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Land, Volume 14, Issue 9

2025 September - 230 articles

Cover Story: Proximity and access to Public Urban Green Spaces (PUGS) are vital for sustainable cities yet reliably mapping them remains a challenge—especially in metropolitan areas, where multiple local administrations and inconsistent datasets complicate the task. The CUGA Method offers a transparent workflow that integrates open-access data and applies spatial and functional filters to accurately identify PUGS. Validated in the Dublin Region, CUGA outperforms both original and administrative datasets—in accuracy, coverage, and impact—providing a transferable tool for urban planning, policy evaluation, and monitoring progress toward SDG 11.7. View this paper
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Articles (230)

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
855 Views
20 Pages

Deciphering the Spatial Code: Identification and Optimization of Ecological Security Pattern—A Case Study of Jiangsu Province, China

  • Hao Meng,
  • Zhoukai Gong,
  • Chang Qian,
  • Xiaofeng Zhao,
  • Qianming Liu,
  • Xinguo Bu and
  • Chunzhu Shen

22 September 2025

Optimizing Ecological security patterns (ESPs) is critical for advancing territorial spatial restoration and fostering sustainable regional development. While research on ESPs’ construction has grown significantly, key challenges persist, parti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,082 Views
24 Pages

22 September 2025

The purpose of this study is to explore and analyse user perceptions of peri-rural landscapes in the Seoul metropolitan region, using Icheon City as a case study. While the multifunctionality of peri-rural areas—providing ecological, cultural,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
881 Views
28 Pages

22 September 2025

Urban green space (UGS) accessibility is a cornerstone of equitable and sustainable city planning. However, existing studies focus on large metropolitan areas and rely on limited spatial models that overlook the complexity of urban morphology and soc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,731 Views
25 Pages

22 September 2025

Unlike widely examined urban settings, heritage-led rural regeneration remains an urgent yet insufficiently explored challenge. Grounded in stimulus–response theory, this study examines how heritage capacity influences the regeneration of tradi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,074 Views
19 Pages

21 September 2025

Access to schools is crucial in determining an area’s functioning and development, especially regarding housing development. This article presents an analysis of the spatial accessibility of educational services in the city. In Poland, municipa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,112 Views
25 Pages

21 September 2025

Joint ventures (JVs) are an example of a government facilitated arrangement geared towards water allocation reform (WAR) designed to improve the lives of emerging farmers through participation in the agricultural economy in South Africa and other eme...

  • Article
  • Open Access
717 Views
20 Pages

21 September 2025

In the context of advancing new quality productive forces (NQP), the optimization of factor allocation is of critical importance. This study empirically examines how inter-firm land allocation affects the development of NQP and explores the moderatin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,772 Views
49 Pages

20 September 2025

With the ongoing advancement of urban renewal and cultural tourism, public spaces within historic cultural districts face dual challenges of structural complexity and diverse user demands. There is an urgent need to establish a scientific, user-orien...

  • Article
  • Open Access
997 Views
24 Pages

Explainable AI-Driven Integration of Water–Energy–Food Nexus into Supply–Demand Networks

  • Lei Cao,
  • Haonan Zhang,
  • Xueliang Yang,
  • Chaoyu Zhang,
  • Chengbin Xi,
  • Yunlu Zhang and
  • Zhaowu Yu

20 September 2025

The supply–demand network facilitates regional sustainable development by optimizing resource flows and allocation within the Water–Energy–Food system. However, few studies have constructed such networks from a Water–Energy&nd...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,251 Views
28 Pages

Evaluating Future Water Resource Risks in the Driftless Midwest from Climate and Land Use Change

  • Sagarika Rath,
  • Sam Arden,
  • Tassia Mattos Brighneti,
  • Sam Moore and
  • Raghavan Srinivasan

20 September 2025

Assessing the impacts of future changes in rainfall, temperature, and land use on streamflow and nutrient loads is critical for long-term watershed management, particularly in the unglaciated Driftless Area with steep slopes, erodible soils, and kars...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
983 Views
25 Pages

Soil–Atmosphere GHG Fluxes in Cacao Agroecosystems on São Tomé Island, Central Africa: Toward Climate-Smart Practices

  • Armando Sterling,
  • Yerson D. Suárez-Córdoba,
  • Francesca del Bove Orlandi and
  • Carlos H. Rodríguez-León

20 September 2025

This study evaluated soil–atmosphere greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes—including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O)—in cacao agroecosystems on São Tomé Island, Central Africa. The field campaign was...

