3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles of Reaction–Diffusion (Gierer–Meinhardt Model) for Multi-Scale Algal Strains’ Passive Immobilization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. 3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles Following the Reaction–Diffusion Gierer–Meinhardt Model: Pattern 1 and 2
2.2. Passive Immobilization of the Multi-Scale Lengths Strains of a Mixed Algal Culture on the 3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles: P1 vs. P2
2.3. Relation between Scale and Morphology of the Bioreceptive Tile Pattern and the Scale and Morphology of the Immobilized Algae Strain
3. Discussion
3.1. 3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles from The Reaction–Diffusion Gierer–Meinhardt Model: Pattern 1 and 2
3.2. Multi-Scale-Lengths Algal Strains’ Cell Immobilization on the Bioreceptive Tiles P1 and P2
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Designing Bioreceptive Surfaces from the Activator-Inhibitor Gierer–Meinhardt Model
5.1.1. Two Biopatterns from Gierer–Meinhardt Model: P1: Polar/Periodic and P2: Strip/Labyrinth Patterns
5.1.2. 3D Translation and 3D Printing of the Bioreceptive Tiles: P1, and P2: Z-Offsetting, and Fractal Dimension
5.1.3. Multi-Scale Mixed Algal Culture Medium and Inoculation
5.1.4. Culture Density and Microscopy Study
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain Medium Category | Freshwater Green Filamentous Algae | Soil-Water Algae | Marine Water | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain Name | Mougeotia sp. 2nd in P1 3rd in P2 | Oedogonium foveolatum | Zygnema sp. 5th in P1 5th in P2 | Microspora sp. 3rd in P1 1st in P2 | Spirogyra sp. 4th in P1 4th in P2 | Pyrocystis fusiformis 1st in P1 2nd in P2 | |||||||
Starter Culture Density/30 mL | 250,000 | Growth Ratio 2.16 | 250,000 | Growth Ratio 2.48 | 250,000 | Growth Ratio 1.36 | 250,000 | Growth Ratio 1.88 | 250,000 | Growth Ratio 1.84 | 135,000 | Growth Ratio 3.33 | |
Activated Culture Density | 540,000 | 620,000 | 340,000 | 470,000 | 460,000 | 450,000 | |||||||
Culture Density on P1 | 670,000 | Vs. In 2.68 | 170,000 | Vs. In 0.68 | 110,000 | Vs. In 0.44 | 510,000 | Vs. In 2.04 | 340,000 | Vs. In 1.36 | 590,000 | Vs. In 4.8 | |
Vs. Act 1.24 | Vs. Act 0.27 | Vs. Act 0.32 | Vs. Act 1.08 | Vs. Act 0.73 | Vs. Act 1.3 | ||||||||
Culture Density on P2 | 660,000 | Vs. In 2.64 | 210,000 | Vs. In 0.84 | 30,0000 | Vs. In 1.2 | 780,000 | Vs. In 3.12 | 370,000 | Vs. In 1.48 | 690,000 | Vs. In 5.1 | |
Vs. Act 1.22 | Vs. Act 0.33 | Vs. Act 0.88 | Vs. Act 1.65 | Vs. Act 0.8 | Vs. Act 1.53 | ||||||||
Immobilization Ruling parameters | |||||||||||||
Morphology | Unbranched intertwining filaments | Unbranched filaments cells wider at one end; occasionally some bulbous cells in between, with rings at the wider end. | Unbranched short cylindrical cells | Unbranched filaments with holdfast cells at the end | Cylindrical cells | Fusiform shaped, elongated with tapered ends | |||||||
Cell width | 30 µm | 45 µm | 40 µm | 25 µm | 90 µm | 375 µm | |||||||
Relativity of P1 niches (3000 µm) to cell width of the strain. | 0.01% | 0.015% | 0.013% | 0.008% | 0.03% | 0.12% | |||||||
P1 Hosting Capacity | 100 cells | 66.6 cells | 75 cells | 120 cells | 33 cells | 8 cells | |||||||
Relativity of P2 niches (500 µm) to cell width of strain. | 0.06% | 0.09% | 0.08% | 0.05% | 0.18% | 0.75% | |||||||
P2 Hosting Capacity | 16.6 cells | 11 cells | 12.5 cells | 20 cells | 5 cells | 1.3 Cells |
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Abdallah, Y.K.; Estévez, A.T. 3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles of Reaction–Diffusion (Gierer–Meinhardt Model) for Multi-Scale Algal Strains’ Passive Immobilization. Buildings 2023, 13, 1972. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081972
Abdallah YK, Estévez AT. 3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles of Reaction–Diffusion (Gierer–Meinhardt Model) for Multi-Scale Algal Strains’ Passive Immobilization. Buildings. 2023; 13(8):1972. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081972
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdallah, Yomna K., and Alberto T. Estévez. 2023. "3D-Printed Bioreceptive Tiles of Reaction–Diffusion (Gierer–Meinhardt Model) for Multi-Scale Algal Strains’ Passive Immobilization" Buildings 13, no. 8: 1972. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081972