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Microorganisms
Volume 11
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10.3390/microorganisms11010216
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Article

Characterization of Phytopythium Species Involved in the Establishment and Development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome

by
Simona Prencipe
1,
Giada Schiavon
1,2,
Marco Rosati
1,2,
Luca Nari
3,
Leonardo Schena
4 and
Davide Spadaro
1,2,*
1
Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, Via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
2
Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Via Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
3
Fondazione Agrion, Via Falicetto, 24, 12030 Manta, Italy
4
Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(1), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010216
Submission received: 29 November 2022 / Revised: 11 January 2023 / Accepted: 12 January 2023 / Published: 15 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant and Soil-Associated Microbial Communities in Forest and Agricultural Ecosystems 2.0)
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Abstract

Since 2012, the kiwifruit vine decline syndrome (KVDS) has progressively compromised Italian kiwifruit orchards. Different abiotic and biotic factors have been associated with the establishment and development of KVDS. During monitoring of orchards affected by KVDS in north-western Italy during 2016–2019, 71 Phytopythium spp. were isolated. Based on maximum likelihood concatenated phylogeny on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rDNA, large subunit rDNA, and cytochrome oxidase I, isolates were identified as P. vexans (52), P. litorale (10), P. chamaehyphon (7) and P. helicoides (2). Phytopythium litorale and P. helicoides are reported for the first time as agents of KVDS in Italy. To demonstrate pathogenicity and fulfil Koch’s postulates, representative isolates of P. vexans, P. litorale, P. chamaehyphon and P. helicoides were inoculated in potted plants. In these trials, waterlogging was applied to stress plant with a temporary anoxia and to favour the production of infective zoospores by the oomycetes. In experiments in vitro, the four species showed the highest growth at 25–30 °C, depending on the media used. P. helicoides was able to grow also at 40 °C. The four species were able to grow in vitro at a pH ranging from 5.0 to 8.0, showing that pH had less effect on growth than temperature. The present study suggests a strong role of different species of Phytopythium in the establishment and development of KVDS. Phytopythium spp. could be favoured by the average increase in soil temperatures during summer, associated with global warming.
Keywords: oomycete; kiwifruit; cardinal temperature; pH; multi-locus sequence typing; morphology; pathogenicity; Italy oomycete; kiwifruit; cardinal temperature; pH; multi-locus sequence typing; morphology; pathogenicity; Italy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Prencipe, S.; Schiavon, G.; Rosati, M.; Nari, L.; Schena, L.; Spadaro, D. Characterization of Phytopythium Species Involved in the Establishment and Development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010216

AMA Style

Prencipe S, Schiavon G, Rosati M, Nari L, Schena L, Spadaro D. Characterization of Phytopythium Species Involved in the Establishment and Development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(1):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010216

Chicago/Turabian Style

Prencipe, Simona, Giada Schiavon, Marco Rosati, Luca Nari, Leonardo Schena, and Davide Spadaro. 2023. "Characterization of Phytopythium Species Involved in the Establishment and Development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome" Microorganisms 11, no. 1: 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010216

APA Style

Prencipe, S., Schiavon, G., Rosati, M., Nari, L., Schena, L., & Spadaro, D. (2023). Characterization of Phytopythium Species Involved in the Establishment and Development of Kiwifruit Vine Decline Syndrome. Microorganisms, 11(1), 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11010216

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