Animals

12 pages, 1751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Dexamethasone Disturbs the Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin and Clock Genes in Goats

by Liuping Cai, Qu Chen, Canfeng Hua, Liqiong Niu, Qijun Kong, Lei Wu and Yingdong Ni

Animals 2025, 15(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010115 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1020

Dex is a drug commonly used as an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent in humans and animals. GCs have a profound impact on melatonin expression and biological rhythm. However, the effect of chronic exposure to Dex on melatonin secretion and biological clock gene expression [...] Read more.

Dex is a drug commonly used as an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent in humans and animals. GCs have a profound impact on melatonin expression and biological rhythm. However, the effect of chronic exposure to Dex on melatonin secretion and biological clock gene expression in ruminants is still unclear. Ten goats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group was injected with saline, and the Dex-treated group was intramuscularly injected daily for 21 d with 0.2 mg/kg Dex. The rhythm of melatonin secretion in the plasma was disturbed in the Dex group, and the plasma and colon levels of melatonin were lower in the Dex group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Dex leads to a significant decrease in the expression of Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), a key melatonin synthase, in the pineal gland and colon. Detecting intestinal leakage-related indices showed that diamine oxidase (DAO) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content increased significantly in the Dex group (p < 0.05). We also detected genes associated with biological rhythms in the plasma. In the control group, the five tested genes showed circadian rhythms, but the circadian rhythms of Clock, Cry1, Cry2, and Per2 were abolished or blunted by the Dex (p < 0.05). Protein levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 in the colon changed significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the above experimental results show that chronic exposure to Dex leads to the disorder of the circadian rhythms of melatonin secretion and clock genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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11 pages, 4823 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Heavy Metal Accumulation (Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Cr) in Hair and Bones of Small Mammal Prey of the Sentinel Species Common Genet (Genetta genetta) in an Anthropogenic Environment of Edough Mountain Forest, Northeastern Algeria

by Fatma Belbel, Mehdi Boukheroufa, Valer Micle, Ioana Monica Sur, Feriel Sakraoui and Irina Smical

Animals 2025, 15(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010114 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 808

Abstract

Heavy metal pollution has complex impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, affecting biodiversity, trophic relationships, species health, and the quality of natural resources. This study aims to validate a non-invasive method for detecting heavy metals (Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Cr) in micromammalian prey, which constitute [...] Read more.

Heavy metal pollution has complex impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, affecting biodiversity, trophic relationships, species health, and the quality of natural resources. This study aims to validate a non-invasive method for detecting heavy metals (Cd, As, Zn, Cu, Cr) in micromammalian prey, which constitute the primary diet of the common genet (Genetta genetta), a mesocarnivore sensitive to habitat degradation. By focusing on prey remains (hair and bones) rather than entire fecal samples, this approach leverages the genet’s selective feeding habits to assess the bioaccumulation of contaminants in its preferred prey. Conducted in the Edough forest massif during the winter of 2021, the study analyzed 39 fecal samples, collected from the following two contrasting environments: a natural habitat and an area impacted by an open landfill. Results revealed significant levels of heavy metals, with higher concentrations in bones compared to hair, and increased accumulation in prey from the anthropized environment. Monitoring these contaminants in selective predators, such as the genet, offers a promising approach to better understanding environmental contamination and implementing measures to protect ecosystems and the species that depend on them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)

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18 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Weaning Impairs the Growth Performance of Hu Lambs Through Damaging Intestinal Morphology and Disrupting Serum Metabolite Homeostasis

by Haoyun Jiang, Haibo Wang, Haobin Jia, Yuhang Liu, Yue Pan, Xiaojun Zhong, Junhong Huo and Jinshun Zhan

Animals 2025, 15(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010113 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early weaning (EW) on the growth performance, gastrointestinal development, serum parameters, and metabolomics of Hu sheep lambs. Twenty-four male Hu lambs were initially ewe-reared. A total of 12 lambs were weaned at 30 d of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early weaning (EW) on the growth performance, gastrointestinal development, serum parameters, and metabolomics of Hu sheep lambs. Twenty-four male Hu lambs were initially ewe-reared. A total of 12 lambs were weaned at 30 d of age (D30) as the EW group, and the remaining 12 lambs were weaned at 45 d of age (D45) as the control (CON) group. Serum samples were collected from six lambs per treatment on D30, D33, D36, and D45, and the lambs were slaughtered on D45 to collect the rumen and small intestine. The results showed that, compared with the CON group, the average daily gain (ADG), final body weight (p < 0.001), as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) of lambs in the EW group significantly decreased in the first (p = 0.004) and second (p = 0.013) 5 days of treatment. Additionally, EW increased the ruminal weight and papillae length but reduced the duodenal villus height on D45 (p < 0.05). As for the serum parameters, the concentrations of glucose on D33, D36, and D45 (p < 0.001), and the IL-6 content on D45 (p = 0.018) were observed to be lower, while the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) (p = 0.027), IgG (p = 0.035), and IgM (p = 0.002) on the four ages were all higher in the EW group than those in CON group. Additionally, both treatment and age interactively affected the levels of GLU (p = 0.001), TP (p = 0.041), and IL-6 (p = 0.016). Additionally, the serum metabolomics analysis on D45 showed that the contents of 5-HT and arachidonic acid were increased, while L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-glutamic acid were reduced in the EW group (p < 0.05). These differential metabolites were enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including inflammatory mediator regulation, protein digestion and absorption, and phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis. The current results identify that EW at D30 decreased the growth performance (ADG and ADFI) of Hu lambs within two weeks post-weaning, which might be associated with impaired duodenal morphology and glucose metabolism. The serum metabolomics analysis revealed that EW altered the concentrations of 5-HT, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and arachidonic acid, which could serve as potential regulatory targets for modulating the health of EW Hu lambs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Small Ruminants)

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15 pages, 6640 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evaluation of the Effects of Autologous Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes for Treating Chronic Wounds: A Prospective Study

by Federica Aragosa, Gerardo Fatone, Chiara Caterino, Stefano Cavalli, Alfonso Piscitelli, Rosario Vallefuoco, Francesco Lamagna and Giovanni Della Valle

Animals 2025, 15(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010112 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 891

