The Noise: A Silent Threat to the Recovery of Patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Effects of Noise on Premature Neonates
1.2. Noise Levels in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
1.3. Noise Levels in Incubators
1.4. Noise Reduction in NICUs
2. Methodology
2.1. Material and Methods
2.2. Features of NICUs
2.2.1. Puerta del Mar University Hospital (HUPM)
2.2.2. Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital (HJRJ)
2.3. Data Analysis
- H1. There are no differences between the sound pressure levels measured during the day period (8:00 a.m.–10:00 p.m., excluding feeding periods and shift changes) in the NICU of the HJRJ and the HUPM;
- H2. There are no differences between the sound pressure levels measured during the night period (10:00 p.m.–8:00 a.m.), excluding feeding periods and shift changes) in the NICUs of the HJRJ and the HUPM;
- H3. There are no differences between the sound pressure levels of the daytime feeding periods (10:00 p.m.–8:00 a.m.) in the NICUs of the HJRJ and the HUPM;
- H4. There are no differences between the sound pressure levels of the nocturnal feeding periods (8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) in the NICUs of the HJRJ and the HUPM;
- H5. There are no differences between the sound pressure levels of the shift changes of healthcare personnel (8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) in the NICUs of the HJRJ and the HUPM.
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis Result
3.2. Statistical Analysis Result
4. Discussion
- V represents the volume of the analysed room in m3.
- A denotes the equivalent acoustic absorption area in m2.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- LAeq: A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level;
- LCeq: C-weighted equivalent continuous sound level, LCeq;
- LAIeq; A-weighted Impulsive equivalent continuous sound level;
- LZeq: linear equivalent continuous sound level;
- LAFmin: minimum A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level, measured in an integration period of 0.125 ms (fast);
- LAFmin: maximum A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level, measured in an integration period of 0.125 ms (fast);
- LA10: A-weighted sound pressure level exceeded for 10% of the time;
- LA50: A-weighted sound pressure level exceeded for 50% of the time;
- LA90: A-weighted sound pressure level exceeded for 90% of the time.
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Day Period (without Feeding and Staff Shift Changes), Huelva and Cadiz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metrics | Mean Rank | Z | p-Value | r, Absolute Value | Effect Size | |
HJRJ | HUPM | |||||
LAeq [dBA] | 43.16 | 65.24 | −3.69 | 0.00 | 0.36 | Low |
LAIeq [dBA] | 46.38 | 60.84 | −2.41 | 0.02 | 0.24 | Low |
LAFmáx [dBA] | 55.80 | 48.00 | −1.30 | 0.19 | 0.13 | |
LAFmín [dBA] | 30.50 | 82.50 | −8.69 | 0.00 | 0.85 | Very Strong |
LCeq [dBC] | 72.23 | 23.37 | −8.11 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LA10 [dBA] | 44.75 | 63.07 | −3.06 | 0.00 | 0.30 | Low |
LA50 [dBA] | 37.45 | 73.02 | −5.94 | 0.00 | 0.58 | Moderate |
LA90 [dBA] | 32.49 | 79.78 | −7.90 | 0.00 | 0.77 | Very Strong |
LZeq 40 Hz [dB] | 74.50 | 22.50 | −8.69 | 0.00 | 0.85 | Very Strong |