  • Article
  • Open Access
941 Views
31 Pages

Preserving Coastal Heritage: A Review of Climate Adaptation Strategies on Ilha de Moçambique (Mozambique)

  • Cristiana Valente Monteiro,
  • Francesca Dal Cin,
  • Luís Lage and
  • Sérgio Barreiros Proença

20 September 2025

Ilha de Moçambique is an island off the northern coast of Mozambique, covering an area of 1.5 km2. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991, the island is currently under threat due to the increasing frequency and intensity of ext...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,002 Views
54 Pages

19 September 2025

The marginalisation of the inner areas due to increased social, material, economic and infrastructural vulnerability is a growing phenomenon affecting many countries today. Although, specific policies, measures, and funding have recently been propose...

  • Article
  • Open Access
907 Views
19 Pages

19 September 2025

Aligning urban land development intensity with green land-use efficiency (GLUE) is crucial for fostering high-quality regional growth. This study aims to examine the coupling and coordination between built-up land intensity (BUI) and GLUE by utilizin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
851 Views
23 Pages

Who Is Most Responsible for the Mitigation of Climate Change? An Intercultural Study in Central Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East

  • Anna Kwiatkowska,
  • Magdalena Mosanya,
  • Patrycja Uram,
  • Dilbar Urazbayeva,
  • Baxtigul Nurullayeva,
  • Vita Mikuličiūtė,
  • Rūta Sargautytė and
  • Konstantin Karpinskij

19 September 2025

Researchers observed that even if one’s environmental concern was high, people would delegate others to take responsibility for climate change mitigation and undertake sustainable actions. In this study, we explored how citizens of different co...

  • Article
  • Open Access
798 Views
24 Pages

19 September 2025

Garden-type scenic areas, as integrated carriers of cultural and natural resources, not only reflect the regional socio-economic development level but also embody the historical process of interaction between human cultural activities and the natural...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,194 Views
14 Pages

19 September 2025

In recent years, evidence of gold mining during the Roman period has been found by archaeologists in the Cerdanya region (Girona, Catalonia). In this region, Les Guilleteres d’All has been described as a mining complex because of the erosive fe...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,176 Views
28 Pages

19 September 2025

The overarching topic of this article is land-use planning (LUP) for risk mitigation of natural hazards. In this context, landslides are one of the most destructive natural hazards, resulting in significant negative impacts on humans, ecosystems, and...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
777 Views
18 Pages

19 September 2025

This research is an in-depth qualitative case study of a historic homestead in the town of Čekiškė, located in Lithuania, through the lens of sustainability aesthetics and cultural ecology. The research addresses a gap in the literat...

  • Review
  • Open Access
8 Citations
1,466 Views
23 Pages

Managing Boreal Birch Forests for Climate Change Mitigation

  • Alvyra Slepetiene,
  • Olgirda Belova,
  • Kateryna Fastovetska,
  • Lucian Dinca and
  • Gabriel Murariu

18 September 2025

Boreal birch forests, dominated by Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, are significant components of Northern European and North American landscapes. These forests play a vital role in climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon and enhancing e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
750 Views
18 Pages

18 September 2025

Accurate assessment of ecosystem service value (ESV) is crucial for sustainable environmental management, especially in regions with high ecological sensitivity and significant socioeconomic importance. This study focuses on the Yellow River Basin an...

  • Article
  • Open Access
937 Views
15 Pages

Economic Valuation of the Public Health Impacts of Wetland Degradation: The Case of Lake Cuitzeo (Mexico)

  • Rafael Trueba-Regalado,
  • José A. Albaladejo-García,
  • Arturo Chacón-Torres,
  • Carlos F. Ortiz-Paniagua and
  • José M. Martínez-Paz

18 September 2025

In recent decades there has been a deterioration of wetlands with severe implications for human health, particularly through its effects on food, water, and climate security. Thus, there is an increasing interest in addressing the adverse effects of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
864 Views
25 Pages

