residents’ health, with variations across physical, mental, and social health dimensions. Moreover, social health is insufficiently explained by physical accessibility alone, implying the additional importance of social and cultural conditions. These findings offer practical guidance for optimizing facility layout and spatial design in new rural communities and provide an empirical basis for promoting health-oriented rural planning in China and similar contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Architecture and Design in Urban and Peri-Urban Environment: 2nd Edition)

32 pages, 3140 KB

Open AccessArticle

Do Trees Really Make a Difference to Our Perceptions of Streets? An Immersive Virtual Environment E-Participation Streetscape Study

by Marcus White, Nano Langenheim, Tianyi Yang, Hussein Dia, Ian Woodcock and Jeni Paay

Land 2025, 14(9), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091866 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

Urban streets, constituting the majority of public space, are often designed to prioritise vehicular movement over the pedestrian experience, leading to environments that can feel unsafe and unwelcoming. While street trees are advocated for their multi-faceted benefits, empirical evidence quantifying their specific impact [...] Read more.

Urban streets, constituting the majority of public space, are often designed to prioritise vehicular movement over the pedestrian experience, leading to environments that can feel unsafe and unwelcoming. While street trees are advocated for their multi-faceted benefits, empirical evidence quantifying their specific impact on pedestrian perceptions of traffic safety and place, distinct from other interventions, remains limited. This study utilised an immersive virtual environment (IVE) e-participation method to isolate and evaluate the impact of streetscape designs on pedestrian perception. We asked: How do street trees and other interventions influence emotional responses and perceptions of traffic safety and comfort? Our findings demonstrate that streetscape modifications significantly alter pedestrian affect. Crucially, a ground vegetation buffer reduced tense emotions by 69% (Exp(B) = 0.302), performing comparably to traffic speed reduction (−71%) and cycle lanes (−81%). The results provide robust, quantitative evidence that integrating vegetation, particularly tree and low planting buffers, is a highly effective strategy for mitigating negative emotional responses and enhancing the liveability of urban streetscapes. This study offers planners and designers validated strategies for creating streets that are not only functional but also psychologically supportive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Spatial Analysis into Sustainable Urban Planning)

22 pages, 1094 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Non-Timber Forest Products and Community Well-Being: The Impact of a Landscape Restoration Programme in Maradi Region, Niger

by Garba Oumarou Daouda, Mustapha Yakubu Madaki, Laminou Manzo Ousmane, Christian Serge Félix Zounon, Ayat Ullah, Miroslava Bavorova and Vladimir Verner

Land 2025, 14(9), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091865 - 12 Sep 2025

Abstract

The utilisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represents a key strategy for coping with food insecurity in rural areas worldwide, often resulting in their gradual depletion and extinction. One of the objectives of landscape restoration programmes is to restore depleted and conserve scarce [...] Read more.

The utilisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) represents a key strategy for coping with food insecurity in rural areas worldwide, often resulting in their gradual depletion and extinction. One of the objectives of landscape restoration programmes is to restore depleted and conserve scarce NTFPs, as well as to preserve their various ecosystem services. However, the impact of these programmes on the well-being of local communities through their access to NTFPs remains understudied. The study focuses on the arid areas of the southern and central parts of the Maradi region in Niger in the Sahel, analysing how the landscape restoration programme contributes to improved access to NTFPs and their subsequent commercialisation to increase household incomes. The probit model with propensity score matching (PSM) reveals, on data from 379 households, that socioeconomic factors such as age, male gender, education level, and number of children, as well as access to NTFPs through donations, increase the chance of being selected as the programme beneficiary. On the other hand, ownership of goats, practising free collection, or purchasing NTFPs were typical for non-beneficiaries. The PSM analysis indicates that beneficiaries sell 11.81% more NTFPs on the market (p < 0.05). Furthermore, beneficiaries earn an average of 7297.40 CFA francs from forest products, compared to 3281.37 CFA francs for non-beneficiaries (p < 0.01). To enhance the impact of the programme, policymakers should prioritise outreach to underrepresented households and incorporate livestock management strategies. Strengthening local markets, storage facilities, and processing infrastructure can boost economic returns. Additionally, combining the conservation of NTFP-producing species with sustainable income activities can support both environmental and community resilience. Full article

