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Volume 14
Issue 4
10.3390/diagnostics14040396
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Article

Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test

by
Alvaro Fanlo-Zarazaga
1,2,3,*,
José Ignacio Echevarría
4,
Juan Pinilla
1,2,
Adrián Alejandre
3,
Teresa Pérez-Roche
1,2,
Diego Gutiérrez
4,
Marta Ortín
3 and
Victoria Pueyo
1,2,5
1
Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Isabel la Católica, 3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
2
Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
3
DIVE Medical S.L., Paseo Miramón 170, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
4
Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
5
Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Domingo Miral, s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diagnostics 2024, 14(4), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396
Submission received: 15 December 2023 / Revised: 21 January 2024 / Accepted: 10 February 2024 / Published: 11 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Impairment: Diagnosis and Management)
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Abstract

Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen’s kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland–Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red–green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth.
Keywords: color test; color vision deficiency; digital color test; grading color perception; dyschromatopsia; DIVE Color Test; Ishihara; Farnsworth–Munsell color test; color vision deficiency; digital color test; grading color perception; dyschromatopsia; DIVE Color Test; Ishihara; Farnsworth–Munsell

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MDPI and ACS Style

Fanlo-Zarazaga, A.; Echevarría, J.I.; Pinilla, J.; Alejandre, A.; Pérez-Roche, T.; Gutiérrez, D.; Ortín, M.; Pueyo, V. Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test. Diagnostics 2024, 14, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396

AMA Style

Fanlo-Zarazaga A, Echevarría JI, Pinilla J, Alejandre A, Pérez-Roche T, Gutiérrez D, Ortín M, Pueyo V. Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test. Diagnostics. 2024; 14(4):396. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fanlo-Zarazaga, Alvaro, José Ignacio Echevarría, Juan Pinilla, Adrián Alejandre, Teresa Pérez-Roche, Diego Gutiérrez, Marta Ortín, and Victoria Pueyo. 2024. "Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test" Diagnostics 14, no. 4: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396

APA Style

Fanlo-Zarazaga, A., Echevarría, J. I., Pinilla, J., Alejandre, A., Pérez-Roche, T., Gutiérrez, D., Ortín, M., & Pueyo, V. (2024). Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test. Diagnostics, 14(4), 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396

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