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membranes for treating chronic cutaneous wounds in dogs. (2) Methods: Chronic wounds unresponsive to conventional treatments were assessed on digital photographs [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical application of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) membranes for treating chronic cutaneous wounds in dogs. (2) Methods: Chronic wounds unresponsive to conventional treatments were assessed on digital photographs and classified using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT). Each lesion was treated with L-PRF membranes. Epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, wound healing rate, and contraction were statistically analyzed during follow-up. (3) Results: All but one of the cases were treated with a single application of L-PRF for a median of 30 days after onset. All wounds healed after a median of 22 days. The BWAT score, total wound area, and granulation tissue decreased significantly over time while wound contraction increased. The most significant reduction in the total wound area was observed within the first 3 weeks after treatment. None of the dogs required the administration of antibiotics. (4) Conclusions: L-PRF membrane promoted the wound healing process in dogs and is a valuable and cost-effective tool for treating chronic wounds, thereby reducing the need for antibiotics administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Regenerative Medicine in the Field of Veterinary Medicine)

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12 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal and Altitudinal Effects on Chemical Composition and Rumen Degradability of Blackberry Leaves in Northwestern Italian Alps

by Sonia Tassone, Salvatore Barbera, Sara Glorio Patrucco, Hatsumi Kaihara and Khalil Abid

Animals 2025, 15(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010111 - 6 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 685

Abstract

The blackberry poses a threat as an invasive plant in various regions worldwide, where it aggressively competes with native species and risks delicate ecosystems. Livestock grazing has emerged as a potential strategy to mitigate its spread. This study investigated the effects of seasonal [...] Read more.

The blackberry poses a threat as an invasive plant in various regions worldwide, where it aggressively competes with native species and risks delicate ecosystems. Livestock grazing has emerged as a potential strategy to mitigate its spread. This study investigated the effects of seasonal variations and altitude on the chemical composition and in vitro degradability of blackberry leaves. The leaves accessible to goats were collected in the Northwestern Italian Alps across all seasons at three altitudes (low: 450 m, medium: 700 m, high: 1000 m). The findings indicated that blackberry leaves can serve as a cost-effective, high-protein, and high-fiber feed for ruminants in these regions. However, the goats exhibited a limited capacity for fiber degradation. Furthermore, the nutritional value of these leaves was significantly influenced by the season, altitude, and their interaction. Spring leaves had the highest protein content (241.9 g/kg dry matter) and the best digestibility, with lower lignin levels (69 g/kg dry matter). At higher altitudes, lignin content decreased significantly during winter compared to the other seasons, resulting in a significant increase in fiber degradability. These insights offer crucial guidance for optimizing the utilization of the blackberry plant in goat feeding systems and underscores the necessity of considering both seasonal and altitudinal factors in grazing management practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Agri-Food Waste Bioresources for Sustainable Livestock Feeding)

22 pages, 5210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Complexity of Host-Parasite Relationships Between Syringophilid Mites and Sunbirds in Their Global Range

by Bozena Sikora, Markus Unsoeld, Roland R. Melzer, Stefan Friedrich and Martin Hromada

Animals 2025, 15(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010110 - 6 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 633

Abstract

This article emphasises the importance of parasitological research in understanding ecological dynamics and biodiversity conservation through a global analysis of quill mites (Syringophilidae) parasitising Sunbirds (Nectariniidae). Data from 764 Sunbird individuals across seventy-six species revealed twelve quill mite species, including three newly described [...] Read more.

This article emphasises the importance of parasitological research in understanding ecological dynamics and biodiversity conservation through a global analysis of quill mites (Syringophilidae) parasitising Sunbirds (Nectariniidae). Data from 764 Sunbird individuals across seventy-six species revealed twelve quill mite species, including three newly described species: Aulonastus aethopygus Sikora and Unsoeld sp. n., Syringophiloidus haeckeli Sikora and Unsoeld sp. n., and Aulonastus arachnotherus Sikora and Unsoeld sp. n. A bipartite network analysis indicated a low connectance of 0.10, suggesting that only 10% of potential bird–parasite connections are realised. This high specialisation is further supported by an H_2′ index of 0.94 and a C score of 0.83, indicating low co-occurrence among mite species. The temperature of nestedness at 13.49 suggests a well-organised network structure. Additionally, normalised specialisation (d’) ranged from 0.60 to 1, reflecting unique host–parasite interactions. High modularity (likelihood = 0.80) with nine modules was identified, with hosts ranging from one to seven. The study concludes by discussing the host–parasite dynamics and their ecological implications within this system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

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13 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Telomere Length in Neonatal Dairy Calves in Relation to Lifetime Parameters

by Manon Dewulf, Luc Duchateau, Maya Meesters, Dries S. Martens, Tim S. Nawrot, Mieke Van Eetvelde and Geert Opsomer

Animals 2025, 15(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010109 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 900

Abstract

Telomere length (TL) has gained attention as a biomarker for longevity and productivity in dairy cattle. This study explored the association between neonatal TL in Holstein calves and lifetime parameters (lifespan, milk production, and reproduction). Blood samples were collected from 210 calves (≤10d [...] Read more.

Telomere length (TL) has gained attention as a biomarker for longevity and productivity in dairy cattle. This study explored the association between neonatal TL in Holstein calves and lifetime parameters (lifespan, milk production, and reproduction). Blood samples were collected from 210 calves (≤10d old) across four dairy farms in Flanders, Belgium. Telomere length was measured using qPCR and analyzed as a continuous variable and across three groups: the 10% shortest, the 10% longest, and the remaining 80%. Survival analyses showed no association between TL and lifespan (p = 0.1) or TL groups (p = 0.8). Similarly, TL showed no significant association with production traits. However, categorical analyses revealed that calves with the longest TL had lower lifetime fat (p = 0.01) and protein yields (p = 0.01) than those with the shortest TL. Reproductive analyses showed cows in the long TL group required fewer inseminations per lactation (p = 0.02) and exhibited longer calving intervals (p = 0.05). These findings suggest that while neonatal TL may not predict productive lifespan, it may provide insight into reproductive efficiency. Future studies should prioritize longitudinal assessments of TL dynamics to better understand their interactions with management practices and application in herd improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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22 pages, 3734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Two Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Ecotypes in the Guadeloupe Archipelago, Eastern Caribbean

by Rachel Haderlé, Laurent Bouveret, Bruno Serranito, Paula Méndez-Fernandez, Olivier Adam, Mélodie Penel, Jérôme Couvat, Iwan Le Berre and Jean-Luc Jung

Animals 2025, 15(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010108 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2276

Abstract

The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) exhibits significant intraspecific diversity globally, with distinct ecotypes identified in various regions. In the Guadeloupe archipelago, the citizen science NGO OMMAG has been monitoring these dolphins for over a decade, documenting two distinct morphotypes. This [...] Read more.

