Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Metabolic Profile, and Health Status in Dairy Calves
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Calf Management and Feeding
2.2. Creation of Groups
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Impact of Bacillus Subtilis on Growth of Dairy Calves during the First 90 Days of Life
3.2. Impact of Bacillus subtilis on the Faecal Score of Dairy Calves During the First 90 Days of Life
3.3. Impact of Bacillus subtilis on the Respiratory and Digestive Disorders of Dairy Calves during the First 90 Days of Life
3.4. Impact of Bacillus subtilis on Blood Biochemical Parameters of Dairy Calves during the First 90 Days of Life
4. Discussion
4.1. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on Growth of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.2. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on the Faecal Score of Dairy Calves in the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.3. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on Blood Biochemical Parameters of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.3.1. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on AST Activity of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.3.2. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on GGT Activity of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.3.3. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on Phosphorus Concentration of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
4.3.4. The Influence of Bacillus subtilis on Total Protein Concentration of Dairy Calves during the Initial 90 Days of Life
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composition | Amount | Units |
---|---|---|
Crude protein | 22.0 | % |
Crude fat | 18.0 | % |
Fiber | 0.0 | % |
Ash | 6.5 | % |
Lysine | 17.5 | g/kg |
Methionine | 5.0 | g/kg |
Calcium | 7.5 | g/kg |
Sodium | 4.4 | g/kg |
Phosphorus | 6.3 | g/kg |
Vegetable fat | 18.0 | % |
Hydrolysed wheat protein concentrate | 7.5 | % |
Dextrose | 2.0 | % |
Vitamins and trace elements | 2.5 | % |
Potency | ||
Bacillus subtilis concentration | 5 × 107 CFU/mL |
Nutrient | Amount | Units |
---|---|---|
Dry matter (DM) | 88.82 | % |
Crude protein (CP) | 21.10 | % of DM |
Soluble protein | 27.83 | %CP |
Ammonium | 0.00 | % of DM |
Acid detergent insoluble protein | 0.75 | % of DM |
Neutral detergent insoluble protein | 1.79 | % of DM |
Acid detergent fibre | 10.89 | % of DM |
Ammonia neutral detergent fibre on an organic matter basis | 18.28 | % of DM |
Physically effective fibre as a percentage of neutral detergent fibre | 37.81 | % of NDF |
Lignin | 1.93 | % of DM |
Non-fibre carbohydrates | 47.14 | % of DM |
Sugar | 6.96 | % of DM |
Starch | 23.20 | % of DM |
Soluble fibre | 6.97 | % of DM |
Ether extract | 4.04 | % of DM |
Ash | 9.45 | % of DM |
Calcium | 1.01 | % of DM |
Phosphorus | 0.66 | % of DM |
Magnesium | 0.38 | % of DM |
Potassium | 1.14 | % of DM |
Sulphur | 0.26 | % of DM |
Natrium | 0.50 | % of DM |
Chloride | 0.24 | % of DM |
Iron | 132.59 | ppm |
Zinc | 76.39 | ppm |
Copper | 44.90 | ppm |
Magnesium | 40.88 | ppm |
Selenium | 1.90 | ppm |
Cobalt | 1.90 | ppm |
Iodide | 3.65 | ppm |
Vitamin A | 31.63 | IU/kg |
Vitamin D | 13.53 | IU/kg |
Vitamin E | 288.87 | IU/kg |
BW (kg) | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 34.54 | 2.05 | 0.737 |
TG | 25 | 35.48 | 1.86 | ||
15 d. | CG | 25 | 44.21 | 2.05 | 0.966 |
TG | 25 | 44.35 | 2.68 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 52.71 | 2.05 | 0.048 |
TG | 25 | 54.38 | 2.687 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 76.34 | 2.05 | 0.045 |
TG | 25 | 79.21 | 1.86 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 109.67 | 1.67 | 0.032 |
TG | 25 | 112.87 | 1.95 |
FS | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 1.67 | 0.043 | 0.87 |
TG | 25 | 1.56 | 0.042 | ||
15 d. | CG | 25 | 2.76 | 0.034 | 0.09 |
TG | 25 | 2.25 | 0.095 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 1.54 | 0.042 | 0.16 |
TG | 25 | 1.67 | 0.049 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 1.43 | 0.067 | 0.65 |
TG | 25 | 1.54 | 0.043 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 1.54 | 0.076 | 0.56 |
TG | 25 | 1.16 | 0.056 |
Group | N | Number of Respiratory Disorders | Number of Digestive Disorders | |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 0 | 2 |
TG | 25 | 0 | 2 | |
15 d. | CG | 25 | 0 | 11 |
TG | 25 | 0 | 3 | |
30 d. | CG | 25 | 5 | 2 |
TG | 25 | 1 | 3 | |
60 d. | CG | 25 | 3 | 1 |
TG | 25 | 0 | 1 | |
90 d. | CG | 25 | 0 | 1 |
TG | 25 | 0 | 1 |
AST (IU/L) | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 71.14 | 6.79 | 0.35 |
TG | 25 | 54.89 | 2.99 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 72.00 | 2.53 | <0.001 |
TG | 25 | 62.02 | 0.97 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 83.78 | 2.53 | 0.543 |
TG | 25 | 79.45 | 0.97 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 66.64 | 1.53 | 0.67 |
TG | 25 | 65.67 | 1.32 |
GGT (IU/L) | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 349.11 | 81.26 | 0.168 |
TG | 25 | 496.69 | 66.64 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 14.35 | 0.72 | <0.001 |
TG | 25 | 40.64 | 4.23 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 32.54 | 0.8 | 0.154 |
TG | 25 | 37.45 | 1.55 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 25.54 | 0.8 | 0.143 |
TG | 25 | 28.65 | 1.55 |
P (mmol/L) | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 2.44 | 0.06 | 0.745 |
TG | 25 | 2.91 | 0.1 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 2.99 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
TG | 25 | 3.27 | 0.04 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 3.22 | 0.08 | 0.54 |
TG | 25 | 3.11 | 0.03 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 3.32 | 0.04 | 0.45 |
TG | 25 | 3.22 | 0.06 |
TP (g/L) | Group | N | Mean | Std. Error | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 d. | CG | 25 | 47.56 | 2.01 | 0.56 |
TG | 25 | 49.33 | 2.29 | ||
30 d. | CG | 25 | 56.34 | 1.96 | 0.014 |
TG | 25 | 46.32 | 3.29 | ||
60 d. | CG | 25 | 58.12 | 1.55 | 0.045 |
TG | 25 | 48.32 | 2.29 | ||
90 d. | CG | 25 | 60.22 | 3.55 | 0.055 |
TG | 25 | 55.54 | 3.29 |
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Antanaitis, R.; Džermeikaitė, K.; Krištolaitytė, J.; Armonavičiūtė, E.; Arlauskaitė, S.; Girdauskaitė, A.; Rutkauskas, A.; Baumgartner, W. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Metabolic Profile, and Health Status in Dairy Calves. Animals 2024, 14, 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172489
Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Krištolaitytė J, Armonavičiūtė E, Arlauskaitė S, Girdauskaitė A, Rutkauskas A, Baumgartner W. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Metabolic Profile, and Health Status in Dairy Calves. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172489
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntanaitis, Ramūnas, Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė, Emilija Armonavičiūtė, Samanta Arlauskaitė, Akvilė Girdauskaitė, Arūnas Rutkauskas, and Walter Baumgartner. 2024. "Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Growth Performance, Metabolic Profile, and Health Status in Dairy Calves" Animals 14, no. 17: 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172489