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Microorganisms
Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/microorganisms13040891
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Communication

Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses

by
Paola Galluzzo
1,2,
Santina Di Bella
1,*,
Sergio Migliore
1,
Maria Valeria Raimondi
2,
Roberta Bivacqua
2,
Gigliola Borgonovo
3,
Salvatore Princiotto
3,
Antonella Girgenti
4,
Laura Palumbo
4,
Salvatore Dara
1,
Annalisa Guercio
1,
Rosa Alduina
2,
Guido Ruggero Loria
1,† and
Vincenza Cannella
1,†
1
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
2
Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
3
Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
4
Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council of Italy, Via U. La Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040891
Submission received: 24 February 2025 / Revised: 9 April 2025 / Accepted: 10 April 2025 / Published: 12 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts and Antimicrobials, Second Edition)
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Abstract

Orthoherpesviridae is a large family of enveloped DNA virus. Among the most significant animal-infecting viruses are bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpAHV1) and equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1). Research into new methods to combat herpesvirus infections is ongoing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of three extracts of the Helleborus bocconei roots against BoAHV1, CpAHV1 and EqAHV1. The roots were air-dried, extracted with methanol (MeOH) and then partitioned between n-butanol (n-BuOH) and water. All three extracts were tested for cytotoxicity on MDBK and RK-13 cells, and for antiviral activity. Two non-cytotoxic concentrations were assessed for their anti-BoAHV1, anti-CpAHV1 and anti-EqAHV1effects. Cells were incubated with the extracts for 72 h under three experimental conditions: pretreatment before viral infection, treatment post virus infection and simultaneous viral infection and treatment with extracts. The n-BuOH extract (BE) at 0.62 µg/mL inhibited the cytopathic effects of all three viruses in the simultaneous assay. Additionally, no cytopathic effect was observed in MDBK cells infected with CpAHV1and treated with 0.31 µg/mL BE post virus infection. Therefore, the BE contains molecules or groups of molecules potentially useful for developing an alternative therapy against herpesvirus (HV) infection.
Keywords: Helleborus bocconei; bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoAHV1); caprine alphaherpesvirus-1 (CpAHV1); equine alphaherpesvirus-1 (EqAHV1) Helleborus bocconei; bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoAHV1); caprine alphaherpesvirus-1 (CpAHV1); equine alphaherpesvirus-1 (EqAHV1)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Galluzzo, P.; Di Bella, S.; Migliore, S.; Raimondi, M.V.; Bivacqua, R.; Borgonovo, G.; Princiotto, S.; Girgenti, A.; Palumbo, L.; Dara, S.; et al. Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses. Microorganisms 2025, 13, 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040891

AMA Style

Galluzzo P, Di Bella S, Migliore S, Raimondi MV, Bivacqua R, Borgonovo G, Princiotto S, Girgenti A, Palumbo L, Dara S, et al. Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses. Microorganisms. 2025; 13(4):891. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040891

Chicago/Turabian Style

Galluzzo, Paola, Santina Di Bella, Sergio Migliore, Maria Valeria Raimondi, Roberta Bivacqua, Gigliola Borgonovo, Salvatore Princiotto, Antonella Girgenti, Laura Palumbo, Salvatore Dara, and et al. 2025. "Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses" Microorganisms 13, no. 4: 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040891

APA Style

Galluzzo, P., Di Bella, S., Migliore, S., Raimondi, M. V., Bivacqua, R., Borgonovo, G., Princiotto, S., Girgenti, A., Palumbo, L., Dara, S., Guercio, A., Alduina, R., Loria, G. R., & Cannella, V. (2025). Preliminary Data on the Antiviral Activity of Helleborus bocconei subsp. intermedius Root Extracts Against Animal Herpesviruses. Microorganisms, 13(4), 891. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040891

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