T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Immunologic Background
3. Immune Exhaustion in MTB Infection
4. Immune Exhaustion in NTM Infection
5. ICIs as Adjuvant in the Treatment of MTB/NTM Infection
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age/Gender | Tumour | ICI | Prior Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy | NTM Species Identified | Treatment for NTM Infection | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fujita et al. 2020 [56] | 78 years, Female | Lung adenocarcinoma | Nivolumab | Standard chemotherapy | M. intracellulare | MAC treatment + nivolumab |
Fujita et al. 2020 [56] | 80 years, Male | Non-small cell lung cancer | Atezolizumab | Radiotherapy + standard chemotherapy | M. avium + M. intracellulare | MAC treatment + atezolizumab |
Fujita et al. 2020 [56] | 66 years, Male | Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Nivolumab + Atezolizumab | Standard chemotherapy | M. intracellulare | No medication for severe debilitation |
Baba et al. 2020 [60] | 80 years, Male | Lung squamous cell carcinoma | Durvalumab | Radiotherapy + standard chemotherapy | M. avium | - |
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Lombardi, A.; Villa, S.; Castelli, V.; Bandera, A.; Gori, A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460
Lombardi A, Villa S, Castelli V, Bandera A, Gori A. T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460
Chicago/Turabian StyleLombardi, Andrea, Simone Villa, Valeria Castelli, Alessandra Bandera, and Andrea Gori. 2021. "T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives" Microorganisms 9, no. 12: 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122460