Socio-Ecological Factors in Building a Healthy Community: A Comparative Study of Healthy Community Assessment Standards
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How are socio-ecological factors and their measures proportionally distributed in the provisions of assessment standards?
- How is the corresponding proportion of socio-ecological factors in the development goal sections distributed in different assessment standards?
- What are the characteristics of the distribution of socio-ecological factors and their measures in the detailed development goals of different assessment standards?
2. Background
2.1. Healthy Community Assessment Standards
2.1.1. WELL Community Standard
2.1.2. Fitwel Certification System of Community
2.1.3. Assessment Standard for Healthy Community
2.1.4. Assessment Standard for Healthy Retrofitting of Existing Residential Area
2.2. Healthy Community Assessment Standards Studies
2.3. Development Goals in Healthy Communities
2.4. Socio-Ecological Model
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Standards and Text Selection
3.2. Development of a Two-Dimensional Analytical Framework
3.2.1. Dimension X: Socio-Ecological Factors
3.2.2. Dimension Y: Development Goals
3.2.3. The Two-Dimensional Analytical Framework of “Socio-Ecological Factors-Development Goals”
3.3. Contextual Analysis
3.3.1. Coding
3.3.2. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Proportional Distribution of Socio-Ecological Factors and Their Measures in Standards
4.2. Proportional Distribution of Socio-Ecological Factors in Development Goal Sections
4.3. Characteristics of the Distribution of Socio-Ecological Factors in Development Goals
4.3.1. Proportional Distribution of Interpersonal Factors in Development Goals
4.3.2. Proportional Distribution of Organization Factors in Development Goals
4.3.3. Proportional Distribution of Community Factors in Development Goals
4.3.4. Proportional Distribution of Policy Factors in Development Goals
5. Discussion
5.1. Interpersonal and Policy Factors Should Be Strengthened
5.2. Humanistic Constructions Require More Attention in ASHC and ASHRERA
5.3. Regional Features May Be a Major Factor for Differences and Development Consideration
6. Conclusions
- For standard-setters: When formulating new standards, it is necessary to consider and apply socio-ecological factors in a balanced manner to maximize the effectiveness of the intervention effect. The development goals that can improve local public health crises should be strengthened, and changing public health risks can be addressed by setting phased improvement goals, mid-term improvement goals, and long-term goals. While drawing on existing assessment standards, it is necessary to pay attention to the impact of local characteristics and fundamental conditions to improve regional adaptability and enhance the intervention effect.
- For government and local authorities: Coordinate the participation of multiple levels of society in the development of healthy communities; coordinate multiple departments to build professional standards and norms for different aspects of achieving a healthy community; promote multidisciplinary exchanges and cooperation through effective management mechanisms; and support and improve the development of healthy communities and the awareness and acceptance of community residents on healthy community assessment standards through policy incentives, thereby improving the implementation effect of standards.
- For standard-users: Select appropriate healthy community assessment standards. On this basis, fine-tune the standards in combination with regional or community characteristics. Leverage the strengths and address the weaknesses of different levels of socio-ecological factors and avoid the impact of short board effects.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Coding | Classification Definition * | Example ** |
---|---|---|
Interpersonal Factor | Measures that can be used to improve personal health literacy and promote interpersonal activities | |
The Disclosure And Delivery Of Health Information | Publicize and push air quality, weather information, test results, community activities and information, health knowledge, etc. | The community air pollution index is publicized in the community. |
The Organization Of Group Activities | Organize or carry out education training, health talks, community activities, community meetings, etc. | Carry out publicity lectures on nutrition, physical and mental health, and publicize knowledge and concepts such as healthy diet, exercise and fitness, disease prevention and treatment, and mental health. |
Services For Individuals Or Special Groups | Provide psychological medical care, emergency rescue, food supply, adverse environmental protection, and other services for individuals or special groups | Public and private homeless shelters, if present, provide connection services to find vacancies to accommodate all homeless persons. |
Organization Factor | Rules and regulations that restrict or promote the construction and operation of a healthy community environment by the community property management department | |
Organization and Management | Coordinate all resources through planning, organization, and governance to achieve a healthy and orderly development of the community | The community formulates a management system for garbage sorting and recycling and implements garbage sorting and recycling measures for garbage cans and garbage stations. |
Operation and Maintenance | Measures to ensure the long-term good operation of the community, such as maintenance and repair, daily inspection, and resolution of faults and problems | Street cleaning, including cleaning of designated bike lanes, is performed regularly. |
Guidance and Stimulation | Appropriate guidance through economic subsidies, rule-making, etc., to incentivize healthy behaviors or reduce health inequalities | Cooling assistance is provided for energy use in low-income households. |
Monitoring and Testing | Monitoring and testing of community air quality, water environment, sound environment, etc. | Spot-check the quality of all kinds of water within the community, including domestic drinking water, direct drinking water, domestic hot water, swimming pool water, and non-traditional water sources, at least once a quarter. |
Participation and Feedback | Residents’ participation and feedback on community development | A representative sample of at least 30% of occupants is surveyed annually(starting within one year of achieving 50% occupancy). |
Community Factor | The requirements and objectives of public environment construction that affect the health and well-being of residents in community space | |
General Requirements | General, broad requirements to guide the development of community space or environment | Landscaping measures should be taken to optimize the air environment in residential areas. |
Specific Requirements | Ability to indicate the number or extent of requirements for the construction of a space or environment | Locate a minimum of two qualifying on-site non-residential uses within a 1/2 mile or 800 m walking distance from 51% of all residential buildings. |
Equipment Requirements | Requirements for required monitoring systems, smart lighting systems, lighting equipment, promotional equipment, fitness equipment, urban furniture, etc. | The air-quality-monitoring system and air quality control equipment in the building of community public service facilities form an automatic control system and have the function of setting the limits of major pollutant concentration parameters. |
Signage Requirements | Requirements for the content and location of the signage system such as non-smoking, noise emission, wayfinding, and public space usage information | No smoking signs should be set up within a radius of 10 m from the population of buildings in residential areas and the population attracted by fresh air, in residential-service-supporting buildings, as well as in public activity spaces such as patios, parks in residential areas, and children’s entertainment areas. |
Policy Factor | Regional, industry/national, or international standards, guidelines, or regulations that are directly identified in the text to regulate or support the construction and operation of healthy communities | |
International | The text directly indicates the internationally accepted guidelines or standards that need to be met | The community property management agency obtained ISO 14001 environmental management system certification. |
National Or Industrial | The text directly indicates the national regulations or industry standards to be met | Monthly housing costs (including any utility allowances) paid by the tenant are in accordance with those set under the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program based on Section 42 of the Internal Revenue Code. |
Regional | Local regulations or requirements to be met are directly indicated in the text | Installation of street trees and other green landscaping on project roadways in accordance with local street tree planting codes and requirements. |
Coding | Classification Definition * | Example ** |
---|---|---|
Physical Environments | The elements of the urban physical environment that affect the health of community residents include all provisions related to air quality, water environment, sound environment, light environment, and thermal environment | |
Air | Targets and responses related to community air quality | Annual fourth-highest daily average 24 h concentration (99th percentile) PM2.5 less than 50 µg/m3. |
Water | Objectives, requirements, and responses related to the water environment of the community | Conduct and demonstrate regular water quality testing that is conducted at all outdoor drinking water supplies and stations within the project boundary. |