The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) exhibits significant intraspecific diversity globally, with distinct ecotypes identified in various regions. In the Guadeloupe archipelago, the citizen science NGO OMMAG has been monitoring these dolphins for over a decade, documenting two distinct morphotypes. This study investigates whether these morphotypes represent coastal and oceanic ecotypes, which have not been previously identified in the region. We characterized morphological differences between the two morphotypes, analyzed genetic variation in individuals stranded around Guadeloupe over the past ten years, and modeled their habitats. Results revealed that these morphotypes align with the ecotypes described in the Atlantic Ocean, forming two distinct genetic groups corresponding to Caribbean ecotypes. Habitat modeling showed differences in habitat preferences between the morphotypes. These findings provide strong evidence for the existence of two distinct ecotypes of T. truncatus in Guadeloupe. Considering the varied risks of exposure to maritime traffic, our study suggests that these ecotypes should be managed as separate units within the species to better inform conservation strategies in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Genetic Diversity)

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9 pages, 1054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Culture Using a Semi-Automatic Needle as a Novel Tool for Collecting Lymph Node Samples for the Diagnosis of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

by Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Júnior, Fabiano Borges Figueiredo, Luiz Cláudio Ferreira, Lucas Keidel, Renato Orsini Ornellas, Adilson Benedito Almeida, Fernanda Nunes Santos, Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda, Andreza Pain Marcelino, Sandro Antonio Pereira and Rodrigo Caldas Menezes

Animals 2025, 15(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010107 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 829

Abstract

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and dogs are the main domestic reservoir. This study compared the performance of parasitological tests using semi-automatic needle puncture (SANP) for collecting popliteal lymph node samples with samples collected from the same [...] Read more.

Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and dogs are the main domestic reservoir. This study compared the performance of parasitological tests using semi-automatic needle puncture (SANP) for collecting popliteal lymph node samples with samples collected from the same lymph node by fine needle aspiration puncture (FNAP) and by necropsy for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Popliteal lymph node samples were collected from 30 CVL-seropositive dogs from an endemic region in Brazil. After clinical examination and euthanasia, samples were collected from the same lymph node by SANP, FNAP, and necropsy. The reference tests were culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology. Positivity for Leishmania spp. was 70% for immunohistochemistry and 33.3% for histopathology. Culture positivity using the different sampling techniques was 77% for necropsy (87% in the first week), 73% for FNAP (82% in the first week), and 63% for SANP (95% in the first week). The combination of SANP and culture proved to be an alternative for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. in the lymph node samples of dogs because of its high positivity rate and because it is more practical and faster and has a shorter time to positivity by culture when compared to FNAP and necropsy sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Diseases: Etiology, Diagnosis, Surveillance and Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 11233 KiB

Open AccessReview

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine: A Clinical Review

by Andrea Armenise

Animals 2025, 15(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010106 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Thoracic point-of-care ultrasound (T-POCUS) has grown in popularity and usage in small animal emergencies and critical care settings due to its non-invasive nature, mobility, and ability to acquire images in real time. This review summarizes current understanding about T-POCUS in dogs and cats [...] Read more.

Thoracic point-of-care ultrasound (T-POCUS) has grown in popularity and usage in small animal emergencies and critical care settings due to its non-invasive nature, mobility, and ability to acquire images in real time. This review summarizes current understanding about T-POCUS in dogs and cats with respiratory illnesses, including normal thoracic ultrasonography appearance and numerous pathological situations. The basics of T-POCUS are covered, including equipment, scanning procedures, and picture settings. Practical applications in patients with respiratory distress are discussed, with an emphasis on pleural space abnormalities and lung diseases. Ultrasound results define pulmonary disorders such as pneumonia, atelectasis, cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, lung lobe torsion, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary neoplasms, and pulmonary bleeding. The evaluation focuses on T-POCUS diagnostic skills in a variety of clinical settings. Limitations and the need for more study to standardize techniques, establish agreed terminology, and create specialized educational routes are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Respiratory Diseases in Dogs and Cats—Causes, Diagnostic Tools and Treatment)

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17 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental DNA Insights into the Spatial Status of Fish Diversity in the Mainstem of the Jialing River

by Xinxin Zhou, Xiaohan Dong, Jiaxin Huang, Shuli Zhu, Weitao Chen and Yanjun Shen

Animals 2025, 15(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010105 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 902

Abstract

Preserving healthy river habitats is essential for maintaining fish diversity. Over time, anthropogenic activities have severely damaged river habitats, leading to notable changes in fish diversity patterns. Conducting thorough and reliable investigations into fish diversity is crucial for assessing anthropogenic impacts on diversity. [...] Read more.

Preserving healthy river habitats is essential for maintaining fish diversity. Over time, anthropogenic activities have severely damaged river habitats, leading to notable changes in fish diversity patterns. Conducting thorough and reliable investigations into fish diversity is crucial for assessing anthropogenic impacts on diversity. In August 2023, a water ecology survey was conducted across 20 terraced river sections in the mainstem of the Jialing River, resulting in the collection of 60 environmental DNA water samples. The survey identified 99 fish species, representing 74 genera across 7 orders and 20 families, with the Cyprinidae exhibiting the highest number of species. The fish communities are predominantly composed of species inhabiting slow flowing water, demersal fish, omnivores, and fish spawning adhesive eggs. Overall, small-bodied fish dominate the mainstem of the Jialing River, and the species preferring flowing habitats are relatively scarce. In addition, geographic division analyses revealed minimal variations in fish species composition and diversity among the terraced reservoirs and across the upper, middle, and lower reaches. Notably, the fish compositions in the middle and lower reaches were found to be similar, indicating a certain degree of convergence in these sections of the Jialing River. In conclusion, this study unveils the current status and distribution pattern of fish diversity in the Jialing River and highlights the extent of anthropogenic activities’ impact on fish diversity. Full article

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18 pages, 2261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Tryptophan Requirement of Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂)

by Jiaxian Chen, Xiaohui Dong, Qihui Yang, Shuyan Chi, Shuang Zhang, Beiping Tan and Junming Deng

Animals 2025, 15(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010104 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 734

Abstract

A 10-week feeding study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary tryptophan (Trp) levels on the growth performance and protein metabolism of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) with the aim of determining the optimal Trp requirement. Six [...] Read more.