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18 pages, 716 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Do Soil Methanotrophs Really Remove About 5% of Atmospheric Methane?

by Xiaokun Yao, Tao Tao, Wei Li, Tingzhen Ming and Renaud de Richter

Land 2025, 14(9), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091864 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 32

Abstract

It has been experimentally proved that microorganisms in soils are able to remove atmospheric methane (CH₄), particularly through experiments with radioelements such as ¹⁴CH₄. However, a curious question arises: are these microorganisms the only responsible sink for all [...] Read more.

It has been experimentally proved that microorganisms in soils are able to remove atmospheric methane (CH₄), particularly through experiments with radioelements such as ¹⁴CH₄. However, a curious question arises: are these microorganisms the only responsible sink for all atmospheric CH₄ uptake attributed to soils, or do non-microbial (e.g., chemical) processes also contribute part of it? In this perspective article, we propose that atmospheric methane removal (AMR) in soils may result from a combination of microbial and non-microbial processes. In addition to oxidation by MOB, we analyzed the potential roles of photocatalytic reactions on soil minerals, Fenton-like chemistry in water droplets, chlorine radical pathways in chloride-rich soils and ozone/VOCs-driven •OH generation. These chemical mechanisms may act independently or intertwined with microbial activity under specific environmental conditions. We suggest that future studies use experimental approaches to explore and quantify the relative contributions of these pathways and to help refine our understanding of the soil CH₄ sink in the global methane budget. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Soil and Water)

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21 pages, 2468 KB

Open AccessArticle

How to Improve Collaboration in Sustainable Urban Community Renewal? An Evolutionary Game Model

by Hui Sun, Yiyue Zhang, Yihan Wang, Jidong Chen and Huicang Wu

Land 2025, 14(9), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091863 - 12 Sep 2025

Viewed by 49

Abstract

Urban community renewal is an important direction for sustainable urban development in the era of building stock. Unlike traditional construction projects, the deeper involvement of residents in community renewal leads to more complex stakeholder relationships and new conflict-of-interest issues, requiring collaboration for the [...] Read more.

Urban community renewal is an important direction for sustainable urban development in the era of building stock. Unlike traditional construction projects, the deeper involvement of residents in community renewal leads to more complex stakeholder relationships and new conflict-of-interest issues, requiring collaboration for the development of sustainable human settlements. Grounded in collaborative governance theory, this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model and employed simulations to analyze the evolutionary paths and key influencing factors to improve collaboration. The findings suggest that there are three main scenarios of urban community renewal: government-led, market-led, and multi-participation, and that the realization of sustainable collaboration is determined by the creation of collaborative advantages, the magnitude of speculative benefits for companies, and the regulatory costs incurred by the government. In conclusion, this study reveals the strategic choices and necessary conditions for each subject under different scenarios. It is necessary to improve the top-level design of the collaborative governance of urban community renewal, strengthen the construction of information sharing and feedback channels of urban community renewal, and establish the whole process supervision system of urban community renewal. Full article

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20 pages, 1597 KB

Open AccessArticle

Participatory Design for Small-Scale PV Integration in Heritage Districts: The Case of Öjeby Church Town, Piteå, Sweden

by Lars Vikström, Andrea Luciani and Agatino Rizzo

Land 2025, 14(9), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091862 - 12 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The integration of small-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems in heritage districts poses a significant challenge: balancing sustainability and energy transition goals while preserving cultural and historical values. This study addresses the problem that existing planning and regulatory frameworks often exclude residents’ perspectives, leading to [...] Read more.