Sound | Objectives, requirements, and countermeasures related to the community acoustic environment | On the side of the traffic artery adjacent to the community, noise reduction measures such as setting up sound barriers and greening noise reduction are adopted. |
Light | Objectives, requirements, and countermeasures related to the light environment of the community | In public activity areas, the color temperature of functional lighting should not be higher than 5000K, and the color tolerance should not be greater than 7SDCM; |
Thermal Comfort | Objectives, requirements, and responses related to the thermal environment of the community | The average heat island intensity of the settlement shall not be higher than 3 °C. |
Health Facilities | The elements of community infrastructure construction that affect the health of residents include road transportation, sports facilities, public spaces, healing environment, and food environment | |
Roads and Transportation | It includes the design requirements of community roadways, fitness trails, cycling paths, parking lots, and the operation requirements of public transportation and bicycle-sharing operation requirements | In total, 75% of all buildings are within 400 m [0.25 mi] cycling distance of an existing or planned (with funding commitments) bicycle network that connects riders to at least 10 diverse uses that are within a 4.8 km [3 mi] cycling distance. |
Sports Facilities | This includes requirements for indoor and outdoor sports venues, child- and senior-friendly spaces, pet activity spaces, and supporting fitness equipment | There are no less than 40 m2 of health clubs per 0.2 km community. |
Public Spaces | It includes requirements for social spaces, gathering spaces, primary medical spaces, educational places, care centers, art and cultural venues, etc. | Cultural and sports activity centers are set up in the residential area, which can be used for residents to carry out team activities such as exhibitions, network information services, leisure and entertainment, education, and training. |
Healing Environments | Contribute to residents’ mental healthcare services and restorative blue-green space and building space construction requirements | At least 75% of dwelling units are within 300 m [1000 ft] of public use green spaces that total a minimum size of 0.5 hectare [1.25 acre] or greater. |
Food Environments | Requirements for community food sales, nutrition education, community farms, alcoholic environments, breastfeeding support, etc. | The sale of alcohol and alcoholic products to minors is prohibited. |
Humanistic Constructions | The factors that affect the quality of community health construction include local characteristics, materials and safety, sanitation and cleanliness, and public services | |
Local Character | It includes the local characteristics of the community and the construction of public art | Adoption of vernacular design strategies that honor local architecture and material supply. |
Materials and Safety | It includes requirements related to the personal safety of residents, such as community construction materials, barrier-free systems, brownfield remediation, construction safety, and hazardous materials management | A plan that includes information on deposit locations and hours of operation governs the management of the following hazardous wastes, as defined per regulations/guidelines in Table A1. |
Hygiene and Cleanliness | Garbage disposal, disinfection and cleaning of utilities and equipment, and beautification of the community | Residents and businesses are invited to participate in beautification initiatives that are held, at minimum, annually. |
Public Services | It includes community conventions, volunteering, information surveys and feedback, health impact assessments, community recovery, participatory development, etc. | A representative sample of at least 30% of occupants is surveyed annually (starting within one year of achieving 50% occupancy). |
References
- Xiao, J.; Zhao, J.; Luo, Z.; Liu, F.; Greenwood, D. The impact of built environment on mental health: A COVID-19 lockdown perspective. Health Place 2022, 77, 102889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pelgrims, I.; Devleesschauwer, B.; Guyot, M.; Keune, H.; Nawrot, T.S.; Remmen, R.; Saenen, N.D.; Trabelsi, S.; Thomas, I.; Aerts, R.; et al. Association between urban environment and mental health in Brussels, Belgium. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, Y.; Kim, K.; Lee, S. Study on building plan for enhancing the social health of public apartments. Build. Environ. 2010, 45, 1551–1564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Messer, L.C.; Maxson, P.; Miranda, M.L. The Urban Built Environment and Associations with Women’s Psychosocial Health. J. Urban Health 2013, 90, 857–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steptoe, A.; Feldman, P.J. Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: Development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health. Ann. Behav. Med. 2001, 23, 177–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, H.; Wang, H.; Huo, Q.; Qin, Y.; Zhou, H. Comparative study of Chinese, European and ISO external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) standards and technical recommendations. J. Build. Eng. 2023, 68, 105687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giles-Corti, B.; Moudon, A.V.; Lowe, M.; Cerin, E.; Boeing, G.; Frumkin, H.; Salvo, D.; Foster, S.; Kleeman, A.; Bekessy, S. What next? Expanding our view of city planning and global health, and implementing and monitoring evidence-informed policy. Lancet Glob. Health 2022, 10, e919–e926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Young, V.J.; Burke, T.J.; Curran, M.A. Interpersonal effects of health-related social control: Positive and negative influence, partner health transformations, and relationship quality. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 2019, 36, 3986–4004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holt-Lunstad, J. Why social relationships are important for physical health: A systems approach to understanding and modifying risk and protection. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2018, 69, 437–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kent, J.; Thompson, S. Health and the built environment: Exploring foundations for a new interdisciplinary profession. J. Environ. Public Health 2012, 2012, 958175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frehlich, L.; Christie, C.D.; Ronksley, P.E.; Turin, T.C.; Doyle-Baker, P.; McCormack, G.R. The neighbourhood built environment and health-related fitness: A narrative systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2022, 19, 124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bird, E.L.; Ige, J.O.; Pilkington, P.; Pinto, A.; Petrokofsky, C.; Burgess-Allen, J. Built and natural environment planning principles for promoting health: An umbrella review. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Liu, L.; Long, Y. Research on Healthy Neighborhood Evaluation System Based on the Combined Perspectives of Urban Planning and Public Health. Landsc. Archit. 2020, 2020, 96–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, C.; Sheng, Y.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, P.; Huang, L. Air Pollution and Human Health: Investigating the Moderating Effect of the Built Environment. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Zheng, S.; Hu, X.; Wu, Z.; Chen, S.; Huang, Z.; Zhang, W. Effects of spatial scale on the built environments of community life circles providing health functions and services. Build. Environ. 2022, 223, 109492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ige-Elegbede, J.; Pilkington, P.; Orme, J.; Williams, B.; Prestwood, E.; Black, D.; Carmichael, L. Designing healthier neighbourhoods: A systematic review of the impact of the neighbourhood design on health and wellbeing. Cities Health 2022, 6, 1004–1019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Den Braver, N.; Lakerveld, J.; Rutters, F.; Schoonmade, L.; Brug, J.; Beulens, J. Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2018, 16, 1–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharifi, A.; Murayama, A. Viability of using global standards for neighbourhood sustainability assessment: Insights from a comparative case study. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2015, 58, 1–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elkamhawy, A.; El. Eashy, A.; Elfiky, U. Comparative analysis of ten Neighborhood Sustainability Assessment (NSA) tools offering integrated criteria for urban development. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 2024, 31, 71–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, P.C.; Binet, A.; Alhasan, D.M.; Riley, N.M.; Jackson, C.L. Urban Planning for Health Equity Must Employ an Intersectionality Framework. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2023, 89, 167–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alber, J.M.; Green, L.W.; Gambescia, S.F.; McLeroy, K.R.; Sofalvi, A.; Auld, M.E. Highlighting Contributions of Behavioral and Social Sciences in Advancing Public Health: Where We’ve Come, Where We’re Headed. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2021, 27, E220–E227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, B.C.; Bendixsen, C.; Liebman, A.K.; Gallagher, S.S. Using the Socio-Ecological Model to Frame Agricultural Safety and Health Interventions. J. Agromed. 2017, 22, 298–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kilanowski, J.F. Breadth of the socio-ecological model. J. Agromed. 2017, 22, 295–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- RHIhub. Rural Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Toolkit. Available online: https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-promotion (accessed on 8 December 2023).