18 September 2025

Amid China’s rural–urban integration and rural revitalization, the Centralized Residence of Farmers Policy (CRFP) emerges as a pivotal tool to optimize rural spatial structure and land-use efficiency, yet its implementation risks—pa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,011 Views
25 Pages

18 September 2025

Urban tree biodiversity represents a valuable natural resource. However, some fast-growing tree species with limited esthetic value play an important ecological role by colonizing degraded areas, such as closed landfills. Our observations indicate th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,107 Views
17 Pages

18 September 2025

The phenomenon of counterurbanization, understood as the migration of urban residents to rural areas beyond the suburbanization zone, includes both permanent relocation to the countryside and seasonal migration. The aim of the study is to identify th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
911 Views
21 Pages

18 September 2025

Karst landscapes, characterized by ecological constraints such as thin soil layers, severe rock desertification, and fragile habitats, require a clear understanding of the mechanisms regulating carbon storage and the impacts of ecological restoration...

  • Article
  • Open Access
932 Views
22 Pages

18 September 2025

The effects of climate change are facing extreme drought during the summer period in the cities of Central Europe due to insufficient and limited green infrastructure surfaces, especially in the centers of some built-up capitals (Berlin, Warsaw). As...

  • Article
  • Open Access
891 Views
18 Pages

17 September 2025

Urban morphology has long been studied through typologies, spatial configurations, and historical change, yet cities are not static artifacts but dynamic environments continually reshaped by people, infrastructures, and politics. This article brings...

  • Essay
  • Open Access
694 Views
14 Pages

17 September 2025

Focusing on the deficiencies of traditional tourism attraction survey methods in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and large-scale visual representation, this study selects Qingdao as the research case, collects tourism image data from the Weibo platfor...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,200 Views
26 Pages

17 September 2025

Polycentric urban structures are increasingly advocated to enhance economic efficiency, promote spatial equity, and support environmental sustainability. However, their roles in shaping urban performance remain insufficiently understood, particularly...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
877 Views
28 Pages

17 September 2025

Compound flooding in coastal tropical cities is becoming increasingly prominent, driven by extreme rainfall events and sea level rise, under a changing climate. Quantifying the impact of these events is limited due to a lack of long-term data and fun...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
913 Views
21 Pages

Landcover Change in Tigray’s Semi-Arid Highlands (1935–2020): Implications for Runoff and Channel Morphology

  • Kiara Haegeman,
  • Emnet Negash,
  • Hailemariam Meaza,
  • Jan Nyssen and
  • Stefaan Dondeyne

17 September 2025

This study investigates how landcover change between 1935 and 2020 have shaped hydrological responses in the semi-arid highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia. Focusing on the Tsili catchment (27.5 km2), it examines links between landcover change, drainage net...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,444 Views
18 Pages

16 September 2025

Emerging hybrid governance models are transforming conventional approaches to land-use regulation by simultaneously enabling urban–rural development and enforcing ecological safeguards. This study investigates the regulatory mechanisms underpin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
659 Views
20 Pages

16 September 2025

[Objective] Currently, there are limitations in the understanding of rural cultural landscape: they are often perceived as material spatial entities, with a lack of exploration of their intangible elements and neglect of the isomorphism between the m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,206 Views
25 Pages

16 September 2025

Historic districts face persistent challenges balancing heritage preservation and urban vitality due to fragmented governance and static conservation. This study develops a multi-source data-driven evaluation system coupling spatial quality and urban...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,477 Views
27 Pages

16 September 2025

The climate and environment of metropolitan areas have been negatively impacted by swift urbanization and industrialization. Surface Urban Heat Islands (SUHIs) are among the most critical environmental phenomena. This research focused on the spatiote...

  • Article
  • Open Access
626 Views
37 Pages

16 September 2025

Meteorological hazards threaten sustainable development by affecting human safety, economic stability, and food security. Climate change increases extreme weather frequency, underscoring the urgency for comprehensive evaluation frameworks. However, e...

  • Article
  • Open Access
828 Views
17 Pages

Habitat Features Influence Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in the Cruces Wetland, a Ramsar Site of Southern Chile

  • Pablo Fierro,
  • Ignacio Rodríguez-Jorquera,
  • Carlos Lara,
  • Stefan Woelfl,
  • Jorge Machuca-Sepúlveda,
  • Carlos Vega and
  • Jorge Nimptsch

16 September 2025

Coastal wetlands are highly threatened by human activities, leading to water quality degradation and biodiversity loss. This study assessed spatial variation in 27 water quality parameters, sediment organic matter, and macroinvertebrate assemblages a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
975 Views
28 Pages

16 September 2025

The research on the optimization and transformation of rural “production-living-ecological” functions (PLEFs) is of great significance for rural revitalization and sustainable development. Existing studies predominantly evaluate rural PLE...