The integration of small-scale photovoltaic (PV) systems in heritage districts poses a significant challenge: balancing sustainability and energy transition goals while preserving cultural and historical values. This study addresses the problem that existing planning and regulatory frameworks often exclude residents’ perspectives, leading to solutions that are technically feasible but socially contested. The objective is to explore how residents, as potential prosumers, can be effectively integrated into decision-making processes for PV adoption in heritage districts. Focusing on Öjeby Church Town in Piteå, northern Sweden, we employed transdisciplinary participatory design methods, including stakeholder workshops, interviews, council meetings, and a tailored resident design workshop to capture both explicit and tacit knowledge. These design methods were combined with spatial analysis and visual assessment. The findings reveal that residents favour PV solutions that minimise visual impact on heritage buildings, preferring installations in green and grey infrastructure over direct building integration. The process also enhanced awareness, legitimacy, and agency among participants, while exposing regulatory gaps, ownership complexities, and aesthetic tensions. The study contributes a replicable participatory framework that integrates community values with technical and heritage expertise, offering a pathway toward value-sensitive energy transitions in protected cultural environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilient and Sustainable Urban Futures)

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23 pages, 19618 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling Ancient Pathways of Cretan Landscapes: Building Networks and Social Dynamics

by David Laguna-Palma, Fernando Moreno-Navarro and Vyron Antoniadis

Land 2025, 14(9), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091861 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Mapping human–environment interactions involves understanding complex systems based on continuous material and non-material flows. These interactions are linked to the ecological context and involve both physical and social dynamics. This study explores such interactions within ancient Crete from a long-term and multi-scalar perspective, [...] Read more.

Mapping human–environment interactions involves understanding complex systems based on continuous material and non-material flows. These interactions are linked to the ecological context and involve both physical and social dynamics. This study explores such interactions within ancient Crete from a long-term and multi-scalar perspective, with a specific focus on the entanglements that contributed to the formation of patterned landscapes. Methodologically, this research employs digital tools such as site mapping, GIS-based analysis and network science techniques to shed light on emerging spatial patterns and historical mobility arising from the interconnectedness of specific factors within Cretan landscapes. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the spatial network configuration of complex social landscapes in this region, which holds strategic historical connections within the broader Mediterranean context. Full article

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21 pages, 3795 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rural Image Perception and Spatial Optimization Pathways Based on Social Media Data: A Case Study of Baishe Village—A Traditional Village

by Bingshu Zhao, Zhimin Gao, Meng Jiao, Ruiyao Weng, Tongyu Jia, Chenyu Xu, Xuhui Wang and Yuting Jiang

Land 2025, 14(9), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091860 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

The sustainable development of traditional villages faces a core challenge stemming from the disconnect between public perception and spatial planning. To address this issue, this study, taking Baishe Village—a national-level traditional village—as a case study, constructs and applies a “Digital Humanities + Spatial [...] Read more.

The sustainable development of traditional villages faces a core challenge stemming from the disconnect between public perception and spatial planning. To address this issue, this study, taking Baishe Village—a national-level traditional village—as a case study, constructs and applies a “Digital Humanities + Spatial Analysis” research paradigm that integrates text mining, sentiment analysis, visual coding, and spatial analysis based on multimodal social media data (Sina Weibo and Xiaohongshu) from 2013 to 2023. It aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of tourists’ rural image perception structure, emotional tendencies, and their spatial differentiation characteristics, and subsequently propose spatial optimization pathways that promote the revitalization of its cultural landscape and sustainable land use. The main findings reveal the following: (1) In terms of cognitive structure, the rural image presents a ‘settlement-dominated’ four-dimensional structure, with settlement elements such as pit kilns (accounting for more than 70%) as the absolute core. (2) In terms of emotional tendencies, a cognitive tension is formed between the high recognition of architectural heritage value (positive sentiment: 57.44%) and significant dissatisfaction with service facilities. (3) In terms of spatial patterns, a “dual-core-driven” pattern of perceived hotspots emerges, with 83% of tourist activities concentrated in the central–southern main road area, revealing a “revitalization gap” in village spatial utilization. The contribution of this study lies in translating abstract public perceptions into quantifiable spatial insights, thereby constructing and validating a “Digital Humanities + Spatial Analysis” paradigm that fuses multimodal data and links abstract perception with concrete space. This provides a crucial theoretical basis and practical guidance for the living conservation of cultural landscapes, the enhancement of land use efficiency, and refined spatial governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Space: Between Renewal Processes and Preservation)

