Coral Reef Water Microbial Communities of Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Physicochemical Properties of Seawater
2.3. Benthos and Fish Population Surveys
2.4. Macronutrients, Cell Count, and Pigment Analysis
2.5. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
2.6. Sequencing Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reef Biogeochemistry
3.2. Microbial Community: Alpha Diversity
3.3. Microbial Community: Beta Diversity
3.4. Microbial Community Composition
3.5. Relationship between Reef Properties and Microbial Communities
4. Discussion
4.1. Oligotrophic-Type Nutrients and Microbial Communities
4.2. Geographical and Reef Protection Trends
4.3. Abnormal Reefs: Distinguished by Microbial Community
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Date | Latitude (N) | Longitude (E) | Maximum Sampled Depth (m) | Geographic Location | Protection Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
JR1 | 4 November 2017 | 21.4800 | −79.6544 | 10 | Western | Low |
JR2a | 20 November 2017 | 21.3059 | −79.5926 | 9 | Western | Low |
JR2b | 20 November 2017 | 21.3033 | −79.5911 | 9 | Western | Low |
JR3a | 19 November 2017 | 21.1838 | −79.5456 | 8 | Western | Low |
JR3b | 19 November 2017 | 21.1927 | −79.5504 | 9 | Western | Low |
JR4a | 5 November 2017 | 21.0640 | −79.4261 | 10 | Western | Low |
JR4b | 5 November 2017 | 21.0638 | −79.4273 | 14 | Western | Low |
JR5a | 6 November 2017 | 20.9672 | −79.1975 | 12 | Western | Medium |
JR5b | 6 November 2017 | 20.9654 | −79.2046 | 12 | Western | Medium |
JR6a | 7 November 2017 | 20.8435 | −79.0099 | 12 | Central | Medium |
JR6b | 7 November 2017 | 20.8439 | −79.0217 | 12 | Central | Medium |
JR10a | 12 November 2017 | 20.7764 | −78.9167 | 10 | Central | High |
JR10b | 12 November 2017 | 20.7750 | −78.9189 | 10 | Central | High |
JR11a | 11 November 2017 | 20.6729 | −78.7531 | 9 | Central | Medium |
JR11b | 11 November 2017 | 20.6800 | −78.7546 | 12 | Central | Medium |
JR12a | 10 November 2017 | 20.6269 | −78.5946 | 12 | Eastern | Medium |
JR12b | 10 November 2017 | 20.6241 | −78.5888 | 14 | Eastern | Medium |
JR13a | 8 November 2017 | 20.5791 | −78.4492 | 9 | Eastern | Low |
JR13b | 8 November 2017 | 20.5791 | −78.4427 | 6 | Eastern | Low |
JR14a | 9 November 2017 | 20.5131 | −78.3864 | 11 | Eastern | Low |
JR14b | 9 November 2017 | 20.5065 | −78.3811 | 6 | Eastern | Low |
JR16a | 14 November 2017 | 20.7539 | −78.8373 | 12 | Central | High |
JR16b | 14 November 2017 | 20.7568 | −78.8400 | 12 | Central | High |
JR16c | 15 November 2017 | 20.7595 | −78.8456 | 14 | Central | High |
JR17a | 16 November 2017 | 20.7167 | −78.7960 | 14 | Central | High |
JR17b | 16 November 2017 | 20.7125 | −78.7877 | 14 | Central | High |
JR18a | 17 November 2017 | 20.8548 | −79.0485 | 14 | Central | Medium |
JR18b | 17 November 2017 | 20.8495 | −79.0373 | 12 | Central | Medium |
OR1 | 9 November 2017 | 20.5134 | −78.4131 | 1 | Off-reef | Off-reef |