  • Article
  • Open Access
887 Views
18 Pages

The Synergistic Effects of Climate Change and Human Activities on Wetland Expansion in Xinjiang

  • Jiaorong Qian,
  • Yaning Chen,
  • Yonghui Wang,
  • Yupeng Li,
  • Zhi Li,
  • Gonghuan Fang,
  • Chuanxiu Liu,
  • Yihan Wang and
  • Zhixiong Wei

15 September 2025

Wetlands function as crucial transitional zones between land and water ecosystems worldwide, contributing significantly to the stability of local ecosystems. However, there is limited research on landscape changes in Xinjiang’s arid interior re...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,650 Views
30 Pages

Impact of Political Economy on Land Administration Reform

  • Anthony Francis Burns,
  • Abbas Rajabifard and
  • Davood Shojaei

15 September 2025

Population growth, urbanization and climate change are all factors that have made it increasingly difficult for governments to manage, allocate and permit the development and use of the finite land resource that is available in any society. Land admi...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1,043 Views
22 Pages

Designing for Urban Biodiversity in Post-Military Landscapes: A Methodological Framework from Warsaw

  • Beata Fornal-Pieniak,
  • Szymon Dmitruk,
  • Marcin Ollik,
  • Filip Kamionowski and
  • Magdalena Pawełkowicz

15 September 2025

Urban green spaces play a crucial role in mitigating the biodiversity loss caused by dense development and land-use transformation. This study explores the ecological and spatial potential of Fort Augustówka, a neglected military fortification...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,545 Views
24 Pages

15 September 2025

Urban green spaces (UGS) provide numerous benefits, but challenges in availability and accessibility often limit their full potential. This study assesses equity and disparities in car-based accessibility to Large Urban Green Spaces (LUGS > 8 ha)...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,013 Views
18 Pages

15 September 2025

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), a globally significant tourist destination and critical ecological barrier, faces an intrinsic conflict between development and conservation. The scientific identification of suitable tourism zones is therefore...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
747 Views
14 Pages

15 September 2025

As cities struggle to balance affordable housing, sufficient public green space, climate change, and rising temperatures, the urgency for planners to integrate nature-based solutions into urban strategies is magnified. In Poland, social inequalities...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
853 Views
29 Pages

15 September 2025

Urban agglomerations underpin regional economic growth and sustainability transitions, yet the spatial heterogeneity and drivers of land use intensity (LUI) remain insufficiently resolved in inland settings. This study develops a high-resolution fram...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,575 Views
30 Pages

15 September 2025

In high-density built environments, perceived density (PD)—shaped by physical, socio-cultural, and perceptual factors—often induces sensations of crowding, stress, and spatial oppression. Although green spaces are recognised for their str...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,267 Views
16 Pages

Interpretable Machine Learning and Remote Sensing Data Reveal Soil Biogeochemistry Patterns in Agricultural Systems

  • Ruslan Suleymanov,
  • Marija Yurkevich,
  • Olga Bakhmet,
  • Tatiana Popova,
  • Andrey Kungurtsev,
  • Denis Zakirov,
  • Anastasia Vittsenko,
  • Gaurav Mishra and
  • Azamat Suleymanov

15 September 2025

Soil condition represents a critical factor for ensuring sustainable agricultural development and food security. In this study, we examined the content of key soil properties and their patterns using an interpretable machine learning framework in com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
778 Views
21 Pages

15 September 2025

The scientific identification of the priority of territorial space consolidation in counties is a key prerequisite for clarifying the direction of regional improvement and implementing differentiated spatial governance strategies. This paper breaks t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
740 Views
16 Pages

14 September 2025

Leisure agriculture has become an essential driver of rural revitalization in China, yet most existing studies focus on provincial or municipal levels and rely on single-method approaches, leaving a gap in understanding spatial distribution patterns...

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Land - ISSN 2073-445X