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22 pages, 10065 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Vitality Assessment of Urban Post-Industrial Landscapes Using Multi-Source Data: A Case Study of Beijing Shougang Park

by Rongting Li, Xinyi Liu and Mengyixin Li

Land 2025, 14(9), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091859 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 172

Abstract

Transforming the global legacy of abandoned industrial landscapes into vibrant, sustainable urban assets presents a critical yet complex opportunity, requiring solutions that simultaneously honor heritage and meet evolving urban demands. As multifunctional public spaces, their vitality significantly affects spatial quality and user engagement. [...] Read more.

Transforming the global legacy of abandoned industrial landscapes into vibrant, sustainable urban assets presents a critical yet complex opportunity, requiring solutions that simultaneously honor heritage and meet evolving urban demands. As multifunctional public spaces, their vitality significantly affects spatial quality and user engagement. We investigate the spatial vitality of post-industrial landscapes through a multi-source data framework, using Beijing’s Shougang Park as a case study. Integrating spatial syntax, point-of-interest (POI) analysis, and Baidu Heat Map data, the research constructs a comprehensive evaluation model encompassing spatial accessibility, functional diversity, heritage openness, and crowd dynamics. The findings reveal a marked spatial imbalance in accessibility, with global integration values ranging from 0.09 to 0.29 and a low intelligibility coefficient of 0.09, underscoring a mismatch between spatial structures and modern functional demands. The study identifies dynamic openness of heritage spaces and integrated community functions as key drivers for revitalization. Optimization simulations demonstrate that restructuring road networks significantly enhances spatial integration, increasing the global integration range to 0.10–0.87. This research contributes a replicable, data-driven framework for assessing and guiding the renewal of legacy industrial sites, offering valuable insights for post-industrial urban regeneration and heritage-based development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Post-Industrial Landscape Design Approaches with Climate Adaptation and Social Equity)

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33 pages, 2248 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Land Use and Land Cover Maps for Stream Water Quality Assessment in Spatial Buffers: A Systematic Review of Recent Trends (2020–2024)

by Giancarlo Alciaturi and Artur Gil

Land 2025, 14(9), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091858 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Assessing the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) on water quality (WQ) is central to land-based environmental research. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this study analyses recent trends using LULC maps to assess stream [...] Read more.

Assessing the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) on water quality (WQ) is central to land-based environmental research. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, this study analyses recent trends using LULC maps to assess stream WQ within buffers, focusing on papers published between 2020 and 2024. It identifies relevant remote sensing practices for LULC mapping, landscape metrics, WQ physicochemical parameters, statistical techniques for correlating LULC and WQ, and conventions for configuring buffers. Materials include Scopus, Web of Science, and Atlas.ti, which support both qualitative data analysis and Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) tasks via its integration with OpenAI’s large language models. The methodology highlights creating a bibliographic database, coding, CAI, and validating prompts. Official maps and visual or digital interpretations of optical imagery provided inputs for LULC. Classifiers from earlier generations have shaped LULC cartography. The most employed WQ parameters were phosphorus, total nitrogen, and pH. The three most referenced landscape metrics were the Largest Patch Index, Patch Density, and Landscape Shape Index. The literature mainly relied on Redundancy Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and alternative correlation approaches. Buffer configurations varied in size. CAI facilitated an agile systematic review; however, it encountered challenges related to a phenomenon known as hallucination, which hampers its optimal performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Innovations – Data and Machine Learning)

