Investigating the Behavioral Intention of Smart Home Systems among Older People in Linyin City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Older People’s Behavioral Intention Toward Smart Homes and Systems
2.2. Theoretical Background
2.2.1. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
2.2.2. Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT)
2.3. External Variables
2.4. Research Hypotheses and Model Construction
2.4.1. Research Hypotheses
2.4.2. Research Model
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Ethical Review
3.2. Questionnaire Design
3.3. Sample and Data Collection
3.3.1. Participants
3.3.2. Sampling Procedure
3.3.3. Sampling Size
- n55 is the final sample size.
- n0 is the ideal sample size calculated by Cochran’s formula.
- N is the total population size.
3.3.4. Data Collection
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Measurement Model Analysis
4.1.1. Common Method Bias (CMB)
4.1.2. Reliability and Validity Test
4.2. Structural Model Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Hypotheses with Positive Correlation
5.2. Hypothesis with Negative Correlation
5.3. The Invalid Hypothesis
6. Conclusions
6.1. Theoretical Contributions
6.2. Practical Contributions
6.3. Limitations and Future Research Suggestions
6.3.1. Limitations
6.3.2. Future Research Suggestions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constructs | Items | Contents (7-Point Likert Scale) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Intergenerational Technical Support | ITS 1 | My children will encourage me to use smart home systems. | [7,45] |
ITS 2 | I believe my children will guide me in using smart home systems. | ||
ITS 3 | I believe I can easily operate smart home systems with my children’s guidance. | ||
Compatibility | COM1 | Using smart home systems is compatible with my existing electronics (such as the smartphone and other devices). | [47,65,81,87] |
COM2 | Using smart home systems fits into all aspects of my life. | ||
COM3 | Using smart home systems is compatible with my day-to-day needs. | ||
Trialability | TR 1 | Being able to try out and experiment with smart home systems before purchasing them is very important to me. | [65,81,87] |
TR 2 | It is important to ask questions about smart home systems before buying and installing them. | ||
TR 3 | I do need to see how smart home systems work before I buy and install them. | ||
Observability | OB 1 | It is important for me to see the benefits of others using smart home systems. | [65,81,87] |
OB 2 | Observing other smart home system users before installing and using smart home appliances is necessary. | ||
OB 3 | I can see the effects of using smart home systems. | ||
Perceived Cost | PC 1 | I fear that the cost of smart home systems may be well beyond my budget. | [65] |
PC 2 | I consider costs carefully before I install smart home systems. | ||
PC 3 | Given the current economic situation, I would carefully assess the cost of smart home systems. | ||
Self-reported Health Conditions | SHC 1 | My health is very good. | [47] |
SHC 2 | My health is very good compared to that of my peers. | ||
SHC 3 | My hearing, vision, and mobility are all very good. | ||
Perceived Ease of Use | PEOU 1 | Overall, using smart home systems is easy. | [46,65] |
PEOU 2 | Using smart home systems does not require much effort. | ||
PEOU 3 | It is not difficult to learn how to use smart home systems. | ||
Perceived Usefulness | PU 1 | Using smart home systems is useful in my daily life. | [46,65] |
PU 2 | Using smart home systems increases my productivity. | ||
PU 3 | Using smart home systems allows me to accomplish tasks more quickly. | ||
Behavioral Intention | BI 1 | Using a smart home system service is a good idea. | [46,65] |
BI 2 | I expect to use smart home systems in my house. | ||
BI 3 | I would recommend using smart home systems to others. |
Sample | Category | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 55~60 | 97 | 25.1 |
61~65 | 116 | 30.0 | |
66~70 | 98 | 25.3 | |
>70 | 76 | 19.6 | |
Gender | Male | 183 | 47.3 |
Female | 203 | 52.5 | |
Education level | Junior high school and below | 176 | 45.5 |
High school and above | 211 | 54.5 | |
Primary means of living | Salary/Retirement pensions | 215 | 55.6 |
Family support | 128 | 33.1 | |
Government subsidies | 44 | 11.4 | |
Occupation | Enterprises | 260 | 67.2 |
Government personnel | 40 | 10.3 | |
Public institutions | 67 | 17.3 | |
Freelancers | 20 | 5.2 |
Construct | BI | COM | ITS | OB | PC | PEOU | PU | SRH | TR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral Intention | |||||||||
Compatibility | 1.254 | 1.251 | 1.356 | ||||||
