Analysis of pH and Electrolytes in Blood and Electrolytes in Ruminal Fluid, including Kidney Function Tests, in Sheep Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Laparotomy
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Anaesthesia and Pain Management
2.1.1. Setting: Inhalational Anaesthesia (InhA)
2.1.2. Setting: Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA)
2.2. Preparation of the Animal
2.3. Surgery
2.4. Sampling
2.5. Analysis of the Samples
2.6. Analysis of Data
3. Results
3.1. General Data on Anaesthesia
3.2. Blood Gas Analysis
3.3. Blood Analysis in the Laboratory
3.4. Parameters in Ruminal Fluid
3.5. Parameters in Urine
4. Discussion
4.1. General Data on Anaesthesia
4.2. Blood Gas Analysis
4.3. Blood Analysis in the Laboratory
4.4. Parameter in Ruminal Fluid
4.5. Parameters in Urine
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Animal | Anaesthesia | Pregnancy status | Ketamine | Xylazine |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. 1 | InhA | NPE | yes | yes |
No. 2 | ||||
No. 3 | ||||
No. 4 | PE | |||
No. 5 | no | |||
No. 6 | ||||
No. 7 | ||||
No. 8 | TIVA | NPE | yes | yes |
No. 9 | ||||
No. 10 | ||||
No. 11 | ||||
No. 12 | ||||
No. 13 | ||||
No. 14 | PE |
HR in Beats Per Minute | RR in Breaths Per Minute | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
TIVA | InhA | TIVA | InhA | |
hour 1 | 100(64–120) | 88(76–96) | 64(54–96) | 14(12–53) |
hour 2 | 64(48–100) | 104(84–120) | 60(44–64) | 12(12–42) |
hour 3 | 84(55–100) | 112(76–118) | 56(38–61) | 12(12–40) |
InhA (n = 7) | TIVA (n = 6) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 |
Sodium in mmol/L | 110.2 ± 11 | 109.5 ± 15.3 | 107 ± 11.7 | 107.6 ± 8.5 | 109 ± 11.2 | 111.8 ± 4.3 |
Potassium in mmol/L | 20.8(17.5–23.5) | 22.9(18.4–26.4) | 23.6(18.4–34.8) | 23.3(21.5–27.2) | 24.9(19.5–28.1) | 23.7(18.2–36.7) |
Calcium in mmol/L | 0.9(0.8–1.1) | 1.3(0.8–1.8) | 1.3(0.8–2.1) | 1(0.6–1.3) | 1.1(0.8–1.6) | 0.9(0.9–1.3) |
Phosphate in mmol/L | 17(14.1–20.5) | 17.4(14.5–24.3) | 16.3(13.7–26.9) | 28.9(18.3–31.3) | 26.1(18.7–31.1) | 29.1(18.2–33.8) |
L-Lactate in mmol/L | 0.11(0.07–0.15) | 0.11(0.06–0.13) | 0.11(0.09–0.25) | 0.11(0.08–0.17) | 0.14(0.1–0.19) | 0.14(0.12–0.22) |
D-Lactate in mmol/L | 0.1(0.09–0.13) | 0.1(0.07–0.14) | 0.12(0.11–0.17) | 0.11(0.09–0.15) | 0.13(0.11–0.19) | 0.09(0.07–0.14) |
InhA (n = 7) | TIVA (n = 7) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 | Hour 1 | Hour 2 | Hour 3 | Reference Values * |
Crea_cl in mL/min/kg | 1.8(1.6–2.1) | 1.7(1.6–2.1) | 1.7(1.3–2) | 1.6(1.4–1.7) | 1.5(1.4–1.7) | 1.5(1.3–1.6) | 1.14–2.3 |
FE Calcium in % | 0.8(0.1–1.6) | 0.2(0.2–1.7) | 0.7(0.1–1.6) | 0.2(0.1–1.8) | 0.8(0.1–1.6) | 0.3(0–0.7) | 0.03–8.9 |
FE Phosphate in % | 0.2(0.1–2) | 2.1(0.1–4.6) | 0.2(0–2.4) | 0.4(0.2–1.3) | 1.9(0.2–3.0) | 1.1(0.7–2.6) | 0.01–3.39 |
FE Sodium in % | 0.9(0–1.3) | 0.9(0.2–1.8) | 0.5(0.1–1.2) | 0.4(0.2–1.1) | 0.4(0.3–2.7) | 0.6(0.3–1.8) | 0.04–1.22 |
FE Potassium in % | 56.9(46.1–72.1) | 66.2(39.3–93.2) | 33.1(16.7–52.8) | 39.7(34.1–68) | 74.3(37.7–104.1) | 64.1(30.4–85.6) | 12.2–96.0 |
FE Water in % | 1.4(0.9–5.4) | 1.5(0.7–7.6) | 1.0(0.5–6.3) | 2(0.8–4.5) | 3.3(1.5–5.1) | 2.8(1.9–4.1) | 0.2–2.5 |
GGT in U/L | 1.6(0.5–2.3) | 3.3(0.7–3.5) | 2.3(0.4–6.6) | 1.4(0.8–2.8) | 0.9(0.7–2.1) | 1.3(0.9–2.7) | |
Glucose in mmol/L | 2.2(0.1–25.5) | 86.8(25.6–293.9) | 170.6(57.8–329.9) | 17.3(9.4–81) | 135.8(50.3–230.4) | 244.5(142.4–328.5) |
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Grimm, L.M.; Ganter, M. Analysis of pH and Electrolytes in Blood and Electrolytes in Ruminal Fluid, including Kidney Function Tests, in Sheep Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Laparotomy. Animals 2022, 12, 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070834
Grimm LM, Ganter M. Analysis of pH and Electrolytes in Blood and Electrolytes in Ruminal Fluid, including Kidney Function Tests, in Sheep Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Laparotomy. Animals. 2022; 12(7):834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070834
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrimm, Lucie Marie, and Martin Ganter. 2022. "Analysis of pH and Electrolytes in Blood and Electrolytes in Ruminal Fluid, including Kidney Function Tests, in Sheep Undergoing General Anaesthesia for Laparotomy" Animals 12, no. 7: 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070834