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20 pages, 1643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Walkable Urbanism and Hiking Tourism in a Mountainous Metropolitan City

by Lankyung Kim and Chul Jeong

Land 2025, 14(9), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091857 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Mountains in metropolitan cities serve as fundamental features that shape urban landscapes. When incorporated into leisure contexts, mountain resources enhance community well-being and contribute to tourism. However, existing studies rarely address urban mountain tourism within the broader context of political implementation or its [...] Read more.

Mountains in metropolitan cities serve as fundamental features that shape urban landscapes. When incorporated into leisure contexts, mountain resources enhance community well-being and contribute to tourism. However, existing studies rarely address urban mountain tourism within the broader context of political implementation or its role in sustainable urban development. This study explores Seoul, a mountainous city that is experiencing a growing interest in hiking tourism among foreign visitors. Two approaches were used in this study. First, institutional narratives at the national and municipal levels were analyzed to understand how mountain leisure was promoted within sustainable urban agendas around the new millennium. Official documents reveal that the city has been developing pedestrian-centered urban regeneration and promoting welfare provision through urban greening strategies. Second, 8862 hiking reviews posted by international tourists on AllTrail were analyzed to identify the experiential attributes. The findings confirm that accessibility and aesthetics are the dominant attractions for hiking tourism in Seoul. Accessibility stems from pedestrian-centered development, whereas aesthetics reflect strategies that promote nature-based leisure for urban residents. This study suggests that hiking tourism in the metropolitan context has practical implications for integrating mountain resources into sustainable city planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban and Rural Planning for Tourism: Designing a Better Future for Residents)

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24 pages, 14849 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Future Land Use Change on Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs and Synergies in Water-Abundant Cities: A Case Study of Wuhan, China

by Ding Nan and Shiming Fang

Land 2025, 14(9), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091856 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

Under rapid urbanization, water-abundant cities face severe challenges of ecological space compression and ecosystem service (ES) degradation. This study focuses on Wuhan, a representative water-abundant city, integrating the PLUS model, InVEST model, correlation analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to simulate land use [...] Read more.

Under rapid urbanization, water-abundant cities face severe challenges of ecological space compression and ecosystem service (ES) degradation. This study focuses on Wuhan, a representative water-abundant city, integrating the PLUS model, InVEST model, correlation analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to simulate land use patterns in 2040 under three scenarios: natural development (ND), ecological protection (EP), and urban expansion (UE). We quantitatively assessed the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon storage (CS), water yield (WY), soil conservation (SC), and habitat quality (HQ), along with the trade-offs/synergies among these ES. The results reveal that the continuous expansion of construction land in Wuhan has extensively encroached upon cultivated land and water bodies. Although the woodland area increased, it was insufficient to offset the negative impacts of construction land expansion on ES. Under the ND scenario, ES declined by 1.89% to 5.33%. The EP scenario, by implementing ecological protection measures and restricting construction land expansion, enhanced ES by 1.4% to 10%. Conversely, the UE scenario saw construction land increase by over 60%, triggering a chain reaction of “urban expansion—reduction of cultivated land—encroachment on woodland/water bodies”, leading to a 4.77% to 10.75% decline in ES. Furthermore, this study uncovered complex interrelationships among ES: synergistic relationships generally prevailed among CS, SC, and HQ; trade-offs characterized the relationships between WY and both CS and HQ; and the relationship between WY and SC dynamically shifted between trade-off and synergy depending on land use patterns. Urban expansion (UE) intensified trade-off conflicts among ES, whereas ecological protection (EP) alleviated most trade-offs. However, water body expansion under EP weakened the synergy between CS and HQ due to the inherent characteristics of aquatic ecosystems (high HQ but low carbon sequestration). This research provides a scientific basis for water-abundant cities to coordinate development and ecological protection, informing the formulation of differentiated land use policies to optimize ES synergies. Full article

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20 pages, 6834 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Towns: Initial Physical Models, Their Evolution and Future Recommendations

by Hadas Shadar

Land 2025, 14(9), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091855 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This article examines the initial physical models of new towns. Its aim is to identify physical models for new towns that articulate Western planning concepts, to understand the transformations in the models and their causes and trace their development and future trajectory. Israel’s [...] Read more.