LZeq 50 Hz [dB] | 74.50 | 22.50 | −8.71 | 0.00 | 0.85 | Very Strong |
LZeq 63 Hz [dB] | 74.50 | 22.50 | −8.69 | 0.00 | 0.85 | Very Strong |
LZeq 80 Hz [dB] | 73.88 | 23.35 | −8.44 | 0.00 | 0.83 | Very Strong |
LZeq 100 Hz [dB] | 72.79 | 24.83 | −8.01 | 0.00 | 0.79 | Very Strong |
LZeq 125 Hz [dB] | 55.46 | 48.47 | −1.17 | 0.24 | 0.11 | |
LZeq 160 Hz [dB] | 48.80 | 57.55 | −1.46 | 0.14 | 0.14 | |
LZeq 200 Hz [dB] | 49.71 | 56.31 | −1.10 | 0.27 | 0.11 | |
LZeq 250 Hz [dB] | 41.79 | 67.10 | −4.23 | 0.00 | 0.41 | Moderate |
LZeq 315 Hz [dB] | 40.02 | 69.52 | −4.93 | 0.00 | 0.48 | Moderate |
LZeq 400 Hz [dB] | 45.29 | 62.33 | −2.85 | 0.00 | 0.28 | Low |
LZeq 500 Hz [dB] | 46.60 | 60.55 | −2.33 | 0.02 | 0.23 | Low |
LZeq 630 Hz [dB] | 45.25 | 62.39 | −2.86 | 0.00 | 0.28 | Low |
LZeq 800 Hz [dB] | 39.48 | 70.25 | −5.14 | 0.00 | 0.50 | Moderate |
LZeq 1 kHz [dB] | 43.16 | 65.24 | −3.69 | 0.00 | 0.36 | Low |
LZeq 1.25 kHz [dB] | 39.62 | 70.07 | −5.09 | 0.00 | 0.50 | Moderate |
LZeq 1.6 kHz [dB] | 41.49 | 67.51 | −4.35 | 0.00 | 0.43 | Moderate |
LZeq 2 kHz [dB] | 47.16 | 59.78 | −2.11 | 0.03 | 0.21 | Low |
LZeq 2.5 kHz [dB] | 48.44 | 58.03 | −1.60 | 0.11 | 0.16 | |
LZeq 3.15 kHz [dB] | 51.93 | 53.27 | −0.22 | 0.82 | 0.02 | |
LZeq 4 kHz [dB] | 45.59 | 61.92 | −2.73 | 0.01 | 0.27 | Low |
LZeq 5 kHz [dB] | 51.13 | 54.36 | −0.54 | 0.59 | 0.05 | |
LZeq 6.3 kHz [dB] | 52.42 | 52.61 | −0.03 | 0.97 | 0.00 | |
LZeq 8 kHz [dB] | 51.75 | 53.52 | −0.30 | 0.77 | 0.03 | |
LZeq 10 kHz [dB] | 51.33 | 54.10 | −0.46 | 0.64 | 0.05 | |
LZeq 12.5 kHz [dB] | 51.14 | 54.35 | −0.54 | 0.59 | 0.05 | |
LZeq 16 kHz [dB] | 50.21 | 55.63 | −0.90 | 0.37 | 0.09 | |
LZeq 20 kHz [dB] | 48.19 | 58.38 | −1.70 | 0.09 | 0.17 |
Night Period (without Feeding and Staff Shift Changes), Huelva and Cadiz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metrics | Mean Rank | Z | p-Value | r, Absolute Value | Effect Size | |
HJRJ | HUPM | |||||
LAeq [dBA] | 33.92 | 50.38 | −3.10 | 0.00 | 0.35 | Low |
LAFmín [dBA] | 24.50 | 64.50 | −7.55 | 0.00 | 0.84 | Very Strong |
LCeq [dBC] | 56.50 | 16.50 | −7.56 | 0.00 | 0.84 | Very Strong |
LA50 [dBA] | 32.34 | 52.73 | −3.85 | 0.00 | 0.43 | Moderate |
LA90 [dBA] | 25.25 | 63.38 | −7.19 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LZeq 40 Hz [dB] | 56.50 | 16.50 | −7.56 | 0.00 | 0.84 | Very Strong |
LZeq 50 Hz [dB] | 56.50 | 16.50 | −7.58 | 0.00 | 0.85 | Very Strong |
LZeq 63 Hz [dB] | 55.19 | 18.47 | −7.56 | 0.00 | 0.84 | Very Strong |
LZeq 80 Hz [dB] | 52.36 | 22.70 | −6.93 | 0.00 | 0.77 | Strong |
LZeq 100 Hz [dB] | 46.22 | 31.92 | −5.59 | 0.00 | 0.63 | Very Strong |
LZeq 125 Hz [dB] | 46.22 | 31.92 | −2.70 | 0.01 | 0.30 | Low |
LZeq 250 Hz [dB] | 34.81 | 49.03 | −2.68 | 0.01 | 0.30 | Low |
LZeq 315 Hz [dB] | 35.74 | 47.64 | −2.24 | 0.02 | 0.25 | Low |
LZeq 800 Hz [dB] | 29.30 | 57.30 | −5.28 | 0.00 | 0.59 | Moderate |
LZeq 1 kHz [dB] | 36.21 | 46.94 | −2.02 | 0.04 | 0.23 | Low |
LZeq 1.25 kHz [dB] | 31.74 | 53.64 | −4.13 | 0.00 | 0.46 | Moderate |
LZeq 1.6 kHz [dB] | 33.20 | 51.45 | −3.44 | 0.00 | 0.38 | Low |
Feeding, Day Period, Huelva and Cadiz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metric | Mean Rank | Z | p-Value | r, Absolute Value | Effect Size | |
HJRJ | HUPM | |||||