A 10-week feeding study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary tryptophan (Trp) levels on the growth performance and protein metabolism of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) with the aim of determining the optimal Trp requirement. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated, containing varying levels of Trp (0.26%, 0.32%, 0.42%, 0.46%, 0.58%, and 0.62% of diet). Each diet was administered to 90 hybrid groupers with an initial average weight of 10.52 ± 0.02 g. Dietary levels of 0.32–0.62% Trp generally promoted growth performance and feed utilization in hybrid grouper, with the 0.46% Trp level demonstrating the highest weight gain and protein efficiency ratio. Furthermore, fish fed with 0.46% Trp exhibited higher activities of intestinal lipase and amylase compared to other groups. Furthermore, the activities of Trp metabolism-related enzymes in the liver were markedly elevated by this Trp level, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase. Additionally, a dietary level of 0.46% Trp resulted in a substantial increase in the activities of protein metabolism-related enzymes such as adenosine monophosphate deaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver. Dietary levels of 0.32–0.46% Trp activated the hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, while a dietary 0.46% Trp level inhibited the hepatic amino acid response signaling pathway. In summary, suitable dietary Trp levels enhanced intestinal digestive enzyme activities, facilitated both protein synthesis and catabolism, and ultimately improved growth performance in hybrid grouper. Analysis using a second-order regression curve of weight gain and protein efficiency ratio indicated that the optimal dietary Trp requirement for hybrid grouper ranged from 0.41–0.46% of diet (0.82–0.92% of dietary protein). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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13 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Sows with Multi-Species Probiotics During Late Pregnancy and the Lactating Period Influences IgA Concentration in Colostrum and Subsequently Increases the Survival Rate of Piglets in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Outbreak Herd

by Narathon Innamma and Kampon Kaeoket

Animals 2025, 15(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010103 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1078

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus is an important cause of diarrhea in sows and piglets [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Pig Feeding: 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1544 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

First Molecular and Phylogenetic Characterization of Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) in Morocco

by Zineb El Brini, Ann Cullinane, Marie Garvey, Ouafaa Fassi Fihri, Siham Fellahi, Farid Amraoui, Chafiqa Loutfi, Ghizlane Sebbar, Romain Paillot and Mohammed Piro

Animals 2025, 15(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010102 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 871

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in equid populations in Morocco. A total of 154 equids (114 horses, 9 donkeys, and 31 mules) were sampled, with nasal swabs and tissue samples subjected to multiplex [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in equid populations in Morocco. A total of 154 equids (114 horses, 9 donkeys, and 31 mules) were sampled, with nasal swabs and tissue samples subjected to multiplex real-time PCR for the detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Additionally, an isolate from the tissue of an aborted horse fetus was included in the analysis. A subset of EHV-positive samples underwent virus isolation followed by whole-genome sequencing. PCR assays revealed that 42 samples (27%) tested positive for EHV-4, while only 3 samples (1.94%) were positive for EHV-1. Attempts to isolate the virus from EHV-4-positive samples were unsuccessful. However, virus isolation was successful in an EHV-1-positive nasopharyngeal sample from a donkey. Phylogenetic and molecular characterization reclassified the EHV-1 isolated from the donkey as an EHV-8. Meanwhile, the EHV-1 isolated from the aborted fetal tissue was classified as a clade 1 EHV-1 virus. This study is the first to report the molecular prevalence and genetic characterization of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in equid populations in Morocco, providing valuable insights into the distribution and genetic diversity of these viruses in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

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11 pages, 1327 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of a Cannabinoid-Based Phytocomplex (Pain Relief^TM) on Chronic Pain in Osteoarthritic Dogs

by Ruggero Amato, Eleonora Pacifico, Daria Lotito, Valeria Iervolino, Ludovica Pierantoni, Laura Cortese, Nadia Musco, Pietro Lombardi, Vincenzo Mastellone and Maria Elena Pero

Animals 2025, 15(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010101 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 3883

Abstract

Twenty-one adult crossbreed dogs with chronic pain due to severe osteoarthrosis were enrolled in the study (placebo vs. treatment groups). The dogs in the experimental group received the dietary supplement (Pain Relief^TM, Giantec, Isernia, Italy) for 30 days to evaluate its [...] Read more.

Twenty-one adult crossbreed dogs with chronic pain due to severe osteoarthrosis were enrolled in the study (placebo vs. treatment groups). The dogs in the experimental group received the dietary supplement (Pain Relief^TM, Giantec, Isernia, Italy) for 30 days to evaluate its effects on metabolism and pain relief. During the trial, the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the experimental group, indicating reduced pain and improved quality of life. Additionally, the treated group showed improvements in oxidative stress, demonstrated by a reduction in reactive oxygen metabolites, and an increase in biological antioxidant potential. Interleukins 6 levels decreased in the treated group, while interleukins 10 levels increased, thus suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of the supplement. Importantly, no adverse effects were observed. Results suggest that Pain Relief^TM is effective in ameliorating osteoarthritis in dogs, improving their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nutraceuticals and Animal Physiology: Performance and Welfare)

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16 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stock Dynamics of Female Red King Crab in a Small Bay of the Barents Sea in Relation to Environmental Factors

by Alexander G. Dvoretsky and Vladimir G. Dvoretsky

Animals 2025, 15(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010099 - 4 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 597

Abstract

Stock–recruitment relationships depend on the total abundance of females, their fecundity, and patterns of their maturation. However, the effects of climatic conditions on the abundance, biomass, and mean weight of female red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, from the introduced population (Barents Sea) [...] Read more.

