Test Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix Proportions: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mix Proportions
3. Fresh and Hardened Properties
3.1. Fresh Properties
3.2. Hardened Properties
4. Testing Procedures
4.1. Extrudability Test
4.2. Yield Stress
4.3. Buildability Test
4.4. Robustness Test
4.5. Flowability Test
4.6. Compressive Strength Test
4.7. Porosity Evaluation
4.8. Bond Strength Assessment
4.9. Flexural Strength Evaluation
5. Bibliometric Analysis
5.1. Methodology
5.2. Literature Samples
5.3. Research Keywords
5.4. Sources of Documents
5.5. Authors with Highest Citation
5.6. Impact of Research Institutions
5.7. Countries
6. Economic Considerations and Environmental Sustainability
7. Conclusions
8. Recommendations and Future Vision
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mixes | Yield Stress (Ty) | Volume Fraction (Φ) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ty [Pa] | Ty [psf] | Φ Min. | Φ Max. | Φ Different | |
Cement | 76.32 | 1.59 | 0.523 | 0.570 | 0.0465 |
High-range water-reducer | 62.24 | 1.30 | 0.516 | 0.591 | 0.0750 |
Fly ash | 34.76 | 0.73 | 0.494 | 0.579 | 0.0853 |
Clay 1 | 97.31 | 2.03 | 0.520 | 0.546 | 0.0255 |
Clay 2 | 80.65 | 1.68 | 0.522 | 0.549 | 0.0268 |
Clay 3 | 89.02 | 1.86 | 0.516 | 0.556 | 0.0397 |
Mixes | SP Dosage (%) | Buildability of Comp. of Bottom Layer, mm | Extrudability | Yield Stress, kPa | Flow Value, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silica fume | 0.19 | 2 ± 0.5 | Pass | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 97 ± 10 |
0.18 | 0 | Pass | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 89 ± 10 | |
0.17 | 0 | Pass | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 80 ± 5 | |
0.16 | 0 | Fail | 2.6 ± 0.3 | 55 ± 5 | |
Nanoclay | 0.15 | 2 ± 0.5 | Pass | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 115 ± 15 |
0.14 | 0 | Pass | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 100 ± 10 | |
0.13 | 0 | Pass | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 95 ± 10 | |
0.12 | 0 | Pass | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 90 ± 10 | |
0.11 | 0 | Fail | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 60 ± 5 | |
Viscosity-modifying agents | 0.20 | 2 ± 0.5 | Pass | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 100 ± 10 |
0.19 | 0 | Pass | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 88 ± 10 | |
0.18 | 0 | Pass | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 80 ± 5 | |
0.17 | 0 | Pass | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 70 ± 5 | |
0.16 | 0 | Pass | 2.5 ± 0.3 | 65 ± 5 | |
0.15 | 0 | Fail | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 40 ± 5 |
Type of Binder | CS (MPa) | FS (MPa) | References | Standard |
---|---|---|---|---|
Portland cement, silica fume | 49.9 | - | [2] | [68] |
Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume | 71.7 | - | [17] | [68] |
Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume | 61 | 11 | [18] | [68] |
Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume | 107 | 11 | [39] | [69] |
Portland cement, nanoclay | 97.9 | - | [51] | [70] |
Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume | 110 | [64] | [69] | |
Portland cement, fly ash, silica fume | 53.2 | 7.8 | [65] | [71] |
Portland cement, fly ash, slag | 31 | 4.3 | [66] | - |
S/N | Keyword | Occurrences | Total Link Strength |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3D Printable Concrete | 185 | 305 |
2 | 3D Printing | 78 | 170 |
3 | Concrete | 48 | 118 |
4 | Additive Manufacturing Technology | 45 | 99 |
5 | Mechanical Properties | 35 | 70 |
6 | Rheology | 31 | 81 |
7 | Buildability | 24 | 56 |
8 | Anisotropic Behaviour | 17 | 40 |
9 | Reinforcement | 16 | 43 |
10 | Durability | 14 | 40 |
11 | Interlayer Bonds | 14 | 29 |
12 | Compressive Strength | 12 | 33 |
13 | Microstructure | 12 | 37 |
14 | Printability | 12 | 26 |
15 | Pore Structure | 11 | 30 |
16 | Yield Stress | 11 | 27 |
17 | Sustainability | 10 | 17 |
18 | Workability | 10 | 29 |
19 | Porosity | 9 | 27 |
20 | Thixotropy | 9 | 23 |
21 | Flexural Strength | 8 | 20 |
22 | 3D-Printed Concrete | 7 | 10 |
23 | Bond Strength | 7 | 16 |
24 | Digital Concrete | 7 | 13 |
25 | Digital Fabrication | 7 | 13 |
26 | Shrinkage | 7 | 19 |
27 | Rheological Properties | 6 | 12 |
28 | Accelerator | 5 | 11 |
29 | Cementitious Material | 5 | 14 |
30 | Coarse Aggregate | 5 | 14 |
31 | Finite Element Model Analysis | 5 | 12 |
32 | Fresh Properties | 5 | 9 |
33 | Geopolymer | 5 | 10 |
34 | Interface | 5 | 12 |
35 | Shear Strength | 5 | 7 |
36 | Strength | 5 | 13 |
37 | Topology Optimisation | 5 | 11 |
38 | Bridge | 4 | 12 |
39 | Cable | 4 | 16 |
40 | Constructability | 4 | 8 |
41 | CSA Cement | 4 | 9 |
42 | Digital Image Correlation | 4 | 7 |
43 | Extrusion | 4 | 11 |
44 | Failure Mode | 4 | 6 |
45 | Finite Element | 4 | 10 |
46 | Finite Element Analysis | 4 | 8 |
47 | Fire Performance | 4 | 8 |
48 | Flowability | 4 | 10 |
49 | Fly Ash | 4 | 10 |
50 | Fresh Concrete | 4 | 11 |
Rank | Journal | No. of Publications | No. of Citations | Cite Score (2022) | The Most Cited Article | No. of Times Cited | Publisher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Construction and Building Materials | 53 (13.9%) | 1659 | 12.3 | Effect of surface moisture on inter-layer strength of 3D-printed concrete | 248 | Elsevier |