OR2 | 11 November 2017 | 20.7467 | −78.8784 | 1 | Off-reef | Off-reef |
Environmental Variable | Range (Min–Max) | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|
TOC (µM) | 49.0–158.9 | 72.9 (15.0) |
TON (µM) | 0.07–12.0 | 4.5 (2.4) |
PO43− (µM) | 0.13–0.38 | 0.18 (0.05) |
NO3− + NO2− (µM) | d.l.–0.68 | 0.19 (0.12) |
NO2− (µM) | d.l.–0.08 | 0.04 (0.02) |
NH4+ (µM) | 0.03–1.6 | 0.26 (1.3) |
Silicate (µM) | 0.91–1.9 | 1.5 (0.23) |
Prochlorococcus (cells mL−1) | 14,920–94,795 | 44,127 (13,904) |
Synechococcus (cells mL−1) | 5990–84,304 | 34,117 (16,915) |
Picoeukaryotes (cells mL−1) | 464–15,412 | 1047 (1995) |
Nonpigmented cells (cells mL−1) | 237,178–703,575 | 397,424 (76,634) |
Surface (<1 m) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Property | Df | R2 | Pr |
Site | 14 | 0.773 | 0.001 |
Geography | 3 | 0.420 | 0.001 |
Protection | 3 | 0.258 | 0.001 |
Total organic carbon | 1 | 0.066 | 0.002 |
Total nitrogen | 1 | 0.081 | 0.001 |
Phosphate | 1 | 0.055 | 0.005 |
Nitrate + nitrite | 1 | 0.027 | 0.141 |
Silicate | 1 | 0.103 | 0.001 |
Nitrite | 1 | 0.062 | 0.002 |
Ammonium | 1 | 0.675 | 0.001 |
Total organic nitrogen | 1 | 0.087 | 0.001 |
Prochlorococcus | 1 | 0.063 | 0.002 |
Synechococcus | 1 | 0.243 | 0.001 |
Picoeukaryotes | 1 | 0.105 | 0.001 |
Heterotrophic bacteria | 1 | 0.101 | 0.001 |
Reef depth (6–14 m) | |||
Property | Df | R2 | Pr |
Site | 14 | 0.705 | 0.001 |
Geography | 3 | 0.290 | 0.001 |
Protection | 3 | 0.180 | 0.001 |
Total organic carbon | 1 | 0.054 | 0.033 |
Total nitrogen | 1 | 0.014 | 0.520 |
Phosphate | 1 | 0.012 | 0.632 |
Nitrate + nitrite | 1 | 0.056 | 0.019 |
Silicate | 1 | 0.077 | 0.006 |
Nitrite | 1 | 0.047 | 0.038 |
Ammonium | 1 | 0.138 | 0.001 |
Total organic nitrogen | 1 | 0.016 | 0.463 |
Chlorophyll a | 1 | 0.037 | 0.067 |
Phaeophytin | 1 | 0.081 | 0.007 |
Prochlorococcus | 1 | 0.230 | 0.001 |
Synechococcus | 1 | 0.240 | 0.001 |
Picoeukaryotes | 1 | 0.050 | 0.026 |
Heterotrophic bacteria | 1 | 0.114 | 0.001 |
Fish abundance | 1 | 0.047 | 0.159 |
Fish species diversity | 1 | 0.022 | 0.537 |
Fish biomass | 1 | 0.036 | 0.272 |
Algae cover | 1 | 0.032 | 0.129 |
Coral cover | 1 | 0.054 | 0.024 |
Sponge cover | 1 | 0.077 | 0.011 |
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Denux, M.; Armenteros, M.; Weber, L.; Miller, C.A.; Sántha, K.; Apprill, A. Coral Reef Water Microbial Communities of Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091822
Denux M, Armenteros M, Weber L, Miller CA, Sántha K, Apprill A. Coral Reef Water Microbial Communities of Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091822
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenux, Manon, Maickel Armenteros, Laura Weber, Carolyn A. Miller, Kinga Sántha, and Amy Apprill. 2024. "Coral Reef Water Microbial Communities of Jardines de la Reina, Cuba" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1822. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091822