- Garney, W.R.; Wendel, M.; McLeroy, K.; Alaniz, A.; Cunningham, G.; Castle, B.; Ingram, M.; Burdine, J. Using a Community Health Development Framework to Increase Community Capacity: A Multiple Case Study. Fam. Community Health 2017, 40, 18–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ACHA. Healthy Campus. Available online: https://www.acha.org/HealthyCampus/HealthyCampus/Ecological_Model.aspx (accessed on 8 December 2023).
- Balcázar, H.; Wise, S.; Rosenthal, E.L.; Ochoa, C.; Rodriguez, J.; Hastings, D.; Flores, L.; Hernandez, L.; Duarte-Gardea, M. An ecological model using promotores de salud to prevent cardiovascular disease on the US-Mexico border: The HEART project. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2012, 9, E35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- IWBI. WELL Community Standard. Available online: https://v2.wellcertified.com/en/community/overview (accessed on 5 November 2023).
- CDC. Reference Guide for the Fitwel Certification System: Community. Available online: https://www.fitwel.org/resources/fitwel-v21 (accessed on 5 November 2023).
- China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization, Chinese Society for Urban Studies. Assessment Standard for Healthy Community. Available online: https://www.gongbiaoku.com/book/l2519854upt?query=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA%E8%AF%84%E4%BB%B7%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86 (accessed on 29 September 2023).
- Chinese Society for Urban Studies. Assessment Standard for Healthy Retrofitting of Existing Residential Area. Available online: https://www.gongbiaoku.com/book/zty22311osk (accessed on 29 September 2023).
- USGBC. Reference Guide for Neighborhood Development. Available online: https://www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/section/files/v4-guide-excerpts/Excerpt_v4_ND.pdf (accessed on 2 October 2023).
- BRE. BREEAM Solutions. Available online: https://breeam.com/about/ (accessed on 2 October 2023).
- ASSOHQE. Haute Qualité Environnementale. Available online: https://www.hqegbc.org/ressources/cadre-de-reference-du-batiment-durable-hqe/ (accessed on 5 October 2023).
- JSBC. Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency. Available online: https://www.ibecs.or.jp/CASBEE/english/ (accessed on 4 October 2023).
- GBCA. A Rating Tool for Developments at a Precinct, Neighbourhood or Community Scale. Available online: https://new.gbca.org.au/green-star/rating-system/communities/ (accessed on 6 October 2023).
- IWBI. WELL Projects. Available online: https://account.wellcertified.com/directories/projects# (accessed on 5 August 2024).
- CDC. About Fitwel. Available online: https://www.fitwel.org/about-fitwel (accessed on 5 August 2024).
- CDC. Project Directory. Available online: https://www.fitwel.org/project-directory (accessed on 5 August 2024).
- CDC. Fitwel v2.1 Community Site Scorecard. Available online: https://www.fitwel.org/resources/p/fitwel-v21-worksheet-for-site-scorecards-excel-community (accessed on 4 October 2023).
- Javadi, R.; Nasrollahi, N. Urban green space and health: The role of thermal comfort on the health benefits from the urban green space; a review study. Build. Environ. 2021, 202, 108039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuvo, F.K.; Feng, X.; Akaraci, S.; Astell-Burt, T. Urban green space and health in low and middle-income countries: A critical review. Urban For. Urban Green. 2020, 52, 126662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, F.; Lowther-Payne, H.J.; Halliday, E.C.; Dooley, K.; Joseph, N.; Livesey, R.; Moran, P.; Kirby, S.; Cloke, J. Engaging communities in addressing air quality: A scoping review. Environ. Health 2022, 21, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, P.; Wu, J. Drinking Water Quality and Public Health. Expo. Health 2019, 11, 73–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradford, L.E.A.; Bharadwaj, L.A.; Okpalauwaekwe, U.; Waldner, C.L. Drinking water quality in Indigenous communities in Canada and health outcomes: A scoping review. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 2016, 75, 32336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Zhao, J.; Yu, X. A Community-Oriented Accessibility Index of Public Health Service Facilities: A Case Study of Wuchang District, Wuhan, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 10870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rong, P.; Zheng, Z.; Kwan, M.-P.; Qin, Y. Evaluation of the spatial equity of medical facilities based on improved potential model and map service API: A case study in Zhengzhou, China. Appl. Geogr. 2020, 119, 102192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, W.; Zhang, F.; Zeng, B.; Yang, T.; Wang, H. Spatial access to medical services in the underdeveloped region of northwestern china: A case study in Lanzhou city. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, X.; Qiang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Hwang, F.-J.; Chen, C.-H. Urban public transport accessibility to medical services from the perspective of residents’ travel: A hybrid assessment based on the whole process. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 8977–8989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lippman, S.A.; Leslie, H.H.; Neilands, T.B.; Twine, R.; Grignon, J.S.; MacPhail, C.; Morris, J.; Rebombo, D.; Sesane, M.; El Ayadi, A.M. Context matters: Community social cohesion and health behaviors in two South African areas. Health Place 2018, 50, 98–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Öncel, H.; Meşhur, M.Ç. The Effect of Built Environment on Neighborhood Relations in the Context of Social Interaction. 2019. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341488304_271-Hale_ONCEL-Mehmet_Caglar_MESHUR-The_effect_of_built_environment_on_neighborhood-ANTALYA-KABUL (accessed on 8 August 2024).
