Blood-, Tissue- and Urine-Based Prognostic Biomarkers of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Blood-Based Biomarkers
3.1.1. C-Reactive Protein
3.1.2. Fibrinogen
3.1.3. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
3.1.4. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio
3.1.5. Systemic Immune–Inflammation Index (SII)
3.1.6. Albumin
3.1.7. Albumin to Globulin Ratio (AGR)
3.1.8. Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI)
3.1.9. Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
3.1.10. De Ritis Ratio
3.1.11. Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
3.1.12. Renal Function Tests
3.1.13. Cholinesterases
3.1.14. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
3.1.15. Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15)
3.2. Tumor Tissue-Based Biomarkers
3.2.1. E-Cadherin
3.2.2. Ki-67
3.2.3. p53
3.2.4. Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2)
3.2.5. The Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) System
3.2.6. SRY-Related HMG-Box 2 (SOX2)
3.2.7. The BRCA1-Associated Protein-1 (BAP1)
3.2.8. Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1)
3.2.9. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (HER-2)
3.2.10. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2)
3.2.11. Matrix Metalloproteinase 11 (MMP-11)
3.2.12. Insulin-like Growth Factor Messenger RNA-Binding Protein 3 (IMP3)
3.2.13. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 3 (PDK3)
3.3. Urine-Based Biomarkers
3.3.1. DNA Methylation
3.3.2. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
3.3.3. B2-Microglobulin (B2-MG)
3.3.4. Urine Cytology
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biomarker | First Author | Year | OS | CSS | RFS | Other Survival Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High CRP | Mori [4] | 2020 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Zhou [5] | 2015 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
Tanaka [6] | 2014 | NR | Worse | Worse | NR | |
Sasahara [7] | 2024 | Worse | NR | NR | NR | |
Nishikawa [8] | 2018 | NR | NR | No correlation with extravesical RFS | NR | |
High Fibrinogen | Song [9] | 2019 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Liu [10] | 2019 | NR | Worse | NR | Worse PFS | |
Xu [11] | 2020 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR | |
High WBC | Cheng [12] | 2015 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Sheth [13] | 2016 | No correlation | NR | No correlation | NR | |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | Worse | NR | NR | |
High RDW | Cheng [12] | 2015 | Worse | No correlation | NR | NR |
High PLT | Foerster [14] | 2017 | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | No correlation | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | NR |
Milojevic [15] | 2024 | NR | Worse | Worse | NR | |
Low HGB | Milojevic [15] | 2024 | NR | Worse | Worse | NR |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | Worse | NR | NR | |
Sheth [13] | 2016 | No correlation | NR | Worse | NR | |
High NLR | Vartolomei [16] | 2018 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | Worse | NR | NR | |
Wang [17] | 2020 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
Nishikawa [8] | 2018 | NR | NR | Worse extravesical RFS | NR | |
Marchioni [18] | 2016 | Worse | No correlation | No correlation | NR | |
Kim [19] | 2023 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
High SII | Mori [20] | 2021 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR |
Kobayashi [21] | 2021 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
Liu [22] | 2023 | Worse | NR | NR | NR | |
Luo [23] | 2023 | Worse | NR | NR | NR | |
Jan [24] | 2022 | Worse | Worse | NR | Worse PFS | |
Low albumin | Liu [25] | 2018 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR |
Ku [26] | 2014 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | No correlation | NR | NR | |
Low pre-albumin | Huang [27] | 2017 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Low AGR | Xia [28] | 2022 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Zhang [29] | 2015 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
Miura [30] | 2021 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR | |
Fukushima [31] | 2018 | Worse | NR | NR | Worse DFS | |
Xu [32] | 2018 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR | |
Low PNI | Meng [33] | 2022 | Worse | Worse | Worse | Worse DFS, PFS |
High LDH | Wu [34] | 2020 | Worse | NR | NR | Worse DFS |
Tan [35] | 2018 | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | No correlation with MFS | |
Sasahara [7] | 2024 | Worse | NR | NR | NR | |
High De Ritis Ratio | Mori [36] | 2020 | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis and univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable influence | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis and univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable influence | Worse in Kaplan–Meier analysis and univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable influence | No correlation with MFS in Kaplan–Meier analysis and univariable analysis |
Hu [37] | 2020 | Worse | Worse | Worse | Worse PFS, MFS | |
