Harnessing Natural Pozzolan for Sustainable Heating and Cooling: Thermal Performance and Building Efficiency in Moroccan Climates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Natural Pozzolan
2.1.2. Cement
2.1.3. Lime
2.1.4. Procedure of Samples’ Preparation
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Thermal Characteristics
2.2.2. Thermal Simulation
- Ventilation profile (Table 5).
- Infiltration profile is set to 0.6 V/h for all zones.
- The initial indoor air temperature and humidity for different cities (Table 6).
- The prototype building is occupied by individuals according to Table 7.
- Equipment occupation (Table 8).
- the geometry, orientation of the building and location of the windows/doors is the same
- The sensible heating and cooling equipment power are unlimited with a radiative fraction equal to zero.
- The setpoint temperatures schedule for heating and cooling (Table 9)
3. Results
3.1. Density
3.2. Thermal Conductivity
3.3. Thermal Effusivity
3.4. Thermal Diffusivity and Specific Heat Capacity
3.5. Thermal Simulation Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Element | Mass Composition (%) |
---|---|
SiO2 | 46.48 |
Al2O3 | 10.01 |
Fe2O3 | 17.29 |
CaO | 10.71 |
MgO | 9.16 |
SO3 | 0.47 |
Na2O | 1.52 |
K2O | 1.64 |
PAF | 2.71 |
Chemical Element | Mass Composition (%) | |
---|---|---|
Lime | Cement | |
SiO2 | 0.89 | 15.17 |
Al2O3 | 0.46 | 4.11 |
Fe2O3 | 0.17 | 4.17 |
CaO | 97.41 | 68.69 |
MgO | 0.7 | 1.9 |
SO3 | - | 4.33 |
K2O | - | 1 |
SrO | - | 0.09 |
TiO2 | 0.06 | 0.34 |
Building Component | Material | Thickness (cm) | λ (kJ/h.m.K) | Cp (kJ/kg.K) | ρ (kg/m3) | Uglobal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Wall | Mortar/P | 2 | 1.44 | 0.615 | 1450 | 0.498 W/m2K |
red brick | 10 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 925 | ||
insulation-1 | 5 | 0.198 | 1.03 | 8.5 | ||
red brick | 10 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 925 | ||
Mortar/P | 2 | 1.98 | 1 | 1125 | ||
Ground Floor | Concrete | 20 | 5.94 | 1 | 2150 | 2.916 W/m2K |
Mortar/P | 2 | 1.98 | 1 | 1125 | ||
tile | 2 | 4.68 | 0.84 | 2300 | ||
Adjacent Wall | Mortar/P | 2 | 1.98 | 1 | 1125 | 0.909 W/m2K |
red brick | 20 | 1.2 | 1 | 1100 | ||
Mortar/P | 2 | 1.98 | 1 | 1125 | ||
External Roof | bitumen | 2 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 2400 | 2.069 W/m2K |
hollow core slab | 25 | 4.73 | 1 | 1327.3 | ||
Mortar/P | 2 | 1.98 | 1 | 1125 |
Building Component | Material | Thickness (cm) | λ (kJ/h.m.K) | Cp (kJ/kg.K) | ρ (kg/m3) | Uglobal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
External Wall | Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 | 0.502 W/m2K |
red brick | 10 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 925 | ||
insolation-1 | 5 | 0.198 | 1.03 | 8.5 | ||
red brick | 10 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 925 | ||
Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 | ||
Ground Floor | concrete | 20 | 5.94 | 1 | 2150 | 2.996 W/m2K |
Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 | ||
tile | 2 | 4.68 | 0.84 | 2300 | ||
Adjacent Wall | Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 | 0.925 W/m2K |
red brick | 20 | 1.2 | 1 | 1100 | ||
Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 | ||
External Roof | bitumen | 2 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 2400 | 2.109 W/m2K |
hollow core slab | 25 | 4.73 | 1 | 1327.3 | ||
Mortar/Ord | 2 | 2.646 | 1.033 | 1880 |
Name | Type | Value | Specific Fan Power | Supply Air Conditioning | T_Suplply Air Flow | Air Flow Humidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sanitary Vent | air change rate | 2/h | 300 | external by other component | Outside air | relative humidity with outside air |
Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | |
---|---|---|
Azilal | 6.5 | 65 |
Errachidia | 5.2 | 45 |
Zone | 00h–8h | 8h–12h | 12h–13h | 13h–14h | 14h–20h | 20h–22h | 22h–00h |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedroom-1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Bedroom-2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
living room | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Zone | Type | Schedules | Energie |
---|---|---|---|
Bedroom-1 | Lighting | Sched- Bedroom 1 | 7 W |
PC with monitor | ---- | 180 W | |
People | ----- | 185 W | |
Bedroom-2 | Lighting | Sched- Bedroom 2 | 5 W |
TV | Sched- Bedroom 2 | 250 W | |
People | ----- | 185 W | |
Living room | Lighting | All day | 3 W |
People | ----- | 185 W | |
TV | 9 h à 18 h | 300 W |
Zone | Profil | 00h00–08h00 | 08h00–12h00 | 12h00–14h00 | 14h00–18h00 | 18h00–24h00 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedroom-1 | Heating (°C) | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 19 |
Cooling (°C) | 25 | |||||
Bedroom-2 | Heating (°C) | 19 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 19 |
Cooling (°C) | 25 | |||||
Living room | Heating (°C) | 19 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 19 |
Cooling (°C) | 25 |
Samples | Density ρ (Kg m−3) | Thermal Conductivity λ (W m−1 K−1) | Thermal Effusivity E (J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) | Thermal Diffusivity a 10−7(m2 s−1) | Specific Heat Capacity C (J kg−1 K−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference material (Ordinary mortar) | 1880 | 0.735 | 730 | 3.78 | 1033 |
Multilayer material | 1450 | 0.4 | 604 | 2.23 | 1237 |
Intermediate layer | ------ | 0.28 | ---- | ----- | 1252 |
Gain | 23% | 46% | 17% | 41% | 40% |
City | Energy Consumption (kWh/year) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Mortar | Heating Needs | Cooling Needs | Total Energy Consumption | |
Azilal city | Ordinary | 12,830.06 | 1893.75 | 14,723.81 |
Pozzolan | 9603.85 | 1455.11 | 11,058.96 | |
gain | 25% | 23% | 25% | |
Errachidia city | Ordinary | 11,836.49 | 3032.96 | 14,869.45 |
Pozzolan | 11,247.40 | 3004.73 | 14,252.13 | |
gain | 5% | 1% | 4% |
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Share and Cite
Annaba, K.; Belarouf, S.; El Wardi, F.Z.; Ibaaz, K.; Cherkaoui, M.; Florence, C.; Colin, J.; Mege, R.; Mendili, Y.E. Harnessing Natural Pozzolan for Sustainable Heating and Cooling: Thermal Performance and Building Efficiency in Moroccan Climates. Buildings 2024, 14, 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092633
Annaba K, Belarouf S, El Wardi FZ, Ibaaz K, Cherkaoui M, Florence C, Colin J, Mege R, Mendili YE. Harnessing Natural Pozzolan for Sustainable Heating and Cooling: Thermal Performance and Building Efficiency in Moroccan Climates. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092633
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnaba, Khadija, Sara Belarouf, Fatima Zohra El Wardi, Khalid Ibaaz, Mouha Cherkaoui, Céline Florence, Johan Colin, Romain Mege, and Yassine El Mendili. 2024. "Harnessing Natural Pozzolan for Sustainable Heating and Cooling: Thermal Performance and Building Efficiency in Moroccan Climates" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092633