- Stoeva, P. Dimensions of health security—A conceptual analysis. Glob. Chall. 2020, 4, 1700003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marotta, A.; Porras-Amores, C.; Rodríguez Sánchez, A. Resilient Built Environment: Critical Review of the Strategies Released by the Sustainability Rating Systems in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 2021, 13, 11164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, X.; Zhang, D.; Gao, W.; Li, L.; Li, T.; Dong, X.; Zhu, J. Summary of healthy community research and planning. Hum. Geogr. 2023, 38, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Northridge, M.; Sclar, E.; Biswas, P. Sorting Out the Connections Between the Built Environment and Health: A Conceptual Framework for Navigating Pathways and Planning Healthy Cities. J. Urban Health Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 2004, 80, 556–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Wang, R.; He, B.; Ye, Y.; Ao, Y. Editorial: The built environment and public health: New insights. Front. Public Health 2023, 10, 1079182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO. Integrating Health in Urban and Territorial Planning: A Sourcebook. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003170 (accessed on 6 December 2023).
- Zhang, Y.; Liu, N.; Li, Y.; Long, Y.; Baumgartner, J.; Adamkiewicz, G.; Bhalla, K.; Rodriguez, J.; Gemmell, E. Neighborhood infrastructure-related risk factors and non-communicable diseases: A systematic meta-review. Environ. Health 2023, 22, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Engineer, A.; Gualano, R.J.; Crocker, R.L.; Smith, J.L.; Maizes, V.; Weil, A.; Sternberg, E.M. An integrative health framework for wellbeing in the built environment. Build. Environ. 2021, 205, 108253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McLeroy, K.R.; Bibeau, D.; Steckler, A.; Glanz, K. An Ecological Perspective on Health Promotion Programs. Health Educ. Q. 1988, 15, 351–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Golden, S.D.; McLeroy, K.R.; Green, L.W.; Earp, J.A.L.; Lieberman, L.D. Upending the Social Ecological Model to Guide Health Promotion Efforts Toward Policy and Environmental Change. Health Educ. Behav. 2015, 42, 8S–14S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caperon, L.; Saville, F.; Ahern, S. Developing a socio-ecological model for community engagement in a health programme in an underserved urban area. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0275092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siddiqi, Z.; Tiro, J.A.; Shuval, K. Understanding impediments and enablers to physical activity among African American adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Health Educ. Res. 2011, 26, 1010–1024. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bukuluki, P.; Kisaakye, P.; Wandiembe, S.P.; Bulenzi-Gulere, G.; Mulindwa, B.; Bazira, D.; Letiyo, E.; Namirembe, H.N.L.; Schmidt, I.; Nabukhonzo Kakande, P.; et al. Access to information on gender-based violence prevention during COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda: A cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine 2023, 57, 101846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akparibo, R.; Aryeteey, R.; Asiki, G.; Bohr, M.; Bricas, N.; Coleman, N.; Graham, F.; Green, M.A.; Griffiths, P.; Holdsworth, M.; et al. Community perceptions on the factors in the social food environment that influence dietary behaviour in cities of Kenya and Ghana: A Photovoice study. Public Health Nutr. 2023, 26, 661–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicolson, G.; Hayes, C.; Darker, C. Examining total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour using the socio-ecological model—A cross-sectional study of Irish adults. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, Z.-J.; Song, Y.; Wang, H.-L.; Zhang, F.; Li, F.-H.; Wang, Z.-Y. Influence of the built environment of Nanjing’s Urban Community on the leisure physical activity of the elderly: An empirical study. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sallis, J.; Owen, N.; Fisher, E.; Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.; Viswanath, K. Ecological models of health behavior. Health Behaviour and Health Education. In Theory, Research, Practice, 4th ed.; Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Callway, R.; Pineo, H.; Moore, G. Understanding the Role of Standards in the Negotiation of a Healthy Built Environment. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morris, R.J.; Trainor, R.H. Urban Governance: Britain and Beyond Since 1750; Taylor & Francis: Abingdon, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Fox-Kämper, R.; Wesener, A.; Münderlein, D.; Sondermann, M.; McWilliam, W.; Kirk, N. Urban community gardens: An evaluation of governance approaches and related enablers and barriers at different development stages. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2018, 170, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bermeo, R.; González, C.; Guerra, E. Effectiveness of an Interpersonal Influence Intervention to Increase Commitment to Adopt Health-Promoting Behavior in Nursing Students. J. Multidiscip. Healthc. 2023, 16, 3911–3922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centeio, E.; Barcelona, J.; Kaszeta, K.; McCaughtry, N. Building Healthy Communities: Creating Policy to Sustain Health-Related School Change. J. Youth Dev. 2018, 13, 176–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pennel, C.L.; Burdine, J.N.; Prochaska, J.D.; McLeroy, K.R. Common and Critical Components Among Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Planning Models. J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2017, 23 (Suppl. 4), S14–S21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, S.H.G.; Lee, W.H.H.; Tang, B.M.; Chen, Z. Legacy of culture heritage building revitalization: Place attachment and culture identity. Front. Psychol. 2024, 14, 1314223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belanche, D.; Casaló, L.V.; Rubio, M.Á. Local place identity: A comparison between residents of rural and urban communities. J. Rural Stud. 2021, 82, 242–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.H. ‘Property management in China: Opportunities and problems’. Prop. Manag. 1997, 15, 6–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, W.Q.; Wang, H.H.X.; Yuan, L.X.; Li, B.; Jing, M.J.; Luo, J.L.; Tang, J.; Ye, B.K.; Wang, P.-X. The unhealthy lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk of poor nutrition among the elderly population in China. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2017, 21, 943–953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, C.; Stolk, R.P.; Sauer, P.J.J.; Sijtsma, A.; Wiersma, R.; Huang, G.; Corpeleijn, E. Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feinstein, E.C.; Richter, L.; Foster, S.E. Addressing the Critical Health Problem of Adolescent Substance Use Through Health Care, Research, and Public Policy. J. Adolesc. Health 2012, 50, 431–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nolte-Troha, C.; Roser, P.; Henkel, D.; Scherbaum, N.; Koller, G.; Franke, A.G. Unemployment and Substance Use: An Updated Review of Studies from North America and Europe. