Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Coefficient Pair Mapping for Videos H.264/AVC without Distortion Drift
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Works
2.1. Intra-Frame Prediction
2.2. DCT-Based Data Hiding Schemes for Video H.264/AVC
3. Proposed Scheme
3.1. Coefficient Pair Mapping
- (1)
- If (Ai, Bi) is the black point, it is kept unchanged.
- (2)
- If (Ai, Bi) is the blue point
- If the secret bit w = 0, the marked coefficient pair is equal to (Ai, Bi).
- If the secret bit w = 1, the marked coefficient pair is set to the corresponding red point.
- (3)
- If (Ai, Bi) is the red point, the marked coefficient pair is set to the corresponding red point.
3.2. CPM Based RDH Scheme
3.3. Embedding Algorithm
Algorithm 1: Embedding algorithm |
Input: The original H.264/AVC video stream H, the secret data M and the encryption key K. Output: The marked H.264/AVC video stream H’. Step 1: The H.264/AVC video stream H is decoded by Entropy encoder to generate blocks of QDCT coefficients. Step 2: Encrypt the message M with the encryption key K. Step 3: from QDCT coefficient blocks. Step 4: Read coefficient pair (Ai, Bi) from the QDCT coefficient blocks, and apply Equation (5) to hide the secret bit w. Step 5: Steps 3 to 4 are repeatedly used until the entire of QDCT coefficients are handled completely, then the entropy encoder is used to generate the marked video stream H’. |
3.4. Extracting Algorithm
Algorithm 2: Extracting algorithm |
Input: The marked video stream H’ and the encryption key K. Output: The original video stream H, the secret data M. Step 1: The Entropy encoder is used to decode the marked video H’ into QDCT coefficient blocks. Step 2: Read the block from QDCT coefficient blocks. Step 3: Read coefficient pairs (Ai, Bi) from the QDCT coefficient block. For each QDCT coefficient pair, one secret bit is extracted by Equation (6) while the original coefficient pair is reconstructed by Equation (7). Step 4: Repeat Steps 3 to 4 until the entire QDCT coefficient blocks are encoded completely, the encrypted secret data are extracted and decrypted with the encryption key K to obtain the secret data M. Then the entropy encoder is used to generate the original H.264/AVC video stream H. |
4. Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mode Name | Mode Value | Reference Pixels | |
---|---|---|---|
Condition 1 | Right-Mode | 0, 3, or 7 | d, h, l, p |
Condition 2 | Under-Left-Mode & Under-Mode | 1 or 8 and 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, or 8 | m, n, o, p |
Condition 3 | Under-Right-Mode | 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, or 8 | p |
Types | Condition 1 | Condition 2 | Condition 3 | Reference Pixels |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | T | F | X 1 | d, h, l, p |
Type 2 | F | T | X | m, n, o, p |
Type 3 | F | F | T | p |
22 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 30 | 32 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akiyo | 18,165 | 19,461 | 19,986 | 20,706 | 22,200 | 22,623 |
Bridge-close | 15,097 | 17,179 | 17,898 | 18,596 | 20,220 | 21,357 |
Bridge-far | 17,283 | 18,938 | 21,508 | 22,077 | 22,916 | 26,287 |
Carphone | 13,780 | 15,110 | 16,230 | 16,816 | 18,052 | 18,995 |
Claire | 22,002 | 22,286 | 23,278 | 24,454 | 25,618 | 27,504 |
Container | 13,730 | 14,872 | 16,535 | 17,268 | 18,548 | 19,576 |
Hall | 16,016 | 17,387 | 18,973 | 20,138 | 21,133 | 21,526 |
Mother-daughter | 18,072 | 18,932 | 20,657 | 21,350 | 22,625 | 23,417 |
News | 16,759 | 18,148 | 19,074 | 19,708 | 21,443 | 22,145 |
Salesman | 11,225 | 12,718 | 14,111 | 14,398 | 15,588 | 16,406 |
Average | 16,213 | 17,503 | 18,825 | 19,551 | 20,834 | 21,984 |
QPs | PSNR | SSIM |
---|---|---|
22 | 38.21 | 0.942 |
24 | 36.24 | 0.915 |
26 | 34.23 | 0.880 |
28 | 32.48 | 0.842 |
30 | 30.38 | 0.784 |
32 | 28.41 | 0.722 |
Average | 33.33 | 0.848 |
Videos | PSNR | SSIM |
---|---|---|
Akiyo | 32.50 | 0.834 |
Bridge-close | 32.01 | 0.847 |
Bridge-far | 32.70 | 0.766 |
Carphone | 32.89 | 0.880 |
Claire | 33.69 | 0.825 |
Container | 32.55 | 0.834 |
Hall | 32.62 | 0.860 |
Mother-daughter | 32.49 | 0.833 |
News | 32.44 | 0.864 |
Salesman | 32.36 | 0.900 |
Average | 32.63 | 0.844 |
Videos | PSNR | SSIM |
---|---|---|
Akiyo | 34.58 | 0.878 |
Bridge-close | 32.49 | 0.861 |
Bridge-far | 34.78 | 0.831 |
Carphone | 33.40 | 0.889 |
Claire | 36.36 | 0.884 |
Container | 33.30 | 0.854 |
Hall | 33.70 | 0.882 |
Mother-daughter | 34.38 | 0.876 |
News | 33.66 | 0.889 |
Salesman | 32.29 | 0.898 |
Average | 33.90 | 0.874 |
Schemes | Maximum Capacity (bits) | Average PSNR of Marked Video (dB) | Average SSIM of Marked Video | Reversibility |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proposed | 19,551 | 32.48 | 0.842 | Yes |
Liu et al. [22] | 141 | 34.17 | 0.987 | Yes |
Ma et al. [13] | 11,559 | 35.31 | 0.935 | No |
Lin et al. [15] | 14,357 | 34.78 | 0.936 | No |
Nguyen et al. [23] | 19,077 | 34.34 | 0.932 | No |
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Nguyen, T.-S. Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Coefficient Pair Mapping for Videos H.264/AVC without Distortion Drift. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091768
Nguyen T-S. Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Coefficient Pair Mapping for Videos H.264/AVC without Distortion Drift. Symmetry. 2022; 14(9):1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091768
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Thai-Son. 2022. "Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Coefficient Pair Mapping for Videos H.264/AVC without Distortion Drift" Symmetry 14, no. 9: 1768. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14091768