This article examines the initial physical models of new towns. Its aim is to identify physical models for new towns that articulate Western planning concepts, to understand the transformations in the models and their causes and trace their development and future trajectory. Israel’s new towns have been selected as a case study for two main reasons: Israel continues to plan and construct new towns, and in doing so, draws on Western planning models and values. An examination of these models, and their transformations over time reveals that since the 1960s, two key motifs can be discerned: the grid model and the linear model. The study found that similar models may in fact reflect contradictory approaches to communality and individualism, coercion and free choice, although the general trend is one of transition from communality toward individualism. It was also found that the more rigid the plan—and thus perceived by planners as “more correct”—the more it fails, as the future is inherently unpredictable. Based on an analysis of these plans and the gaps between them and the facts on the ground, the article concludes by providing physical recommendations for the planning of new towns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)

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26 pages, 18077 KB

Open AccessArticle

Typological Mapping of Urban Landscape Spatial Characteristics from the Perspective of Morphometrics

by Yiyang Fan, Hao Zou, Tianyi Zhao, Boqing Fan and Yuning Cheng

Land 2025, 14(9), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091854 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 128

Abstract

The characterization and mapping of urban landscape spatial form are critical for advancing sustainable planning and informed environmental management. From a morphometric perspective, this study introduces a novel, data-driven framework for typo-morphological analysis. First, morphological cells (MCs) are defined as objectively and universally [...] Read more.

The characterization and mapping of urban landscape spatial form are critical for advancing sustainable planning and informed environmental management. From a morphometric perspective, this study introduces a novel, data-driven framework for typo-morphological analysis. First, morphological cells (MCs) are defined as objectively and universally applicable spatial units for morphometric investigation. Second, by integrating a multi-dimensional cognition of full-scale morphological and associated landscape elements, we construct a set of 48 spatial form indicators and attach them to morphological cells, enabling a precise description of each unit. Third, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to cluster the metrical information within the spatially lagged context derived from the topological structure of the morphological cells, resulting in the delineation of distinct typo-morphological zones (TMZs). We then adopt Ward’s algorithm to establish a hierarchical relationship among identified urban landscape types. Using Wuxi City, China, as a case study, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in capturing the heterogeneity and underlying connotation of urban landscape spatial characteristics. Building upon the unsupervised clustering results, we further apply the classification and regression tree (CART) to provide a supervised interpretation of the key spatial form conditions driving typological decisions. It facilitates the systematic identification of the components and formative mechanisms of spatial form. The findings contribute a scalable, reproducible, and interpretable typo-morphometric approach for analyzing urban landscape spatial characteristics, thereby providing a robust quantitative foundation for integrated decision-making in landscape planning, socio-ecological assessment, and urban design practices. More broadly, the study carries both applied and theoretical significance for advancing refined urban governance and fostering interdisciplinary research related to urban sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Urban Design and Landscape Architecture (Second Edition))

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21 pages, 3696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Smarter Urban Green Space Allocation: Investigating Scale-Dependent Impacts on Multiple Ecosystem Services

by Haoyang Song, Yixin Guo and Min Wang

Land 2025, 14(9), 1853; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091853 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 131

Abstract

Urban green space (UGS) is crucial for enhancing ecosystem services (ESs), offering both ecological and social benefits. The multifunctional and synergistic development of UGS is essential for addressing ecological security challenges and meeting the demand for high-quality urban living. In densely urbanized areas, [...] Read more.