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knaap, G.; Nedovic-Budic, Z.; Carbonell, A. Planning for States and Nation-States in the US and Europe; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Dang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, W.; Zhou, N.; Wang, Y.; Meng, C.; Ginsberg, M. Comparative study of city-level sustainability assessment standards in China and the United States. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 251, 119622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liang, S.; Wang, Q. Cultural and Creative Industries and Urban (Re)Development in China. J. Plan. Lit. 2020, 35, 54–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logan, J. People and plans in urbanising China: Challenging the top-down orthodoxy. Urban Stud. 2018, 55, 004209801876355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lasker, R.D.; Weiss, E.S. Broadening participation in community problem solving: A multidisciplinary model to support collaborative practice and research. J. Urban Health 2003, 80, 14–60, 14–47; discussion 48–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Retzlaff, R.C. Green Building Assessment Systems: A Framework and Comparison for Planners. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2008, 74, 505–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, X.; Wang, R.; Gou, Z. Incorporating motivation and execution into healthy building rating systems based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Build. Environ. 2022, 222, 109452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Standards | Country | Core Evaluation Objectives | |
---|---|---|---|
Independent standard | WELL Community Standard (WELL) [28] | United States | Health and well-being |
Fitwel Certification System of Community (Fitwel) [29] | United States | Health and well-being | |
Assessment Standard for Healthy Community (ASHC) [30] | China | Health and well-being | |
Assessment Standard for Healthy Retrofitting of Existing Residential Area (ASHRERA) [31] | China | Health and well-being | |
Standard including community health assessment component | Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) [32] | United States | Sustainable development, climate change, building resilience, and community equity |
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) [33] | United Kingdom | Sustainability | |
Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) [34] | France | Sustainable living environment | |
Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) [35] | Japan | Built Environment Efficiency | |
Green Building Council Australia (Green Star) [36] | Australia | Sustainable development |
Standard | Chapters Selected | Provisions Quantity |
---|---|---|
WELL (v2 Q4 2022-Q4 2023) | Air, Water, Nourishment, Light, Movement, Thermal Comfort, Sound, Materials, Mind, and Community | 110 |
Fitwel (v2.1) | Community Composition And Location, Site Access, Community Open Space: Design, Community Open Space: Entrances, Community Open Space: Management, Outdoor Environment, Building Certification, Community Assets, Water And Restroom Access, Prepared Food Areas, Community Resiliency, and Emergency Preparedness | 67 |
ASHC (T/CECS 650-2020, T/CSUS 01-2020) | Air, Water, Comfort, Exercise, Humanity, and Service | 108 |
ASHRERA (T/CSUS 08-2020) | 88 |
No. | Provision No. | Analysis Unit | Socio-Ecological Factors | Development Goals | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Measure | Section | Category | |||
1 | 4.1.1 | Greening measures should be implemented within the community to improve air quality. | Community | General requirement | Physical environments | Air |
… | ||||||
6 | 4.1.6 | There should be no industrial pollution sources with excessive emissions within a 30 m radius outside the community boundary. | Community | Specific requirement | Physical environments | Air |
7 | 4.1.6 | The protective distance from industrial pollution sources should comply with the relevant provisions of the current national health standards for the design of industrial enterprises. | Policy | National or industrial | Physical environments | Air |
… | ||||||
43 | 5.2.2 | Non-traditional water source pools, water tanks, and other water storage facilities in the community should be cleaned and disinfected at least once a year. | Organization | Operation and maintenance | Physical environments | Water |
44 | 5.2.2 | The water quality after cleaning should comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standards. “The Reuse of Urban Recycling Water-Water Quality Standard for Urban Miscellaneous Use” GB/T 18920, “Urban Sewage Recycling Green Irrigation Water Quality” GB/T 25499, etc. | Policy | National or industrial | Physical environments | Water |
… | ||||||
214 | 9.1.4 | Property management units should formulate a resident communication management system and conduct at least one community resident health satisfaction survey each year. | Organization | Participation and feedback | Humanistic constructions | Public services |
… | ||||||
238 | 9.2.10 | Food services should be provided for people with dietary restrictions, religious customs, etc. | Interpersonal | The services for individuals or special groups | Health facilities | Food environments |
… | ||||||
250 | 9.2.14 | Emergency safety knowledge publicity activities should be carried out at least twice a year. | Interpersonal | The organization of group activities | Humanistic constructions | Materials and safety |
Node | Descendant Node | References Points |
---|---|---|
Interpersonal factors | Total | 116 |
The disclosure and delivery of health information | 40 | |
The organization of group activities | 44 | |
The services for individuals or special groups | 32 | |
Organization factors | Total | 250 |
Organization and management | 65 | |
Operation and maintenance | 67 | |
Guidance and stimulation | 24 | |
Monitoring and testing | 68 | |
Participation and feedback | 26 | |
Community factors | Total | 481 |
General requirements | 166 | |
Specific requirements | 175 | |
Equipment requirements | 96 | |
Signage requirements | 44 | |
Policy factors | Total | 91 |
International | 24 | |
National or industrial | 55 | |
Regional | 12 | |
Physical environments | Total | 374 |
Air | 108 | |
Water | 107 | |
Sound | 39 | |
Light | 64 | |
Thermal comfort | 56 | |
Health facilities | Total | 402 |
Roads and transportation | 107 | |
Sports facilities | 108 | |
Public spaces | 81 | |
Healing environments | 51 | |
Food environments | 55 | |
Humanistic constructions | Total | 163 |
Local character | 13 | |
Materials and safety | 53 | |
Hygiene and cleanliness | 26 | |
Public services | 71 |
ASHC | ASHRERA | WELL | Fitwel | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N * | PCT ** | N * | PCT ** | N * | PCT ** | N * | PCT ** | ||
Interpersonal Factor | Total | 25 | 10.00% | 25 | 10.64% | 45 | 16.25% | 21 | 11.86% |
Disclosure and Delivery of Health Information | 7 | 2.80% | 6 | 2.55% | 19 | 6.86% | 8 | 4.52% | |