Stock–recruitment relationships depend on the total abundance of females, their fecundity, and patterns of their maturation. However, the effects of climatic conditions on the abundance, biomass, and mean weight of female red king crabs, Paralithodes camtschaticus, from the introduced population (Barents Sea) have not yet been studied. For this reason, we analyzed long-term fluctuations in stock indices and the average weight of an individual crab in a small bay of the Barents Sea and related these parameters to the dynamics of temperature conditions (temperature in January–December, mean yearly temperature, and temperature anomaly) in the sea. The average weight of a crab at age 6–9 had strong negative correlations with water temperature at lags 8 and 9, indicating faster female maturation in warm periods. Positive relationships were registered between temperature and stock indices for 15–19-year-old females at lag 4 and for 10–14-year-old females at lag 10, supporting the idea of higher survival rates of juveniles and their rapid development being a response to a pool of warm waters. Both redundancy and correlation analyses revealed seawater temperatures in June–August being the most important predictors of female abundance and biomass, indicating that favorable temperature conditions in the first 3 months of crab benthic life result in high survivorship rates for red king crabs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishes and Crustaceans: Biology and Ecology in a Changing Marine Environment)

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14 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential Effects of Soybean By-Product (Hulls) and Enzyme (Beta-Mannanase) on Laying Hens During Peak Production

by Muhammad Shuaib, Abdul Hafeez, Deependra Paneru, Woo Kyun Kim, Muhammad Tahir, Anthony Pokoo-Aikins, Obaid Ullah and Abubakar Sufyan

Animals 2025, 15(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010098 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 978

Abstract

This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens [...] Read more.

This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens were fed for four weeks (33 to 36 weeks) and randomly distributed into four groups, each containing four replicates of ten birds, with one group receiving a control diet (P0) and the others receiving diets that contained four combinations of SHs and enzymes (ENZs). e.g., 3% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P1), 3% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P2), 9% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P3), and 9% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P4). Although most egg quality measures remained similar, the P2 group showed enhanced (p = 0.630) egg weight, albumen weight, and height. Moreover, the P2 group improved gut (p < 0.05) shape by increasing villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area throughout intestinal sections, while the P4 group markedly improved total cholesterol and LDL (p = 0.022) levels. The P1, P2, and P4 groups exhibited a significant enhancement in dry matter (p = 0.022) and crude fiber (p = 0.046) digestibility, while the P2 group demonstrated superior crude protein digestibility (p = 0.032), and the P1 and P2 groups showed increased crude fat digestibility compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding 3% of SHs and 30 mg/kg of ENZs (β-mannanase) to the feed may help laying hens, enhance gut health and some egg quality indices, and decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels without compromising nutrient digestibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Components in Animal Nutrition: Favoring Sustainability, Welfare and Safety)

24 pages, 352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Diseases of Economic Importance in Feedlot Cattle in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review with a Focus on Existing and Potential Options for Control

by Kennedy Mwacalimba, Peter Kimeli, Raymond Tiernan, Erik Mijten, Tetiana Miroshnychenko and Barbara Poulsen Nautrup

Animals 2025, 15(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010097 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1511

Abstract

A large number of livestock are found in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including 20–25% of the world’s ruminants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

17 pages, 4096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tending to the Facial Surfaces of a Mathematical Biology Head-Scratcher: Why Does the Head of the Sea Turtle Natator depressus Resemble a Convex Zygomorphic Dodecahedron?

by David A. Becker

Animals 2025, 15(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010100 - 4 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

Two convex polyhedra that markedly resemble the head of the flatback sea turtle hatchling are identified. The first example is a zygomorphic tetragonal dodecahedron, while the other, an even better matching structure, is a related tetradecahedron, herein speculated to arise from this particular [...] Read more.

Two convex polyhedra that markedly resemble the head of the flatback sea turtle hatchling are identified. The first example is a zygomorphic tetragonal dodecahedron, while the other, an even better matching structure, is a related tetradecahedron, herein speculated to arise from this particular dodecahedron via known mechanisms gleaned from studies of the behavior of foams. A segmented, biomorphic, convex polyhedral model to address cephalic topology is thus presented stemming from solid geometry, anatomical observations, and a recently computed densest local packing arrangement of fifteen slightly oblate spheroids in which fourteen oblate spheroids surround a central such spheroid. This particular array of oblate spheroids shares salient structural features with the aforementioned dodecahedron. Successful testing of the model has been achieved by converting this array of fifteen oblate spheroids constructed with putty to the cephaloid dodecahedron in a process involving ventral elongation induced by stretching in the anterior direction along the anteroposterior axis (convergent extension). During convergent extension, the two left most anterolateral oblate spheroids that are in direct contact with the ventral spheroid of the array merge into a single lateral facet of the incipient dodecahedron, while the corresponding two right such oblate spheroids do the same. Thus, the fourteen outer oblate spheroids of the array give rise to the twelve facets of the finalized dodecahedron, while the central oblate spheroid remnant assumes an interior dodecahedral position. The hypothetical dodecahedron to tetradecahedron transformation entails the collapse of a tetravalent vertex (which is known to occur in foams as part of a T1 transition) followed by bilateral facet splitting. Remarkably, a model stipulating that convexity is to be retained in connection with this sequence of steps necessitates that the starting dodecahedral template undergoes modification to become a tetradecahedron in possession of precisely the highly ordered feature found at the top of the head of numerous specimens of the flatback sea turtle hatchling, namely, a fused medial pentagon–heptagon pair in the form of a pentagonal frontal scute and heptagonal frontoparietal scute. Such a possible new instance of geometric biomorphy, taken together with the correct anticipation of the cephalic pentagon–heptagon pair, might serve to instill further confidence in renewed efforts to shed light on morphogenesis with foam embryo models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Geometric Morphometrics—Concepts, Methods, and Applications)

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13 pages, 4792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viperin and Its Effect on SVCV Replication in Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio

by Yan Meng, Xi Hu, Nan Jiang, Yuding Fan, Yiqun Li, Mingyang Xue, Chen Xu, Wenzhi Liu and Yong Zhou

Animals 2025, 15(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010096 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Viperin is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that plays an important role in the congenital antiviral immunity of vertebrates. In this study, the common carp viperin (cc-viperin) gene is characterized, and we determine whether it has the ability to inhibit spring viremia [...] Read more.