LAFmín [dBA] | 6.50 | 16.00 | −3.56 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LCeq [dBC] | 14.33 | 4.75 | −3.18 | 0.00 | 0.73 | Strong |
LA90 [dBA] | 7.08 | 15.00 | −2.96 | 0.00 | 0.68 | Very Strong |
LZeq 40 Hz [dB] | 13.50 | 4.00 | −3.56 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 50 Hz [dB] | 13.50 | 4.00 | −3.57 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 63 Hz [dB] | 13.50 | 4.00 | −3.57 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 80 Hz [dB] | 13.17 | 4.57 | −3.21 | 0.00 | 0.74 | Strong |
LZeq 100 Hz [dB] | 13.50 | 4.00 | −3.55 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 800 Hz [dB] | 7.96 | 13.50 | −2.07 | 0.04 | 0.48 | Moderate |
Feeding, Night Period, Huelva and Cadiz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metric | Mean Rank | Z | p-Value | r, Absolute Value | Effect Size | |
HJRJ | HUPM | |||||
LAFmín [dBA] | 5.00 | 12.50 | −3.18 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LCeq [dBC] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.18 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LA90 [dBA] | 5.89 | 11.17 | −2.25 | 0.02 | 0.58 | Moderate |
LZeq 40 Hz [dB] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.19 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 50 Hz [dB] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.21 | 0.00 | 0.83 | Very Strong |
LZeq 63 Hz [dB] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.20 | 0.00 | 0.83 | Very Strong |
LZeq 80 Hz [dB] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.19 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 100 Hz [dB] | 11.00 | 3.50 | −3.19 | 0.00 | 0.82 | Very Strong |
LZeq 125 Hz [dB] | 10.83 | 3.75 | −3.02 | 0.00 | 0.78 | Strong |
Staff Shift Changes, Day Period, Huelva and Cadiz | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metric | Mean Rank | Z | p-Value | r, Absolute Value | Effect Size | |
HJRJ | HUPM | |||||
LAFmín [dB] | 5.00 | 12.00 | −3.01 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LCeq [dB] | 10.00 | 3.00 | −3.50 | 0.00 | 0.93 | Very Strong |
LA90 [dB] | 5.67 | 10.80 | −2.20 | 0.03 | 0.59 | Moderate |
LZeq 40 Hz [dB] | 10.00 | 3.00 | −3.01 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LZeq 50 Hz [dB] | 10.00 | 3.00 | −3.01 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LZeq 63 Hz [dB] | 10.00 | 3.00 | −3.02 | 0.00 | 0.81 | Very Strong |
LZeq 80 Hz [dB] | 10.00 | 3.00 | −3.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | Very Strong |
LZeq 100 Hz [dB] | 9.56 | 3.80 | −2.47 | 0.01 | 0.66 | Strong |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rodríguez-Montaño, V.M.; Puyana-Romero, V.; Hernández-Molina, R.; Beira-Jiménez, J.L. The Noise: A Silent Threat to the Recovery of Patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Buildings 2024, 14, 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092778
Rodríguez-Montaño VM, Puyana-Romero V, Hernández-Molina R, Beira-Jiménez JL. The Noise: A Silent Threat to the Recovery of Patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092778
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Montaño, Víctor M., Virginia Puyana-Romero, Ricardo Hernández-Molina, and Juan L. Beira-Jiménez. 2024. "The Noise: A Silent Threat to the Recovery of Patients in Neonatal Intensive Care Units" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092778