Organization of Group Activities | 9 | 3.60% | 14 | 5.96% | 9 | 3.25% | 12 | 6.78% | |
Services for Individuals or Special Groups | 9 | 3.60% | 5 | 2.13% | 17 | 6.14% | 1 | 0.56% | |
Organization Factor | Total | 43 | 17.20% | 66 | 28.09% | 88 | 31.77% | 54 | 30.51% |
Organization and Management | 14 | 5.60% | 5 | 2.13% | 30 | 10.83% | 17 | 9.60% | |
Operation and Maintenance | 17 | 6.80% | 16 | 6.81% | 13 | 4.69% | 21 | 11.86% | |
Guidance and Stimulation | 2 | 0.80% | 0 | 0.00% | 15 | 5.42% | 7 | 3.95% | |
Monitoring and Testing | 9 | 3.60% | 30 | 12.77% | 27 | 9.75% | 2 | 1.13% | |
Participation and Feedback | 1 | 0.40% | 15 | 6.38% | 3 | 1.08% | 7 | 3.95% | |
Community Factor | Total | 158 | 63.20% | 123 | 52.34% | 113 | 40.79% | 87 | 49.15% |
General Requirements | 56 | 22.40% | 45 | 19.15% | 31 | 11.19% | 34 | 19.21% | |
Specific Requirements | 53 | 21.20% | 40 | 17.02% | 51 | 18.41% | 31 | 17.51% | |
Equipment Requirements | 39 | 15.60% | 28 | 11.91% | 18 | 6.50% | 11 | 6.21% | |
Signage Requirements | 10 | 4.00% | 10 | 4.26% | 13 | 4.69% | 11 | 6.21% | |
Policy Factor | Total | 24 | 9.60% | 21 | 8.94% | 31 | 11.19% | 15 | 8.47% |
International | 2 | 0.80% | 0 | 0.00% | 12 | 4.33% | 10 | 5.65% | |
National or Industrial | 21 | 8.40% | 19 | 8.09% | 11 | 3.97% | 4 | 2.26% | |
Regional | 1 | 0.40% | 2 | 0.85% | 8 | 2.89% | 1 | 0.56% |
Physical Environments | Health Facilities | Humanistic Constructions | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | ||
Total | ASHC | 120 | 48.00% | 109 | 43.60% | 21 | 8.40% |
ASHRERA | 105 | 44.68% | 94 | 40.00% | 36 | 15.32% | |
WELL | 118 | 42.60% | 100 | 36.10% | 59 | 21.30% | |
Fitwel | 32 | 18.08% | 99 | 55.93% | 46 | 25.99% | |
Interpersonal Factor | ASHC | 7 | 2.80% | 16 | 6.40% | 2 | 0.80% |
ASHRERA | 3 | 1.28% | 19 | 8.09% | 3 | 1.28% | |
WELL | 21 | 7.58% | 13 | 4.69% | 11 | 3.97% | |
Fitwel | 1 | 0.56% | 12 | 6.78% | 8 | 4.52% | |
Organization Factor | ASHC | 18 | 7.20% | 14 | 5.60% | 11 | 4.40% |
ASHRERA | 31 | 13.19% | 12 | 5.11% | 23 | 9.79% | |
WELL | 47 | 16.97% | 20 | 7.22% | 21 | 7.58% | |
Fitwel | 9 | 5.08% | 23 | 12.99% | 22 | 12.43% | |
Community Factor | ASHC | 77 | 30.80% | 76 | 30.40% | 5 | 2.00% |
ASHRERA | 53 | 22.55% | 60 | 25.53% | 10 | 4.26% | |
WELL | 38 | 13.72% | 59 | 21.30% | 16 | 5.78% | |
Fitwel | 16 | 9.04% | 63 | 35.59% | 8 | 4.52% | |
Policy Factor | ASHC | 18 | 7.20% | 3 | 1.20% | 3 | 1.20% |
ASHRERA | 18 | 7.66% | 3 | 1.28% | 0 | 0.00% | |
WELL | 12 | 4.33% | 8 | 2.89% | 11 | 3.97% | |
Fitwel | 6 | 3.39% | 1 | 0.56% | 8 | 4.52% |
Disclosure and Delivery of Health Information | Organization of Group Activities | Services for Individuals or Special Groups | |
---|---|---|---|
Air | 1. Air quality monitoring (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) 2. Radon test promotion (WELL) | 1. Tobacco control lectures (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Community engagement (Fitwel) | / * |
Water | 1. Test results announcement (ASHC) 2. Water data response + facilities maintenance notification (WELL) | / | 1. Legionella awareness (WELL) |
Sound | 1. Hearing health education (WELL) | / | 1. Hearing protection programming (WELL) |
Light | / | / | / |
Thermal Comfort | 1. Heat warning + cold warning + cooling shelters notice + warming shelters notice (ASHC + WELL) 2. Adverse impacts communication + public health preparedness (WELL) | 1. Community engagement (WELL) | 1. Emergency phone lines (ASHC + WELL)2. Heat-relief services + vulnerable populations check + cold relief services + community outreach + occupational exposure + recreational exposure (WELL) |
Roads and Transportation | 1. Publicize streetscape events (Fitwel) 2. Publicize mass transportation campaign (Well) | 1. Streetscape events (Fitwel) | / |
Sports Facilities | 1. Fitness programs promotion (ASHRERA) | 1. Promotional seminar (ASHC) 2. Fitness program (ASHRERA + Fitwel) | 1. Fitness programs development (ASHRERA + WELL) |
Public Spaces | 1. Post public events and information + publicize community emergency gathering spaces (Fitwel) | 1. Multiple types of community activities, such as cultural programs and social programs (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) | 1. Hosting services for children, elderly, and the disabled (ASHC) |
Healing Environments | / | 1. Mental and social health program (ASHC + Fitwel) | 1. Mental health services (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL)2. Community support (ASHC + WELL)3. Crisis support + substance abuse and addiction services + support for victims of interpersonal violence (WELL) |
Food Environments | 1. Food-sampling results announcement (ASHC) 2. Healthy dietary guidelines promotion (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 3. Market healthy food retail options (Fitwel) 4. Breastfeeding empowerment information (WELL) | 1. Food relevant courses (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Breastfeeding empowerment class + urban agriculture training (WELL) | 1. Food services for special dietary groups (ASHC + ASHRERA) |
Local Character | 1. Community design and identity education (WELL) | / | / |
Materials and Safety | 1. Community-wide communication on emergency plans (Fitwel) 2. Hazardous substances + responsible driving programs (WELL) | 1. Safety education activities (ASHC) 2. Pest management + recurring training + emergency volunteer training (Fitwel) 3. Activity support for crime prevention (WELL) | / |
Hygiene and Cleanliness | 1. Post street cleaning schedule (WELL) | 1. Community beautification activities (WELL) | / |
Public Services | 1. Public information on community services (ASHRERA) 2. Public satisfaction survey results (Fitwel + WELL) 3. Community engagement process (Fitwel) 4. Resource database access (WELL) | 1. Volunteer training (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) 2. Online social activities (ASHRERA) 3. Community engagement (Fitwel + WELL) | 1. Homeless support services (Fitwel)2. Screening program (WELL) |
Organization and Management | Operation and Maintenance | Guidance and Stimulation | Monitoring and Testing | Participation and Feedback | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air | 1. Rubbish incineration (ASHC) 2. Smoking ban (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL + Fitwel) 3. Low-emission vehicles (Fitwel + WELL) | / * | 1. Transportation enhancement (Fitwel) 2. Parking restrictions + priority parking (WELL) | 1. Number of air quality days (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Ambient air quality (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fiwel + WELL) | / |
Water | 1. Legionella control (WELL) | 1. Rainwater and sewage facilities (ASHRERA) 2. Drinking water + sanitary facilities + water feature sanitation (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) | / | 1. Drinking water quality (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fiwel + WELL) 2. Online monitoring of stormwater and sewage drainage (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Public water additive (WELL) | / |
Sound | 1. Noise mitigation (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) | / | / | 1. Noise control test (ASHRERA) 2. Revise noise map (WELL) | / |