Intergenerational Technical Support | 1.200 | 1.358 | |||||||
Observability | 1.389 | ||||||||
Perceived Cost | 1.049 | ||||||||
Perceived Ease of Use | 1.261 | 1.319 | |||||||
Perceived Usefulness | 1.273 | ||||||||
Self-reported Health Conditions | 1.219 | 1.243 | |||||||
Trialability | 1.317 | 1.466 |
Construct | Item | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | rho_A | Composite Reliability | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral Intention | BI1 | 0.838 | 0.809 | 0.809 | 0.887 | 0.723 |
BI2 | 0.855 | |||||
BI3 | 0.858 | |||||
Compatibility | COM1 | 0.867 | 0.840 | 0.851 | 0.903 | 0.757 |
COM2 | 0.845 | |||||
COM3 | 0.897 | |||||
Intergenerational Technical Support | ITS1 | 0.847 | 0.828 | 0.833 | 0.897 | 0.744 |
ITS2 | 0.879 | |||||
ITS3 | 0.861 | |||||
Observability | OB1 | 0.832 | 0.819 | 0.823 | 0.892 | 0.734 |
OB2 | 0.872 | |||||
OB3 | 0.865 | |||||
Perceived Cost | PC1 | 0.812 | 0.830 | 0.900 | 0.894 | 0.739 |
PC2 | 0.902 | |||||
PC3 | 0.862 | |||||
Perceived Ease of Use | PEOU1 | 0.869 | 0.834 | 0.836 | 0.900 | 0.751 |
PEOU2 | 0.872 | |||||
PEOU3 | 0.858 | |||||
Perceived Usefulness | PU1 | 0.884 | 0.849 | 0.849 | 0.908 | 0.768 |
PU2 | 0.879 | |||||
PU3 | 0.866 | |||||
Self-reported Health Conditions | SRH1 | 0.835 | 0.813 | 0.825 | 0.888 | 0.726 |
SRH2 | 0.872 | |||||
SRH3 | 0.849 | |||||
Trialability | TR1 | 0.879 | 0.847 | 0.850 | 0.907 | 0.766 |
TR2 | 0.887 | |||||
TR3 | 0.860 |
Construct | BI | COM | ITS | OB | PC | PEOU | PU | SRH | TR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral Intention | |||||||||
Compatibility | 0.343 | ||||||||
Intergenerational Technical Support | 0.411 | 0.372 | |||||||
Observability | 0.393 | 0.440 | 0.504 | ||||||
Perceived Cost | 0.059 | 0.224 | 0.188 | 0.180 | |||||
Perceived Ease of Use | 0.447 | 0.429 | 0.349 | 0.380 | 0.128 | ||||
Perceived Usefulness | 0.451 | 0.379 | 0.444 | 0.434 | 0.137 | 0.404 | |||
Self-reported Health Conditions | 0.420 | 0.326 | 0.404 | 0.379 | 0.199 | 0.362 | 0.421 | ||
Trialability | 0.514 | 0.497 | 0.444 | 0.458 | 0.137 | 0.477 | 0.473 | 0.385 |
Construct | BI | COM | ITS | OB | PC | PEOU | PU | SRH | TR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Behavioral Intention | 0.850 | ||||||||
Compatibility | 0.286 | 0.870 | |||||||
Intergenerational Technical Support | 0.337 | 0.306 | 0.862 | ||||||
Observability | 0.321 | 0.365 | 0.414 | 0.857 | |||||
Perceived Cost | −0.050 | 0.185 | 0.154 | 0.148 | 0.860 | ||||
Perceived Ease of Use | 0.368 | 0.361 | 0.293 | 0.313 | 0.104 | 0.867 | |||
Perceived Usefulness | 0.374 | 0.323 | 0.372 | 0.364 | 0.115 | 0.341 | 0.876 | ||
Self-reported Health Conditions | 0.346 | 0.269 | 0.334 | 0.312 | 0.153 | 0.295 | 0.352 | 0.852 | |
Trialability | 0.426 | 0.418 | 0.373 | 0.380 | 0.115 | 0.402 | 0.402 | 0.322 | 0.875 |
Construct | R2 | Q2 |
---|---|---|
Behavioral Intention | 0.257 | 0.186 |
Perceived Ease of Use | 0.215 | 0.161 |
Perceived Usefulness | 0.277 | 0.212 |
Hypothesis | Path | Standardized Coefficient (β) | t-Statistics | p-Value | Hypothesis Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | ITS→PEOU | 0.130 | 2.700 | 0.007 | Supported |
H2 | ITS→PU | 0.148 | 2.781 | 0.005 | Supported |
H3 | COM→PEOU | 0.210 | 4.092 | 0.000 | Supported |
H4 | COM→PU | 0.077 | 1.506 | 0.132 | Not Supported |
H5 | COM→BI | 0.114 | 2.185 | 0.029 | Supported |
H6 | TR→PEOU | 0.266 | 5.316 | 0.000 | Supported |
H7 | TR→PU | 0.170 | 3.007 | 0.003 | Supported |
H8 | OB→PU | 0.125 | 2.271 | 0.023 | Supported |
H9 | PC→BI | −0.148 | 2.289 | 0.022 | Supported |
H10 | SRH→PU | 0.154 | 3.384 | 0.001 | Supported |
H11 | SRH→BI | 0.201 | 4.187 | 0.000 | Supported |
H12 | PEOU→PU | 0.117 | 2.240 | 0.025 | Supported |
H13 | PEOU→BI | 0.211 | 4.539 | 0.000 | Supported |
H14 | PU→BI | 0.212 | 4.374 | 0.000 | Supported |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wang, Y.; Sani, N.M.; Shu, B.; Jiang, Q.; Lu, H. Investigating the Behavioral Intention of Smart Home Systems among Older People in Linyin City. Buildings 2024, 14, 3145. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103145
Wang Y, Sani NM, Shu B, Jiang Q, Lu H. Investigating the Behavioral Intention of Smart Home Systems among Older People in Linyin City. Buildings. 2024; 14(10):3145. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103145
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuan, Norazmawati Md. Sani, Bo Shu, Qianling Jiang, and Honglei Lu. 2024. "Investigating the Behavioral Intention of Smart Home Systems among Older People in Linyin City" Buildings 14, no. 10: 3145. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103145