Viperin is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that plays an important role in the congenital antiviral immunity of vertebrates. In this study, the common carp viperin (cc-viperin) gene is characterized, and we determine whether it has the ability to inhibit spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) replication in EPC cells. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of the cc-viperin gene was 1044 bp and it encoded 348 amino acids. The cc-viperin sequence contained a leucine zipper in the N-terminal, a CxxxCxxC motif in the SAM domain, and a conservative C-terminus. The cc-viperin gene’s nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment revealed that cc-viperin displayed relatively high sequence identity compared with other species. Phylogenetic analysis displayed the close relation of cc-viperin with Carassius auratus and Mylopharyngodon piceus. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the cc-viperin protein was located in the cytoplasm. The gene expression results showed that cc-viperin was expressed in all of the tissues tested. Its expression level significantly increased in EPC cells after 24 h to 72 h compared to the control during SVCV infection. Moreover, cc-viperin significantly inhibited SVCV replication when it was overexpressed, whereas it increased SVCV replication when it had reduced expression in EPC cells, respectively. To summarize, the results obtained in this work show that cc-viperin shares similar sequence characteristics with other vertebrates, and it could inhibit SVCV replication in EPC cells, displaying an antiviral effect in common carp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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15 pages, 10516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatial Relationship Between Two Sympatric Pheasant Species and Various Human Disturbance Activities

by Lanrong Wang, Yuting Lu, Yinfan Cai, Liling Ji, Dapeng Pang, Meisheng Zhou, Yang Cheng, Faguang Pu and Baowei Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010095 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Establishing and managing nature reserves to mitigate wildlife habitat loss and fragmentation is challenging, particularly in the face of increasing human activity. To understand how wildlife coexists in environments affected by anthropogenic disturbances, we conducted a 19-month survey examining the Reeves’s pheasant ( [...] Read more.

Establishing and managing nature reserves to mitigate wildlife habitat loss and fragmentation is challenging, particularly in the face of increasing human activity. To understand how wildlife coexists in environments affected by anthropogenic disturbances, we conducted a 19-month survey examining the Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) and Koklass pheasant (Pucrasia macrolopha) in the Anhui Tianma National Nature Reserve, China. Previous studies of large terrestrial birds focused primarily on livestock impacts, with less attention given to other human activities. We used occupancy models and performed daytime activity rhythm analysis based on camera trap data to examine the spatiotemporal responses of these species to human activities, livestock, and domestic dogs. The results showed that human disturbance activities within the reserve impact the distribution patterns of Reeves’s pheasant and Koklass pheasant, but the effect was not significant. In high-disturbance environments, both species adjusted their activity times to avoid direct or indirect interactions with humans, livestock, and dogs. These findings provide insights for replanning core and creation of buffer zones within the reserve and have broader implications for conservation strategies in similar habitats. Our study suggests that well-designed conservation objectives can balance species protection with sustainable human presence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human—Wildlife Coexistence: Insights and Strategies for Sustainable Harmony)

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24 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Periplaneta americana Residue Feed on Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Transcriptome in Chickens: A Study on Sanhuang Chickens

by Yongfei Zhao, Tianzhang Zhao, Shunyi Zi, Guoyu Ou and Huiying Li

Animals 2025, 15(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010094 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 836

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of Periplaneta americana residue (PAR) on the immune function, antioxidant capacity, and transcriptome of Sanhuang chickens. Six hundred 30-day-old Sanhuang chickens were divided into six groups with diets of varying PAR replacement of soybean meal from 0 to [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of Periplaneta americana residue (PAR) on the immune function, antioxidant capacity, and transcriptome of Sanhuang chickens. Six hundred 30-day-old Sanhuang chickens were divided into six groups with diets of varying PAR replacement of soybean meal from 0 to 100% in increments of 20%. Samples were taken on day 100. The results indicated that PAR did not significantly affect growth performance (p > 0.05). PAR significantly elevated the levels of IL-1β, IL-2, TNF-α, IgA, IgG, and IgM in both the serum and spleen (p < 0.05). Moreover, it markedly increased the GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD, and CAT levels in the serum and liver (p < 0.05) and reached optimal levels of immune factors and antioxidant indicators at diet 2. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that substituting PAR for soybean meal downregulated genes associated with immune diseases and infectious disease pathways. Substituting soybean meal with PAR enhanced the resistance of Sanhuang chickens to pathogenic factors and oxidative stress, with no impact on growth performance. The optimal improvement was observed with diet 2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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15 pages, 2091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation of Codon-Optimized Fad3 Gene Transgenic Bovine That Produce More n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

by Guanghua Su, Zhuying Wei, Chunling Bai, Danyi Li, Xiaoyu Zhao, Xuefei Liu, Lishuang Song, Li Zhang, Guangpeng Li and Lei Yang

Animals 2025, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010093 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 796

Abstract

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) are essential for the growth, development, and well-being of mammals. However, most mammals, including humans, cannot synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and these must be obtained through diet. [...] Read more.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3, n-3) are essential for the growth, development, and well-being of mammals. However, most mammals, including humans, cannot synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and these must be obtained through diet. The beneficial effect of converting n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) into n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) has led to extensive research on the flax fatty acid desaturase 3 (Fad3) gene, which encodes fatty acid desaturase. Still, the plant-derived Fad3 gene is used much less in transgenic animals than the Fat-1 gene from Caenorhabditis elegans. To address this problem, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology to create codon-optimized Fad3 transgenic cattle. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the n-3 PUFA content of transgenic cattle increased significantly, and the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs decreased from 3.484 ± 0.46 to about 2.78 ± 0.14 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Fad3 gene knock-in cattle are expected to improve the nutritional value of beef and can be used as an animal model to study the therapeutic effects of n-3 PUFAs in various diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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10 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Plasma Cardiac Troponin-I Concentration in Normal Horses and in Horses with Cardiac Abnormalities

by Jonathan H. Foreman, Brett S. Tennent-Brown, Mark A. Oyama and D. David Sisson

Animals 2025, 15(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010092 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 813

Abstract

Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is a highly sensitive and specific marker of myocardial injury detectable in plasma by immunoassay techniques. Inclusion criteria over a 3-year period required a diagnosis of cardiac disease accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) and cardiac ultrasound examinations (n = 23) in [...] Read more.

Cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) is a highly sensitive and specific marker of myocardial injury detectable in plasma by immunoassay techniques. Inclusion criteria over a 3-year period required a diagnosis of cardiac disease accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) and cardiac ultrasound examinations (n = 23) in adult horses (≥2 years of age). A second group of normal adult ponies (n = 12) was studied as a reference group. Heparinized jugular venous blood samples were collected and centrifuged within 30 min, and the plasma was separated and frozen at −70 °C for subsequent batched cTnI analysis. The lower limit of detection was 0.01 ng/mL, and the upper limit was 100 ng/mL of plasma. Normal equine plasma cTnI concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 ng/mL (n = 12). Horses with non-arrhythmogenic murmurs (n = 4) included tricuspid (0.05 ng/mL cTnI), mitral (0.07), and aortic insufficiencies (0.01, 0.02). Horses with benign atrial fibrillation (n = 8) had a cTnI range of <0.01–0.09 ng/mL, with four horses having cTnI concentrations falling slightly outside the reference range (0.04, 0.05, 0.06, and 0.09). Horses with ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular premature contractions or ventricular tachycardia) and documentable myocardial toxicities or immunological reactions (n = 5) had cTnI concentrations of 0.05, 0.21, 0.31, 15.18, and >100 ng/mL. Horses with ventricular arrhythmias but no documentation of myocardial toxicity (n = 3) had cTnI concentrations of 0.34, 0.46, and 80.42 ng/mL. When grouped by arrhythmia type and compared using the Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test, the median ventricular arrhythmia cTnI (0.40 ng/mL) was significantly higher than the median atrial fibrillation cTnI (0.04 ng/mL, p < 0.001). It was concluded that horses with myocardial toxicities and ventricular arrhythmias often had severe elevations in plasma cTnI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

12 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Changes in Serum Proteins in Cats with Obesity: A Proteomic Approach

by Esmeralda Cañadas-Vidal, Alberto Muñoz-Prieto, Dina Rešetar Maslov, Ivana Rubić, Juan C. González-Sánchez, Juan D. Garcia-Martinez, José J. Ceron, Vladimir Mrljak, Luis Pardo-Marin, Silvia Martinez-Subiela and Asta Tvarijonaviciute

Animals 2025, 15(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010091 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1176

Abstract

Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and is currently the most common disease in cats. Similarly to humans, obesity negatively impacts the health and welfare of cats, predisposing them to many other disorders. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.

Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and is currently the most common disease in cats. Similarly to humans, obesity negatively impacts the health and welfare of cats, predisposing them to many other disorders. The objective of this study was to compare the serum proteomes of normal-weight and overweight/obese cats, aiming to gain insights into the physiopathology of feline obesity and potentially identify new biomarkers. For this, serum samples from a total of 20 adult neutered domestic shorthair client-owned cats, ten normal weight and ten overweight/obese, were submitted to tandem mass tags labelling and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. A total of 288 proteins were detected in the serum samples. Out of these, 12 proteins showed statistically significant differences in abundance between control cats and cats with obesity, namely Ig-like domain-containing protein, Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, Complement C8 gamma chain, An-tithrombin-III, Serpin family A member 1, Complement factor H, C3-beta-c, Albumin, C4b-binding protein alpha chain, Alpha-1-B glycoprotein, Solute carrier family 12 member 4, and Fibronectin. Overall this report identifies new proteins involved and provides additional knowledge about the physiopathological changes related to feline obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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15 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Unusual Findings of Human-Associated Four-Nucleated Entamoeba Species in Captive Wild Animals

by Lorena Esteban-Sánchez, Juan José García-Rodríguez and Francisco Ponce-Gordo

Animals 2025, 15(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010090 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 717

Abstract

Several species of amoebae in the genus Entamoeba forming four-nucleated mature cysts are pathogenic, but their identification is challenging due to a lack of distinctive morphological traits. Furthermore, host species cannot reliably be used as a criterion for identification. In this study, several [...] Read more.

Several species of amoebae in the genus Entamoeba forming four-nucleated mature cysts are pathogenic, but their identification is challenging due to a lack of distinctive morphological traits. Furthermore, host species cannot reliably be used as a criterion for identification. In this study, several isolates of four-nucleated cyst-forming Entamoeba species from animals at the Zoo Aquarium of Madrid are genetically identified. Entamoeba cysts were identified through microscopic analysis of faecal samples; none of the animals exhibited symptoms. DNA was extracted, and a fragment of the SSU-rRNA gene was PCR-amplified and sequenced to identify the species. Entamoeba dispar was identified in mantled guerezas (Colobus guereza), lar gibbons (Hylobates lar), greater rheas (Rhea americana) and giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Entamoeba hartmnanni was detected in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entamoeba nuttalli was detected in mandrills; the analysis of sequences available in GenBank revealed that this species has also been detected in human samples. The identification of the Entamoeba species across diverse host species underscores the need for genetic confirmation to prevent misidentifications. These findings expand the known host range of these species and emphasize the importance of regular monitoring to minimize transmission risks, including potential cross-species transmission to/from humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

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13 pages, 8074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Analysis of Circular RNAs in Mammary Gland from Yaks Between Lactation and Dry Period

by Yilin Shi, Xiaoyun Wu, Guangyao Meng, Xiaoming Ma, Yongfu La, Pengjia Bao, Min Chu and Ping Yan

Animals 2025, 15(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010089 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 704

Abstract

Lactation is a complex physiological process regulated by numerous genes and factors. Circular RNA (circRNA), a non-coding RNA, acts as a molecular sponge that sequesters microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate target gene expression. Although circRNA has been linked to mammary gland lactation, its specific [...] Read more.