Light | / | / | / | 1. Lighting retrofit test (ASHRERA) | / |
Thermal Comfort | 1. Occupational exposure protection (ASHC + WELL) 2. Utility management for hot and cold weather (WELL) | 1. Public cooling shelters (WELL) | 1. Financial aid for low-income households (WELL) | 1. Heat island strength test + shade area statistics (ASHRERA) | / |
Roads and Transportation | 1. Bike parking (ASHC + Fitwel) 2. Streetscape event (Fitwel) 3. Pedestrian and cyclist safety (WELL) | 1. Bike parking (Fitwel) 2. Streetscape greenery (Fitwel + WELL) 3. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes (Fitwel + WELL) | 1. Parking efficiency (Fitwel) 2. Bicycle share membership promotions (WELL) | 1. Pedestrian and bicycle lanes retrofit test (ASHRERA) | / |
Sports Facilities | 1. Pet support (ASHC + ASHRERA WELL) | 1. Space management and facilities maintenance (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) | / | 1. Retrofit check (ASHRERA) | / |
Public Spaces | / | 1. Regular updates (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Regular open (Fitwel) 3. Privately owned public use space (WELL) | 1. Facility transport services (WELL) | 1. Retrofit check (ASHRERA) | / |
Healing Environments | 1. Emergency prevention + hotspot management + preservation and management of scenic views (WELL) | 1. Community gardens + restorative garden + inclusive open space (Fitwel) | / | 1. Retrofit check (ASHRERA) | / |
Food Environments | 1. Alcohol environment (ASHC + WELL) 2. Food advertising + urban agriculture (WELL) | 1. Local produce access (Fitwel) | 1. Online shop (ASHC) 2. Grocery and food market access + food access and affordability (Fitwel + WELL) | / | / |
Local Character | 1. Public art support (WELL) | / | 1. Local retail and institutional (WELL) | / | 1. Community-driven public art (Fitwel) |
Materials and Safety | 1. Pest mangement (ASHC + Fitwel) 2. Construction safety (Fitwel) 3. Hazardous waste management (WELL) | 1. Crime prevention through environment (WELL) | 1. Responsible driving programs (WELL) | / | / |
Hygiene and Cleanliness | 1. Waste management and waste segregation (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL + Fitwel) | 1. Street cleaning (Fitwel + WELL) 2. Waste receptacles (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Greenery and outdoor infrastructure (ASHC + ASHRERA + FItwel) | 1. Economic incentives for waste separation (ASHC) | / | / |
Public Services | 1. Resident’S rules and regulations (ASHC) 2. Promote sustainable community development practices + survey results implementation + emergency preparedness plan (Fitwel) 3. Health impact assessment screening + health needs assessment and programming + community health resilience + fundamental housing quality + civic engagement (WELL) | 1. Maintenance of community information dissemination platforms (ASHRERA) | 1. Housing equity and affordability (Fitwel + WELL) 2. Levy developer exactions and impact fees (Fitwel) 3. Voting opportunities (WELL) | 1. Health impact assessment monitoring (WELL) | 1. Complaints or grievances (ASHRERA) 2. Satisfaction survey (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Survey results implementation (Fitwel) 4. Civic engagement (Fitwel + WELL) |
General Requirements | Specific Requirements | Equipment Requirements | Signage Requirements | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air | 1. Add greenery + waste station location + smoking area setup (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Reduce emissions (ASHC) 3. Chimney purification + ventilation measures (ASHRERA) 4. Project location (Fitwel) 5. Parking restriction (WELL) | 1. Distance to industrial sources + proportion of trees and shrubs + green space rate (ASHC) 2. Distance from roads (ASHC + WELL) 3. Distance from noxious hazards (Fitwel) 4. Parking restriction + vehicles (WELL) | 1. Public announcement system + dustbin + grease ducts + monitoring system (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Disaster early warning system (ASHC) 3. Fire-fighting facilities (ASHRERA) | 1. Fire-fighting signs (ASHRERA) 2. No-smoking signs (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 3. Smoking area guide sign (ASHRERA) |
Water | 1. Prohibition of misuse of non-potable water + drainage (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Stormwater management (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Landscape waters (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) | 1. Landscape water safety (ASHC) 2. Restroom (ASHC + Fitwel + WELL) | 1. Rainwater-monitoring system (ASHC) 2. Drinking water supply (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Water features system (WELL) 4. Restroom facilities (ASHRERA + WELL) | 1. Non-traditional water source labeling (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Landscape water signage (ASHC) 3. Restroom location signs (Fitwel) 4. Handwashing signs + drinking water signs (WELL) |
Sound | 1. Stay away from noisy places (ASHC + Fitwel) 2. Sound planning (ASHC + WELL) 3. Noise reduction (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 4. Natural landscape sound sources (ASHC + ASHRERA) 5. Noise compatible development (WELL) | 1. Distance from noisy places (ASHC + Fitwel) | / * | 1. Social life noise emission labeling (ASHC + ASHRERA) |
Light | 1. Avoid light pollution (ASHRERA) 2. Street lighting + park and plaza lighting (Fitwel) 3. Lighting master plan (WELL) | 1. Light color temperature + light general color rendering index + light color tolerance + flare limit (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Distance between buildings (ASHC) 3. Lighting curfew hours (WELL) 4. Illumination + luminance ratio (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) | 1. Lighting facility safety + advertising + intelligent lighting system (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Directs and shields lighting (Fitwel + WELL) | 1. Signage (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) |
Comfort | 1. Geographic location + thermal-cooling and wind protection area + emergency hotline + water features (ASHC) | 1. Highly reflective paving materials + permeable paving + shade area + green roofs (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Water area (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) 3. Wind speed (ASHC + ASHRERA) 4. Heat island intensity + air conditioner outdoor unit + cooling and wind protection area (ASHRERA) 5. Car parking (ASHRERA + WELL) | / | / |
Roads and Transportation | 1. Roads greenery + trails + bicycle parking + cycling lanes (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Ground material + car park entrances (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. First-aid access (ASHC) 4. Safe street + bicycle share station (Fitwel) 5. Movement network planning (WELL) | 1. Cycling lanes + trails (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Bicycle parking (ASHC + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Bus station (ASHRERA + Fitwel) 4. Transit access (Fitwel + WELL) 5. Car parking (Fitwel) 6. Bicycle share (WELL) | 1. Stretching equipment + maintenance tools + service facilities (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Transit stop (Fitwel + WELL) 3. Flexible furniture (Fitwel) 4. Bicycle parking infrastructure (WELL) | 1. Wayfinding signs (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Road crossing signs (ASHC) 3. Safe street sign + entrance finding signs (Fitwel) |