Su [38] | 2020 | Worse | Worse | Worse BRFS | Worse PFS | |
High ALP | Sheth [13] | 2016 | Worse | NR | Worse | NR |
Low eGFR | Kim [39] | 2021 | Worse | Worse | NR | Worse PFS |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | Worse | NR | NR | |
Li [40] | 2022 | Worse | Worse | NR | Worse PFS | |
Bao [41] | 2019 | Worse | No correlation | Worse | NR | |
Muramoto [42] | 2024 | Worse | Worse | Worse non-urothelial tract RFS | NR | |
Nishikawa [8] | 2018 | NR | NR | No correlation with eRFS | NR | |
High creatinine | Morizane [43] | 2012 | NR | Worse | NR | NR |
Mori [4] | 2020 | NR | No correlation | NR | NR | |
Sasahara [7] | 2024 | No correlation | NR | NR | NR | |
High cystatin C | Tan [44] | 2019 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR |
High BChE | Noro [45] | 2017 | Improved | NR | NR | Improved DFS |
Low PChE | Zhang [46] | 2016 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR |
Von Deimling [47] | 2023 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR | |
High MMPs | Kovács [48] | 2022 | Worse | NR | NR | NR |
High GDF-15 | Traeger [49] | 2019 | Worse | NR | NR | NR |
Biomarker | First Author | Year | OS | CSS | RFS | Other Survival Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E-cadherin overexpression | Favaretto [78] | 2016 | NR | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | NR |
Fromont [79] | 2002 | Worse | NR | NR | Worse DFS | |
Reis [80] | 2012 | NR | NR | Worse | NR | |
Tae [81] | 2019 | No correlation | No correlation | No correlation | NR | |
Ki-67 overexpression | Krabbe [82] | 2014 | NR | Worse in Kaplan–Meier and univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis | Worse | NR |
Ahn [83] | 2018 | Worse | Worse | NR | Worse DFS | |
Fan [84] | 2016 | No correlation | Worse | No correlation | Worse DFS, MFS | |
Yang [85] | 2022 | NR | NR | Worse | NR | |
Missaoui [86] | 2020 | NR | NR | No correlation | NR | |
p53 overexpression | Ku [87] | 2013 | Worse | Worse | NR | Worse DFS |
Missaoui [86] | 2020 | NR | NR | Worse | NR | |
MDM2 overexpression | Bao [88] | 2019 | NR | Worse | NR | Worse DFS |
uPa system overexpression | Abufaraj [89] | 2020 | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis Worse in patients with organ-confined disease (≤pT2N0) | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis Worse in patients with organ-confined disease (≤pT2N0) | Worse in univariable analysis; no correlation in multivariable analysis Worse in patients with organ-confined disease (≤pT2N0) | NR |
SOX2 overexpression | Bao [90] | 2019 | NR | Worse | NR | Worse DFS |
BAP1 loss | Aydin [91] | 2019 | No correlation | Improved | Improved | NR |
PD-L1 overexpression | Lu [92] | 2020 | No correlation | Worse | NR | NR |
Campedel [93] | 2023 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR | |
Chen [94] | 2021 | Worse | Worse | NR | NR | |
HER-2 overexpression | Soria [95] | 2016 | Worse | Worse | Worse | NR |
Vershasselt-Crinquette [96] | 2012 | Worse | NR | NR | Worse DFS | |
EZH2 overexpression | Singla [97] | 2018 | Worse in univariable analysis No correlation with in multivariable analysis | Worse in univariable analysis No correlation with in multivariable analysis | Worse in univariable analysis No correlation with in multivariable analysis | NR |
MMP-11 overexpression | Li [98] | 2016 | NR | Worse | NR | Worse MFS |
IMP3 overexpression | Lee [99] | 2013 | Worse | Worse | Worse | Worse cancer specific mortality, disease recurrence |
PDK3 overexpression | Kuo [100] | 2021 | NR | Worse | NR | Worse MFS |
Biomarker | First Author | Year | OS | CSS | RFS | Other Survival Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | Lin [125] | 2023 | NR | NR | Low risk of tumor recurrence | High risk of progression and mortality |
Monteiro-Reis [126] | 2013 | Worse | NR | NR | Worse DFS | |
FISH | Guan [127] | 2018 | NR | No correlation | More frequent bladder recurrence | NR |
High B2-MG | Han [128] | 2022 | NR | NR | NR | Worse DFS and MFS in Kaplan–Meier analysis No correlation with DFS, MFS in multivariable analysis |
Urinary cytology | Fan [129] | 2021 | NR | NR | Worse | NR |
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Łaszkiewicz, J.; Krajewski, W.; Sójka, A.; Nowak, Ł.; Chorbińska, J.; Subiela, J.D.; Tomczak, W.; Del Giudice, F.; Małkiewicz, B.; Szydełko, T. Blood-, Tissue- and Urine-Based Prognostic Biomarkers of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171927
Łaszkiewicz J, Krajewski W, Sójka A, Nowak Ł, Chorbińska J, Subiela JD, Tomczak W, Del Giudice F, Małkiewicz B, Szydełko T. Blood-, Tissue- and Urine-Based Prognostic Biomarkers of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(17):1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171927
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁaszkiewicz, Jan, Wojciech Krajewski, Aleksandra Sójka, Łukasz Nowak, Joanna Chorbińska, José Daniel Subiela, Wojciech Tomczak, Francesco Del Giudice, Bartosz Małkiewicz, and Tomasz Szydełko. 2024. "Blood-, Tissue- and Urine-Based Prognostic Biomarkers of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma" Diagnostics 14, no. 17: 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171927