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Review

Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review

by
Stefano Barlati
1,2,
Jacopo Lisoni
2,*,
Gabriele Nibbio
1,
Giulia Baldacci
1,
Andrea Cicale
1,
Laura Chiara Ferrarin
1,
Mauro Italia
1,
Andrea Zucchetti
1,
Giacomo Deste
1,2 and
Antonio Vita
1,2
1
Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
2
Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2022, 12(10), 2525; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102525
Submission received: 11 September 2022 / Revised: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 17 October 2022 / Published: 18 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Diagnosis of Mood Disorders: Focus on Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression)
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Abstract

The present narrative review has covered the current evidence regarding the role of cognitive impairments during the early phase of major depressive disorder (MDD), attempting to describe the cognitive features in childhood, adolescence and in at-risk individuals. These issues were analyzed considering the trait, scar and state hypotheses of MDD by examining the cold and hot dimensions, the latter explained in relation to the current psychological theoretical models of MDD. This search was performed on several electronic databases up to August 2022. Although the present review is the first to have analyzed both cold and hot cognitive impairments considering the trait, scar and state hypotheses, we found that current evidence did not allow to exclusively confirm the validity of one specific hypothesis since several equivocal and discordant results have been proposed in childhood and adolescence samples. Further studies are needed to better characterize possible cognitive dysfunctions assessing more systematically the impairments of cold, hot and social cognition domains and their possible interaction in a developmental perspective. An increased knowledge on these topics will improve the definition of clinical endophenotypes of enhanced risk to progression to MDD and, to hypothesize preventive and therapeutic strategies to reduce negative influences on psychosocial functioning and well-being.
Keywords: adolescent; at-risk subjects; cognitive functions; cognitive vulnerability; cold cognition; hot cognition; depression; early detection; staging model adolescent; at-risk subjects; cognitive functions; cognitive vulnerability; cold cognition; hot cognition; depression; early detection; staging model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Barlati, S.; Lisoni, J.; Nibbio, G.; Baldacci, G.; Cicale, A.; Ferrarin, L.C.; Italia, M.; Zucchetti, A.; Deste, G.; Vita, A. Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2525. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102525

AMA Style

Barlati S, Lisoni J, Nibbio G, Baldacci G, Cicale A, Ferrarin LC, Italia M, Zucchetti A, Deste G, Vita A. Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(10):2525. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102525

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barlati, Stefano, Jacopo Lisoni, Gabriele Nibbio, Giulia Baldacci, Andrea Cicale, Laura Chiara Ferrarin, Mauro Italia, Andrea Zucchetti, Giacomo Deste, and Antonio Vita. 2022. "Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review" Diagnostics 12, no. 10: 2525. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102525

APA Style

Barlati, S., Lisoni, J., Nibbio, G., Baldacci, G., Cicale, A., Ferrarin, L. C., Italia, M., Zucchetti, A., Deste, G., & Vita, A. (2022). Current Evidence and Theories in Understanding the Relationship between Cognition and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics, 12(10), 2525. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12102525

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