Lactation is a complex physiological process regulated by numerous genes and factors. Circular RNA (circRNA), a non-coding RNA, acts as a molecular sponge that sequesters microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate target gene expression. Although circRNA has been linked to mammary gland lactation, its specific role in yaks remains underexplored. This study employed circular RNA sequencing (circRNA-seq) to examine the differential expression of circRNAs in yak mammary tissues during lactation and the dry period. Additionally, an enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs) was performed. A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was then constructed to explore the potential of their roles in lactation and mammary gland development. We detected 18,905 circRNAs in yak mammary tissue, among which 302 showed differential expression. The host genes of these DECs were enriched in functions and pathways associated with yak milk synthesis and composition. Through the construction of a ceRNA network and the enrichment analysis of associated mRNAs, this study identified ceRNAs potentially involved in regulating lactation and mammary gland development. In conclusion, circRNAs in yak mammary tissues were identified and analyzed across lactation and dry periods, establishing a ceRNA network related to lactation regulation. These findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing lactation in yaks (Bos grunniens). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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9 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperBrief Report

Behavioral Signature of Equine Gastric Discomfort? Preliminary Retrospective Clinical Observations

by Catherine Torcivia and Sue M. McDonnell

Animals 2025, 15(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010088 - 3 Jan 2025

Viewed by 4835

Abstract

Gastric ulcer disease and other potentially painful gastric conditions are among the most common afflictions adversely affecting the welfare of domestic equids. A large percentage of affected animals may not display the classic signs of gastric disease, such as unexplained weight loss, poor [...] Read more.

Gastric ulcer disease and other potentially painful gastric conditions are among the most common afflictions adversely affecting the welfare of domestic equids. A large percentage of affected animals may not display the classic signs of gastric disease, such as unexplained weight loss, poor hair coat, and inappetence until the disease becomes severe. As a clinical service within our equine referral hospital, we routinely evaluate 24-h video recorded samples of horses to assist clinicians in identifying subtle discomfort and potential sources or to scan for infrequent neurologic or cardiac-related behavioral events. Empirically, we have recognized discomfort behaviors that appear to be uniquely associated with gastric disease. These include frequent attention to the cranial abdomen (nuzzling, swatting, nipping, and/or caudal gaze focused on the abdomen caudal to the elbow) and/or deep abdominal stretching, often within the context of eating, drinking, and/or anticipating feeding. To systematically evaluate the reliability of these purported gastric discomfort behaviors, we reviewed 30 recent 24-h video behavior evaluation cases for which (1) the clinical video behavior evaluation had been carried out without knowledge of the history and presenting complaint and (2) direct gastric examination had confirmed gastric disease status at the time. Twenty-four of the thirty cases showed gastric discomfort behavior, and all twenty-four had either gastric ulcers (n = 21) and/or gastric impaction (n = 3). Of the six cases not showing gastric discomfort behaviors, four were free of gastric disease, while two had mild lesions. Comparing horses with and without gastric disease, gastric discomfort behaviors were reported in 24 of the 26 (92%) with gastric ulcers or gastric impaction, compared to none of the four gastric disease-free horses. Although a larger prospectively designed study is needed to confidently estimate the sensitivity and specificity or the associations of behavior with the type or severity of gastric disease, these results confirm our long-held clinical impression of a behavioral signature for gastric discomfort in the horse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Gut Health in Horses: Current Research and Approaches)

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11 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles of Yak Milk-Derived Exosomes at Different Altitudes

by Wenwen Ren, Yongfu La, Xiaoming Ma, Xiaoyun Wu, Xian Guo, Min Chu, Ping Yan, Xianyong Lan and Chunnian Liang

Animals 2025, 15(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010087 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 805

Abstract

Yaks are a rare and unique animal species inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau; they are renowned for their remarkable ability to thrive in harsh environments. Milk-derived exosomes, tiny vesicles containing various biological molecules, play crucial roles in numerous pathological and physiological processes, including cell [...] Read more.

Yaks are a rare and unique animal species inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau; they are renowned for their remarkable ability to thrive in harsh environments. Milk-derived exosomes, tiny vesicles containing various biological molecules, play crucial roles in numerous pathological and physiological processes, including cell growth, development, and immune regulation. This study delved into the microRNA expression profiles of yak milk-derived exosomes collected from both high- and low-altitude populations using small RNA sequencing. These miRNAs were found to be implicated in pathways associated with mammary gland inflammation, virus infection regulation, and heat stress response. Functional enrichment analyses, utilizing GO and KEGG databases, revealed that the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs are enriched in signaling pathways crucial for Th17 cell differentiation and the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, this research illuminates the adaptive mechanisms of yaks through the differential expression of miRNAs in their milk-derived exosomes across varying environmental conditions. These findings provide a valuable foundation for future investigations into yak resilience and the potential of milk-derived exosomes as tools for disease management and immune modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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14 pages, 3949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Performance, Egg Quality, and Egg Cost of Different Laying Genotypes in Free-Range System from 21 to 44 Weeks of Age

by Ali Aygun, Doğan Narinç and Hasan Arısoy

Animals 2025, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010086 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1094

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality and economic aspects of laying hybrids of different genotypes in free-range system. In the study, three different laying genotypes (Lohmann Brown, Lohmann Sandy and ATAK-S genotype) were used. Each group consisted [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, egg quality and economic aspects of laying hybrids of different genotypes in free-range system. In the study, three different laying genotypes (Lohmann Brown, Lohmann Sandy and ATAK-S genotype) were used. Each group consisted of four replicates and each replicate contained 20 hens. Egg production, broken–cracked egg ratio, egg weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, and viability were determined as performance traits. Eggshell strength, Haugh unit, yolk color, and shell color were determined as egg quality traits. The costs of eggs were assessed for economic analysis. The Lohmann Sandy genotype produced more eggs than the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype reached 50% egg production age sooner than other genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes produced fewer broken eggs and heavier eggs compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). The ATAK-S genotype consumed more feed than the Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes (p < 0.05). The Lohmann Sandy and Lohmann Brown genotypes have better feed efficiency compared to the ATAK-S genotype (p < 0.05). Eggs from the Lohmann Sandy genotype exhibit greater resistance to breakage compared to those from other genotypes (p < 0.05). The highest quality of albumen was identified in the eggs of the Lohmann Brown genotype (p < 0.05). The yolk color of Lohmann Brown genotype eggs is darker than those of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The shell color of Lohmann genotype eggs is a darker brown compared to eggs of other genotypes (p < 0.05). The cheapest egg cost was determined from eggs produced from the Lohmann Sandy genotype (p < 0.05). According to the results obtained from our study, it would be more appropriate to prefer the Lohmann Sandy genotype in the free-range system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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