Virus-Associated Biomarkers in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Abstract
:1. The First Human Virus-Associated Cancer: Epstein–Barr Virus and Nasopharyngeal Cancer
1.1. Plasma Cell-Free Epstein–Barr Virus DNA in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients
1.2. Other EBV-Associated Malignant Tumor
2. Human Papillomavirus as a Causative Agent Not Only for Cervical Cancer, but also for Oropharyngeal Cancer
3. Plasma Cell-Free HPV DNA in Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
3.1. Oropharyngeal Cancer
3.2. Cervical Cancer
4. Pre-Treatment HPV DNA in Oral Rinses of Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
5. Post-Treatment HPV DNA in Oral Rinse of Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
6. Serum HPV Antibodies in HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients
7. HPV DNA in Oral Rinses of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Patients
8. Future Perspective
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Reference) | Year | Number of Cases (HPV-Positive: HPV-Negative) | Tissue HPV Status | Detection Method | Sensitivity 1 | Specificity 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cao [20] | 2012 | HPV-positive OPC 2 40 + HPV-negative HNC 3 24 | p16 | qPCR 4 | 65% | 100% |
Ahn [21] | 2014 | OPC 87 (75:12) + unknown primary 6 (6:0) | ISH 5 or p16 | qPCR | 67% (pre-treatment) 55% (post-treatment) | 100% (pre-treatment) 96% (post-treatment) |
Dahlstrom [22] | 2015 | OPC 141 (114:27) | PCR | qPCR | 61% | 67% |
Lee [23] | 2017 | (Test cohort) OPC 47 + LC 6 4 + HPC 7 4 (27:28) (Validation cohort) OPC 28 + LC 4 + HPC 1 (20:13) | p16 | Amplicon-based next generation sequencing assay | 100% 90% | 93% 100% |
Chera [24] | 2019 | OPC 103 (44:10:49 unknown) + HV 8 103 | p16 | Digital PCR | 89% | 97% |
Author [Reference] | Year | Sample | HPV DNA Viral Load |
---|---|---|---|
Cao [20] | 2012 | plasma | <500 copies/mL in 13 patients and >500 copies/mL in 13 patients among 26 patients with detectable HPV DNA |
Dahlstrom [22] | 2015 | plasma | 0 copies/mL in 114 patients, 0.1 to <10 copies/mL in 23 patients, 10 to <100 copies/mL in 59 patients; 100 to <1000 copies/mL in 47 patients and ≥1000 copies/mL in 19 patients among all 262 OPC 1 patients, including 114 HPV-positive, 27 HPV-negative and 121 with patients missing data |
Chera [24] | 2019 | plasma | Median 419 copies/mL, ranging from 8 to 22,579, in 84 HPV-positive OPC patients with detectable HPV16 DNA in plasma |
Author [Reference] | Year | Number of Cases (HPV-Positive: HPV-Negative) | Tissue HPV Status | Detection Method | Sensitivity 2 | Specificity 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smith [29] | 2004 | OPC 3 67 (25:42) + OCC 4 126 (13:113) | PCR and direct sequencing | PCR and direct sequencing | 58% | 85% |
D’Souza [30] | 2007 | OPC 100 (72:28) | ISH 5 | PCR | 32% (HPV16-positive rate) | NA 6 |
Gillison [31] * | 2008 | HNC 7 240 (92:148) including OPC 114 (82:32) | ISH | qPCR 8 | 33% | 93% |
Agrawal [32] | 2008 | HNC 135 (44:91) including OPC 52 (41:11) | ISH | PCR + linear probe assay | 30% (HPV16) | 97% (HPV16) |
Koslabova [33] * | 2013 | OPC 118 + OCC 24 (84:58) | PCR | PCR + line blot hybridization | 76% | 86% |
Ahn [21] * | 2014 | OPC 87 (75:12) + UP 9 6 (6:0) | qPCR | qPCR | 53% | 100% |
D’Souza [34] | 2014 | HPV-positive OPC 164 | ISH or p16 | PCR and qPCR | 61% (oncogenic HPV-positive rate) | NA |
Dang [35] | 2015 | Mostly OPC 56 (48:8) | p16 | qPCR | 46% | 88% |
Rettig [36] | 2015 | HPV-positive OPC 124 | ISH and p16 | PCR + line blot hybridization | 54% (HPV16-positive rate) | NA |
Tsao [37] *,1 | 2016 | OPC 144 (128:16) | ISH or PCR | PCR + Easy-Chip HPV blot | 12% | 88% |
Chai [38] * | 2016 | HNC 82 (42:40) including OPC 50 (38:12) | p16 and ISH | qPCR | 93% | 100% |
Imai [39] | 2016 | OPC 15 (5:10) | p16 and ISH | Cobas | 60% | 100% |
Yoshida [40] * | 2017 | OPC 19 (12:7) | p16 | Auto-nested PCR | 75% | 100% |
Isaac [41] *,1 | 2017 | OPC 52 (36:16) | p16 | Droplet digital PCR | 92% | 94% |
Rosenthal [42] | 2017 | OPC 45 + OCC 61 (43:63) | p16 | Cobas | 79% | 91% |
Wasserman [43] | 2017 | OPC 24 (17:7) | p16 | Nested PCR | 76% | 100% |
Tang [44] | 2019 | OPC 121 (89:32) | p16 | qPCR | 80% | 91% |
Fakhry [45] | 2019 | OPC 217 (187:30) + OCC 170 (7:163) + UP 9 (8:1) | mRNA | PCR + line blot hybridization | 84% | 88% |
Author [Reference] | Year | Sample | HPV DNA Viral Load |
---|---|---|---|
Agrawal [32] | 2008 | Oral rinse | Median 4.6 copies/1000 cells, ranging from 0.2 to 19, in positive samples |
Rettig [36] | 2015 | Oral rinse | Median 161 copies/2 µL, ranging from 21 to 846 |
Tang [44] | 2019 | Oral rinse | Mean 774.1 copies/50 ng in advanced stage of HPV-positive OPC 1 and 232.0 copies/50 ng in early stage of HPV-positive OPC |
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Murono, S. Virus-Associated Biomarkers in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061150
Murono S. Virus-Associated Biomarkers in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(6):1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061150
Chicago/Turabian StyleMurono, Shigeyuki. 2021. "Virus-Associated Biomarkers in Oropharyngeal and Nasopharyngeal Cancers and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis" Microorganisms 9, no. 6: 1150. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061150