2 | Rilem Bookseries | 47 (12.3%) | 253 | 1.6 | Capillary water intake by 3DPC visualised and quantified by neutron radiography | 30 | Springer Nature |
3 | Cement and Concrete Composites | 29 (7.6%) | 671 | 15.4 | 3DPC: Mixture design and test methods | 161 | Elsevier |
4 | Journal Of Building Engineering | 18 (4.7%) | 131 | 8.2 | Microstructural characterisation of 3D-printed concrete | 26 | Elsevier |
5 | Materials | 18 (4.7%) | 361 | 5.2 | Experimental exploration of metal cable as reinforcement in 3DPC | 102 | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
Rank | Author | Scopus Author ID | Year of 1st Publication | Total Publication | h-Index | Total Citation | Current Affiliation | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kruger, J. [81,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98] | 57209803083 | 2019 | 17 | 15 | 440 | Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa | South Africa |
2 | De Schutter, Geert D. [12,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112] | 7004339115 | 2018 | 15 | 57 | 457 | Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium | Belgium |
3 | Sanjayan, J. [113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128] | 56094890900 | 2017 | 15 | 75 | 411 | Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia | Australia |
4 | van Zijl, Gideon P.A.G. [84,85,86,87,88,89,90,94,95,96,97,122,123,124,129,130,131] | 6603009526 | 2019 | 15 | 27 | 363 | Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa | South Africa |
5 | Ma, Guowei [125,126,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144] | 7202152174 | 2019 | 15 | 50 | 454 | Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China | China |
6 | van Tittelboom, Kim [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,145] | 34881161600 | 2020 | 14 | 33 | 73 | Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium | Belgium |
7 | Wang, Li [125,126,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,146,147] | 57190428934 | 2019 | 14 | 28 | 406 | Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China | China |
8 | Mechtcherine, Viktor [5,12,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158] | 15848808400 | 2018 | 13 | 58 | 538 | Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany | Germany |
9 | Bos, Freek [11,14,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167] | 57190489675 | 2017 | 12 | 23 | 1112 | Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany | Germany |
10 | Rahul, A. V. [17,18,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,168,169] | 57205203944 | 2019 | 12 | 12 | 354 | Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, India | India |
S/N | Organisation | Documents | Citations | Total Link Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tongji University | 19 | 515 | 7 |
2 | Hebei University of Technology | 18 | 547 | 10 |
3 | Eindhoven University of Technology | 17 | 1399 | 10 |
4 | Stellenbosch University | 16 | 520 | 4 |
5 | Ghent University | 15 | 238 | 12 |
6 | Swinburne University of Technology | 13 | 693 | 3 |
7 | Zhejiang University | 13 | 68 | 7 |
8 | Southeast University | 12 | 561 | 10 |
9 | Technische Universitat Dresden | 11 | 590 | 5 |
S/N | Country | Documents | Citations | Total Link Strength |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | China | 127 | 2050 | 53 |
2 | Australia | 38 | 1138 | 22 |
3 | United States | 34 | 232 | 14 |
4 | South Africa | 28 | 593 | 2 |
5 | Belgium | 27 | 731 | 20 |
6 | Netherlands | 26 | 1603 | 8 |
7 | Germany | 25 | 658 | 22 |
8 | France | 20 | 711 | 26 |
9 | India | 17 | 369 | 4 |
10 | United Kingdom | 17 | 148 | 25 |
11 | Singapore | 14 | 510 | 15 |
12 | Switzerland | 14 | 646 | 11 |
13 | Italy | 11 | 57 | 9 |
14 | South Korea | 11 | 128 | 5 |
15 | United Arab Emirates | 8 | 39 | 0 |
16 | Lebanon | 7 | 118 | 7 |
17 | Spain | 7 | 57 | 12 |
18 | Canada | 6 | 73 | 6 |
19 | Hong Kong | 6 | 108 | 6 |
20 | Poland | 5 | 69 | 5 |
21 | Portugal | 5 | 51 | 10 |
22 | Sri Lanka | 5 | 45 | 8 |
23 | Denmark | 4 | 23 | 5 |
24 | Greece | 4 | 69 | 5 |
25 | Indonesia | 4 | 3 | 2 |
26 | Colombia | 3 | 1 | 1 |
27 | Iran | 3 | 85 | 3 |
28 | Russian Federation | 3 | 19 | 1 |
29 | Saudi Arabia | 3 | 8 | 5 |
30 | Austria | 2 | 15 | 2 |
31 | Egypt | 2 | 7 | 4 |
32 | Estonia | 2 | 22 | 3 |
33 | French Polynesia | 2 | 3 | 3 |
34 | Ireland | 2 | 7 | 2 |
35 | Lithuania | 2 | 33 | 1 |
36 | Malaysia | 2 | 113 | 3 |
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Huseien, G.F.; Tan, S.Q.; Saleh, A.T.; Lim, N.H.A.S.; Ghoshal, S.K. Test Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix Proportions: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings 2024, 14, 2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092667
Huseien GF, Tan SQ, Saleh AT, Lim NHAS, Ghoshal SK. Test Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix Proportions: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092667
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuseien, Ghasan Fahim, Shea Qin Tan, Ali Taha Saleh, Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim, and Sib K. Ghoshal. 2024. "Test Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix Proportions: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2667. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092667