Synergistic Freeze-Resistant Strategy of Multi-Stage PCM Concrete Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Details
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Specimens
- (1)
- Cement, sand, gravel, RHA and FA were first combined in a concrete mixer for 60 s.
- (2)
- Superplasticizer and water were then introduced, and mixing continued for another 120 s.
- (3)
- To avoid damaging the PCM aggregate, it was added in the third step and mixed for an additional 120 s.
- (4)
- The mixed material was finally poured into molds and compacted using vibration.
- (5)
- After a day, the specimens were demolded, and to guarantee adequate hardening, they were cured for 28 days at 20 °C in a controlled atmosphere with 96% humidity. The specimens, measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm, were suitable for subsequent testing of mechanical, thermal and pore properties.
2.3. Testing Methods
2.3.1. Mechanical Properties
2.3.2. Thermal Properties
2.3.3. Time–Temperature Curve
2.3.4. Freeze Resistance
2.3.5. NMR
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.2. Workability of Concrete
3.3. Thermal Properties
3.4. Time–Temperature Curve
3.5. Freeze Resistance
3.5.1. Mass Loss
3.5.2. RDEM Loss
3.5.3. Strength Loss
3.6. Evaluation of NMR
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Balancing Mechanical and Thermal Performance: This study finds that an appropriate proportion of RHA and FA as cement replacements can effectively enhance the compressive strength of concrete while reducing thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. The results show that the compressive strength of concrete is the highest when the content of RHA and FA is 10%. This suggests that by precisely adjusting the replacement amounts of RHA and FA, significant improvements in the thermal properties of concrete can be achieved without sacrificing mechanical performance.
- (2)
- Thermal Regulation Capability: Incorporating RHA and FA enhances multi-stage PCM concrete’s capacity to regulate temperature. When the RHA content is 15% and the FA content is 30%, the highest temperature regulation capability can reach up to 5 °C. This capability is particularly important during environmental temperature fluctuations, helping to reduce concrete damage caused by temperature changes.
- (3)
- Pore Structure Optimization: The pore structure of the concrete was analyzed in detail using nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The results showed that the addition of RHA and FA altered the porosity of the concrete, with the best mechanical properties observed when the RHA and FA content was 10%.
- (4)
- Freeze Resistance: By simulating freeze–thaw environments, this study investigated the impact of different RHA and FA contents on the freeze resistance of concrete. The results show that when the RHA content is 15% and the FA content is 10%, the concrete exhibits the least mass loss and strength loss, demonstrating the best freeze resistance.
- (5)
- Environmental and Economic Benefits: The utilization of RHA and FA not only improves the durability of concrete but also reduces production costs and decreases the amount of cement used, offering significant environmental benefits.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density (g·cm−3) | Specific Surface Area (m2·g−1) | Loss on Ignition (%) | Initial Setting Time (min) | Final Setting Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
3.12 | 0.35 | 3.02 | 135 | 250 |
SiO2 | CaO | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O | TiO2 | MnO | P2O5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 18.68 | 64.27 | 4.01 | 3.97 | 2.87 | 3.26 | 0.12 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.10 | 1.05 |
RHA | 86.82 | 1.70 | 0.47 | 1.71 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.20 | 5.12 | 0.05 | 0.45 | 1.89 |
FA | 43.46 | 10.05 | 30.57 | 9.12 | 2.08 | 0.53 | 1.02 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 1.30 |
Mix | RHA Content | FA Content | Cement | RHA | FA | Sand | PCM Aggregate | Water | SP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-0 | 0% | 0% | 550 | 0 | 0 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-1 | 5% | 10% | 467.5 | 27.5 | 55 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-2 | 5% | 20% | 412.5 | 27.5 | 110 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-3 | 5% | 30% | 357.5 | 27.5 | 165 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-4 | 10% | 10% | 440 | 55 | 55 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-5 | 10% | 20% | 385 | 55 | 110 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-6 | 10% | 30% | 330 | 55 | 165 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-7 | 15% | 10% | 412.5 | 82.5 | 55 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-8 | 15% | 20% | 357.5 | 82.5 | 110 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
R-9 | 15% | 30% | 302.5 | 82.5 | 165 | 652 | 560 | 176 | 5.5 |
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Hong, Z.; Wang, S.; Ying, H.; Lu, Z.; Liu, B.; Xu, J. Synergistic Freeze-Resistant Strategy of Multi-Stage PCM Concrete Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash. Buildings 2024, 14, 2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092604
Hong Z, Wang S, Ying H, Lu Z, Liu B, Xu J. Synergistic Freeze-Resistant Strategy of Multi-Stage PCM Concrete Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092604
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Zhilong, Sheliang Wang, Honghao Ying, Zhe Lu, Bo Liu, and Jin Xu. 2024. "Synergistic Freeze-Resistant Strategy of Multi-Stage PCM Concrete Incorporated with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2604. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092604