An Innovative Virtual Reality System for Measuring Refractive Error
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Light Field Virtual Reality
2.3. Testing Procedure
- (1)
- SE = S + (C/2)
- (2)
- J0 = −(C/2) × cos(2θ)
- (3)
- J45 = −(C/2) × sin(2θ)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Refractive Components via LFVR and Other Clinical Methods
3.2. Correlation and Repeatability of Refractive Components Measured by LFVR versus Other Clinical Methods
3.3. Agreement between LFVR and Other Clinical Methods
3.4. Correlation between Refractive Errors Measured by LFVR and Other Clinical Methods
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SE (D) | J0 (D) | J45 (D) | F1 (D) | F2 (D) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LFVR | −6.33 ± 2.39 | 0.27 ± 0.59 | −0.02 ± 0.32 | −5.96 ± 2.29 | −6.75 ± 2.69 |
CFA | −4.77 ± 2.37 | 0.36 ± 0.50 | −0.03 ± 0.31 | −4.20 ± 2.26 | −5.34 ± 2.54 |
OFA | −4.25 ± 2.45 | 0.35 ± 0.47 | −0.04 ± 0.30 | −3.70 ± 2.33 | −4.80 ± 2.61 |
RET | −4.70 ± 2.37 | 0.45 ± 0.57 | 0.00 ± 0.23 | −4.10 ± 2.21 | −5.29 ± 2.60 |
SR | −4.46 ± 2.42 | 0.43 ± 0.54 | −0.04 ± 0.29 | −3.87 ± 2.22 | −5.06 ± 2.68 |
ICC | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
LFVR-CFA | SE | 0.852 | 0.79 to 0.90 | <0.01 |
F1 | 0.839 | 0.77 to 0.89 | <0.01 | |
F2 | 0.861 | 0.80 to 0.90 | <0.01 | |
LFVR-OFA | SE | 0.855 | 0.79 to 0.90 | <0.01 |
F1 | 0.838 | 0.77 to 0.89 | <0.01 | |
F2 | 0.867 | 0.81 to 0.91 | <0.01 | |
LFVR-RET | SE | 0.827 | 0.75 to 0.88 | <0.01 |
F1 | 0.807 | 0.73 to 0.87 | <0.01 | |
F2 | 0.843 | 0.77 to 0.89 | <0.01 | |
LFVR-SR | SE | 0.847 | 0.78 to 0.89 | <0.01 |
F1 | 0.820 | 0.74 to 0.88 | <0.01 | |
F2 | 0.864 | 0.80 to 0.91 | <0.01 |
First Focal Line | Second Focal Line | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ICC (%) | 95% CI | ICC (%) | 95% CI | |
LFVR | 88.8 | 0.85 to 0.92 | 97.5 | 0.97 to 0.98 |
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Huang, C.-T.; Lin, C.-N.; Chen, S.-T.; Kuo, H.-Y.; Sun, H.-Y. An Innovative Virtual Reality System for Measuring Refractive Error. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151633
Huang C-T, Lin C-N, Chen S-T, Kuo H-Y, Sun H-Y. An Innovative Virtual Reality System for Measuring Refractive Error. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(15):1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151633
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Chin-Te, Chien-Nien Lin, Shyan-Tarng Chen, Hui-Ying Kuo, and Han-Yin Sun. 2024. "An Innovative Virtual Reality System for Measuring Refractive Error" Diagnostics 14, no. 15: 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151633