Sports Facilities | 1. Outdoor fitness area (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 2. Rehabilitation ground + pet ground + elderly activity areas (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Children’s playground (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL + Fitwel) | 1. Indoor and outdoor gymnasium size (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) 2. Children’s playground size + elderly activity area size (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Open spaces size (Fitwel) 4. Pet-friendly space(WELL) | 1. Indoor and outdoor fitness facilities + exercise equipment (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Children’s entertainment facilities + facilities for elderly (Fitwel) 3. Facilities for pets (ASHC + WELL) | 1. Facility description and age restriction sign (ASHC) 2. No pet poop signs (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Children’s facilities sign (WELL) |
Public Spaces | 1. Daycare centers + healthcare facility (ASHC) 2. Meeting place (ASHC + ASHRERA + WELL) 3. Cultural centers (ASHC + ASHRERA) 4. Art exhibition area (ASHC + ASHRERA) 5. Non-residential area + park and plaza + safe shelter (Fitwel) 6. Vacant lot (WELL) | 1. Meeting places (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Commercial area + cultural centers + community center (ASHC + Fitwel) 3. Safe shelter + civic resource + child-care facility (Fitwel) 4. Primary healthcare facility (Fitwel + WELL) 5. Privately owned public use space + educational access (WELL) | 1. Furniture (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 2. Information display board (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 3. Rain and shade facilities (ASHC + ASHRERA) 4. Cultural and sports facilities + emergency medical reserve (ASHC) | 1. Privately owned public use space sign (WELL) |
Healing Environments | 1. Psychological counseling room (ASHC) 2. Psychological adjustment sites (ASHRERA) 3. Restorative garden (Fitwel) 4. Restorative green spaces + restorative blue spaces + restorative built spaces + designation of scenic views (WELL) | 1. Site greening ratio (ASHRERA) 2. Open spaces access + community garden access + restorative garden access (Fitwel) 3. Mental health services access + substance abuse and addiction services + support for victims of interpersonal violence + restorative green spaces + restorative blue spaces + restorative built spaces (WELL) | 1. Flexible seating (Fitwel) | 1. Restorative green spaces sign + restorative blue spaces sign + restorative built spaces sign (WELL) |
Food Environments | 1. Breastfeeding room (ASHC) 2. Food supply service (ASHC + ASHRERA) | 1. Supermarket (ASHRERA + Fitwel + WELL) 2. Healthy food retail + local produce (Fitwel) 3. Fruits and vegetables (Fitwel + WELL) 4. Urban agriculture + breastfeeding (WELL) | 1. Urban agriculture space (WELL) | / |
Local Character | 1. Design style (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Public art (Fitwel) 3. Preservation and rehabilitation + celebration of place (WELL) | 1. Public art (ASHRERA + WELL) | / | / |
Materials and Safety | 1. Greenery + accessibility + facilities material (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Venue safety + sharp corners (ASHRERA)3. Brownfield + visibility + pet management (Fitwel) 4. Site remediation + construction remediation + outdoor construction+ crime prevention (WELL) | 1. Height of physical barriers + universally accessible (Fitwel) | 1. Pest management mechanical devices (Fitwel) | 1. Crime prevention signage (WELL) |
Hygiene and Cleanliness | 1. Optimization of unattractive areas (ASHRERA) | / | 1. Waste receptacles (WELL) | / |
Public Services | / | / | 1. Digital and Wi-Fi infrastructure + voting facilities (WELL) | / |
International | National or Industrial | Regional | |
---|---|---|---|
Air | / * | 1. Distance from industrial sources (ASHC) 2. Stack emission concentration + oily smoke emission from catering(ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Residential ventilation (ASHRERA) 4. Indoor and outdoor air quality standards (ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 5. Parking spaces + vehicles (WELL) | 1. Green area ratio + level of segregation of waste collection (ASHRERA) |
Water | 1. Building construction, accessibility, and usability of the building environment (Fitwel) | 1. Water quality(ASHC + ASHRERA + Fitwel) 2. Americans with disabilities Act (Fitwel) | / |
Sound | / | 1. Sound quality (ASHC + ASHRERA) 2. Building interior vibration (ASHRERA) | 1. Existing municipal code noise ordinance(WELL) |
Light | 1. Luminaire lumens + illuminance (WELL) | 1. Glass curtain wall + daylight hours (ASHC) 2. Light pollution (ASHC + ASHRERA) 3. Illuminance (ASHRERA) | / |
Thermal Comfort | / | / | / |
Roads and Transportation | 1. Transit stations security lighting (WELL) | 1. Wayfinding systems (ASHRERA) | 1. Bicycle parking number (ASHC) 2. Car parking (Fitwel) 3. Accessible design + bicycle lane geometry + installation and maintenance of streetscape greenery(WELL) |
Sports Facilities | 1. Child play space design (WELL) | 1. Duration of sunshine at the site (ASHC + ASHRERA) | / |
Public Spaces | / | / | / |
Healing Environments | / | / | / |
Food Environments | / | 1. National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity’s Model Beverage and Food Vending Machine Standards + General Services Administration’s Standard Criteria for Food Selection Guidelines in Concessions (WELL) | 1. Restaurant rating (WELL) |
Local Character | / | / | / |
Materials and Safety | 1. Universal design (WELL) | 1. Accessible design (ASHC + WELL) 2. Hazardous materials + pesticide and herbicide (WELL) | 1. Hazardous substances (WELL) |
Hygiene and Cleanliness | / | / | 1. Waste reduction (WELL) |
Public Services | 1. Accreditation of property management organizations (ASHC) 2. Building certification (Fitwel) | 1. Monthly housing costs (WELL) | 1. Locally applicable affordable housing regulations (WELL) |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhao, J.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, P. Socio-Ecological Factors in Building a Healthy Community: A Comparative Study of Healthy Community Assessment Standards. Buildings 2024, 14, 2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092634
Zhao J, Chen Y, Zhang P. Socio-Ecological Factors in Building a Healthy Community: A Comparative Study of Healthy Community Assessment Standards. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092634
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Jiaying, Yang Chen, and Pan Zhang. 2024. "Socio-Ecological Factors in Building a Healthy Community: A Comparative Study of Healthy Community Assessment Standards" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092634