Urban green space (UGS) is crucial for enhancing ecosystem services (ESs), offering both ecological and social benefits. The multifunctional and synergistic development of UGS is essential for addressing ecological security challenges and meeting the demand for high-quality urban living. In densely urbanized areas, optimizing green space scale is essential for maximizing its multifunctionality. This study focuses on the Taihu Lake region in China, assessing six ESs. A self-organizing map (SOM) was employed to identify five distinct ecosystem service bundles (ESBs), while redundancy analysis (RDA) explored how green space scale characteristics influence ESs within each bundle. The results indicate that ESs exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity, with the ESBs showing two typical patterns in terms of synergistic-tradeoff relationships. The green ratio (GR) is the primary driver, with largest patch index (LPI) acting as the secondary factor, while other indicators’ effects vary across ESBs. This study systematically examines the pathways through which UGS scale characteristics influence ESs under multiple scenarios, adopting the ESB perspective. It proposes a tiered UGS scale regulation framework aimed at achieving synergistic, multi-value outcomes. Such a framework has strong potential to enhance both the ecological performance and spatial efficiency of UGS allocation. The findings contribute a novel approach to resolving multifunctional integration challenges in high-density urban settings and providing valuable insights for landscape planning and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Infrastructure Planning and Management for Sustainable Urban Development and Quality of Life)

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26 pages, 17309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Resilience Differentiation and Governance Strategies of Traditional Villages in the Qinba Mountains, China

by Yiqi Li, Binqing Zhai, Peiyao Wang, Daniele Villa and Erica Ventura

Land 2025, 14(9), 1852; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091852 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 129

Abstract

The Qinba Mountain Region in southern Shaanxi, China, is both a key ecological barrier and a repository of cultural heritage, yet its traditional villages remain highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Disaster-relocation policies have reduced direct exposure to hazards but also created challenges such [...] Read more.

The Qinba Mountain Region in southern Shaanxi, China, is both a key ecological barrier and a repository of cultural heritage, yet its traditional villages remain highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Disaster-relocation policies have reduced direct exposure to hazards but also created challenges such as settlement hollowing and weakening of cultural continuity. However, systematic studies on the resilience mechanisms of these villages and a corresponding governance framework remain limited. This study applies social–ecological resilience theory to evaluate the resilience of 57 nationally recognized traditional villages. Using a combination of Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA), the entropy weight method, and the geographical detector model, we construct a three-dimensional evaluation framework encompassing terrain adaptability, hazard exposure, and ecological sensitivity. The results show that the Terrain Adaptability Index (TAI) is the dominant driver of resilience, with an explanatory power of q = 0.61, while the interaction of Hazard Exposure Index (HEI, q = 0.58) and Ecological Sensitivity Index (ESI, q = 0.49) produces a nonlinear enhancement effect, significantly increasing vulnerability. Approximately 83% of villages adopt a “peripheral attachment–core avoidance” strategy, and 57% of high-resilience villages (CRI ≥ 0.85) rely on traditional clan-based networks and drainage systems to offset ecological fragility. Based on these differentiated resilience characteristics, the study proposes a three-tiered governance framework of core protection areas–ecological restoration zones–cultural corridors. While this framework demonstrates broad applicability, its findings are context-specific to the Qinba Mountains. Future studies should apply the model to other mountainous regions and integrate dynamic simulation methods to assess climate change impacts, thereby expanding the generalizability of resilience governance strategies. Full article

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22 pages, 3044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Spatial Effects of New-Type Urbanization on Urban Ecological Resilience: Evidence from 281 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

by Xiaodong Yu, Yifei Liu, Haoyang He and Bin Yang

Land 2025, 14(9), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091851 - 11 Sep 2025

Viewed by 113

Abstract

Enhancing urban ecological resilience (UER) is essential for achieving sustainable urban development, as it fosters balanced urbanization while ensuring long-term ecosystem stability. New-type urbanization (NU) plays a pivotal role in sustaining urban sustainable development; however, the mechanisms through which NU affects UER remain [...] Read more.

