Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Fruit Phenolic Bioactivities—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Human Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. In Vitro Studies
2.1. Antioxidant and Cancer Cell Studies
2.2. Effects on the Liver, Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation, Overweight and Diabetes Risk
2.3. Antimicrobial Effects
3. Clinical Human Trials
3.1. Oral Effects
3.2. Effects of Fermented Lingonberry Juice on Oral Microbes
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pärnänen, P.; Niikko, S.; Lähteenmäki, H.; Räisänen, I.T.; Tervahartiala, T.; Sorsa, T.; Ranki, A. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Fruit Phenolic Bioactivities—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Human Studies. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091850
Pärnänen P, Niikko S, Lähteenmäki H, Räisänen IT, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T, Ranki A. Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Fruit Phenolic Bioactivities—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Human Studies. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091850
Chicago/Turabian StylePärnänen, Pirjo, Sari Niikko, Hanna Lähteenmäki, Ismo T. Räisänen, Taina Tervahartiala, Timo Sorsa, and Annamari Ranki. 2024. "Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Fruit Phenolic Bioactivities—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Human Studies" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1850. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091850