Enhancing urban ecological resilience (UER) is essential for achieving sustainable urban development, as it fosters balanced urbanization while ensuring long-term ecosystem stability. New-type urbanization (NU) plays a pivotal role in sustaining urban sustainable development; however, the mechanisms through which NU affects UER remain insufficiently understood. This study seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by analyzing panel data from 281 prefecture-level cities in China spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. Composite indices for NU and UER are constructed using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method. The relationship between NU and UER is empirically examined through fixed-effects models, mediation analysis, and a spatial Durbin model. The findings reveal a general upward trend in both NU and UER over time, albeit with some fluctuations. NU significantly enhances UER through direct effects, indirect pathways, and spatial spillovers. The magnitude and nature of this impact vary across geographic regions and resource endowments. Resource-based cities, in particular, demonstrate a stronger capacity to optimize land resource allocation, improve land use structures, and reduce environmental pollution—thus contributing more effectively to UER enhancement. Furthermore, while NU has a positive effect on UER across all regions, the impact is more pronounced in central and western cities, where major national development strategies—such as the Western Development Strategy and the Rise of Central China Plan—are actively implemented. Among them, cities in the central region with higher levels of urbanization experience more substantial benefits from NU compared to those in the western region, where urbanization is progressing more gradually. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the spatial effects of NU on UER and offers valuable policy implications for enhancing ecological resilience through sustainable urbanization pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)

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20 pages, 2419 KB

Open AccessReview

Ideological Enlightenment and Practices of Sustainable Afforestation and Urban Greening: Historical Insights from Modern Guangdong, China

by Yanting Wang, Puaypeng Ho and Changxin Peng

Land 2025, 14(9), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091850 - 11 Sep 2025

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Abstract

The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the modern era caused widespread deforestation and ecological degradation, raising global concerns about sustainable planning, urban green space, and environmental governance. Around the turn of the 20th century, Guangdong Province in China suffered severe environmental decline due [...] Read more.

The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the modern era caused widespread deforestation and ecological degradation, raising global concerns about sustainable planning, urban green space, and environmental governance. Around the turn of the 20th century, Guangdong Province in China suffered severe environmental decline due to extensive deforestation, threatening public health, ecological resilience, and urban livability. In response, returning Chinese intellectuals and foreign forestry experts introduced advanced Western forestry theories and practices to address these crises and promote green urban development. This study examines how these transnational forestry ideas were ideologically embraced, locally adapted, and institutionally embedded in modern Guangdong’s afforestation and urban greening efforts. Drawing on a systematic review of historical literature, forestry journals, and government archives, it identifies three key developments. (1) In ideology, figures such as Yat-sen Sun and German forester Fenzel played vital roles in raising public awareness of afforestation. (2) In practice, Guangdong developed a diversified greening model integrating commemorative, ecological, and aesthetic functions. This included transforming Arbor Day into a civic ritual honoring Yat-sen Sun, establishing nurseries and forest farms for large-scale afforestation, systematically planting street trees in urban centers, and creating forest parks that combined conservation, recreation, and historical commemoration. (3) In regulation, Guangdong formulated forestry laws inspired by Western models. By this way, Guangdong effectively addressed the management challenges in urban greening practices. It should also be emphasized that these modern-era practices have persisted in Guangdong, and their historical experience provides a valuable reference for present-day urban greening. Additionally, Fenzel’s methods for planning nurseries and forest farms can be seen as early prototypes of “evidence-based planning”. By highlighting a historically grounded yet under-explored case, this research offers new insights into the long-term evolution of urban greening strategies and provides lessons for current global efforts in sustainable land use and resilient urban design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning for Sustainable Urban and Land Development, Second Edition)

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