Animals

19 pages, 865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Aubrac Cattle as a Benchmark for Sustainable and Nutritious Beef Production

by Bianca Maria Mădescu, Mădălina Matei, Mădălina Alexandra Davidescu, Ioana Bolohan (Acornicesei), Roxana Lazăr, Marius Mihai Ciobanu, Daniel Simeanu and Paul Corneliu Boișteanu

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2966; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202966 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Aubrac cattle breed, native to France and increasingly adopted in Eastern Europe, is known for producing tender, flavorful, and well-marbled beef. Despite its growing popularity, limited data exist on its nutritional profile and implications for human health. This study evaluates carcass traits [...] Read more.

The Aubrac cattle breed, native to France and increasingly adopted in Eastern Europe, is known for producing tender, flavorful, and well-marbled beef. Despite its growing popularity, limited data exist on its nutritional profile and implications for human health. This study evaluates carcass traits and protein quality in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of male and female Aubrac cattle raised under semi-intensive systems. Special attention was given to essential and semi-essential amino acids, which exceeded FAO/WHO reference requirements by 60.25%, 97.43%, and 221.49% for children, youth individuals, and adults, respectively, confirming superior protein quality. The high amino acid concentration (up to 30.59 g/100 g protein) and biological value confirm superior protein quality. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile reveals a favorable balance between saturated and unsaturated fats, with oleic acid predominance and a moderate atherogenic index, suggesting cardiovascular benefits. These findings support classifying Aubrac beef as a functional protein source with potential health advantages, reinforcing its role in sustainable cattle production, dietary planning, and consumer education. This study provides insights into factors influencing beef quality, connecting cattle breed and production system with nutritional value and health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Products)

10 pages, 3907 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation with L-Serine Regulates Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Intestinal Development in Broilers

by Longlong Li, Mei Su, Lan Zhang, Junyi Luo, Ting Chen, Jiajie Sun, Yongliang Zhang and Qianyun Xi

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2965; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202965 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of additional L-serine supplementation in diets on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and small intestine development in broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old unsexed Yellow-Feathered broilers were randomly divided into three groups with 10 replicates of 10 birds [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of additional L-serine supplementation in diets on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and small intestine development in broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old unsexed Yellow-Feathered broilers were randomly divided into three groups with 10 replicates of 10 birds each. The broilers were fed basal diet (CON), basal diet + 0.085% L-Alanine (Isonitrogenous) and basal diet + 0.1% L-serine (0.1% Ser), respectively. The whole trial lasted for 42 d. The results showed that 0.1% L-serine supplementation in broiler diets could increase final body weight and average daily weight gain (p < 0.05) and had no significant effect on serum biochemical indexes (p > 0.05). Compared with the Isonitrogenous group, the 0.1% Ser group significantly reduced FCR (p < 0.05). Regarding meat quality, the 0.1% Ser group significantly increased by a*45 min and 24 h pH values, while it decreased by b*45 min values in both breast and leg muscles (p < 0.05) and reduced cooking loss in leg muscles (p < 0.05). L-serine effectively reduced localized fat deposition and promoted intestinal development. Morphometric analysis revealed significantly increased small intestinal villus length and villus length/crypt depth ratio in the 0.1% Ser group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L-serine can be used as an effective supplement in broiler farming to improve its productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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14 pages, 2925 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High Number of Ring-Down Artefacts and an Irregular Pleural Surface Are More Commonly Observed in WHWTs Suffering from Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Compared to Control WHWTs

by Eugénie Soliveres, Emilie Pierrot, Aline Fastrès, Elodie Roels, Cécile Clercx and Géraldine Bolen

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202964 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is an interstitial lung disease reported in West Highland white terriers (WHWTs). B-mode ultrasonography (US) is used in human medicine as an adjunct tool for interstitial lung disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In veterinary medicine, thoracic US has [...] Read more.

Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is an interstitial lung disease reported in West Highland white terriers (WHWTs). B-mode ultrasonography (US) is used in human medicine as an adjunct tool for interstitial lung disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In veterinary medicine, thoracic US has been described as helpful for the diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study was to describe the thoracic B-mode US findings in CIPF WHWTs, compared with those in control WHWTs. Twenty-seven WHWTs, including CIPF and control WHWTs, were prospectively enrolled. Standardised thoracic B-mode US was performed. The presence of an irregular pleural surface, ring-down artefact and peripheral nodules was assessed and scored for each location. An overall cumulative score was calculated by adding the individual scores of each location. WHWTs affected with CIPF had significantly higher overall scores compared to the control group. The ring-down artefact score was significantly higher in the CIPF group compared to the control group. No preferential location for the lesions was observed. A cut-off value of 15 ring-down artefacts for the entire thorax predicted CIPF in WHWTs with a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 80% (AUC 0.815). The present study describes B-mode US findings in CIPF WHWTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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12 pages, 265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility in Beagle Dogs of Different Life Stages

by Min Young Lee, Kyoung-Min So, Sang-Yeob Lee, Woo-Do Lee, Hyun-Woo Cho, Han Tae Bang, Seyeon Chang, Won Yong Jung, Kangmin Seo, Ju Lan Chun and Ki Hyun Kim

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2963; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202963 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated age-related changes in nutrient digestibility in dogs and examined the effects of physiological development and dietary composition on digestive efficiency. Twenty Beagle dogs were assigned to three groups: puppies (<1 year; n = 8), adults (3–4 years; n = 8), [...] Read more.

This study evaluated age-related changes in nutrient digestibility in dogs and examined the effects of physiological development and dietary composition on digestive efficiency. Twenty Beagle dogs were assigned to three groups: puppies (<1 year; n = 8), adults (3–4 years; n = 8), and seniors (10–11 years; n = 4). All animals were fed diets formulated to contain identical nutrient levels that met or exceeded the minimum recommended nutrient requirements established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and amino acids were compared among the groups. The results showed that NFE digestibility was significantly higher in puppies, whereas CP digestibility was lower than that in adults and seniors, likely due to immature digestive function. In addition, EE digestibility was significantly lower in puppies, whereas P digestibility decreased with age. No significant difference was observed in Ca digestibility. Amino acid digestibility is lower in puppies, particularly for essential amino acids such as lysine, isoleucine, histidine, and arginine. These results indicate that age-related differences in digestive physiology and protein source affect nutrient utilization, providing a basis for developing life stage-specific nutritional strategies for companion animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

26 pages, 14425 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Biochemical Effect of Enrofloxacin on American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

by Yao Zheng, Jiajia Li, Xiaofei Wang, Kai Chen, Bingwen Xi, Julin Yuan and Gangchun Xu

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202962 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

In order to find the biochemical effects of Aeromonas hydrophila and its therapeutic chemical, enrofloxacin (ENR), on American shad (Alosa sapidissima A. Wilson), four groups were set up: a control group (C), an A. hydrophila group (A), an A. hydrophila + 70 [...] Read more.

In order to find the biochemical effects of Aeromonas hydrophila and its therapeutic chemical, enrofloxacin (ENR), on American shad (Alosa sapidissima A. Wilson), four groups were set up: a control group (C), an A. hydrophila group (A), an A. hydrophila + 70 mg·L⁻¹ enrofloxacin (ENR) group (E1), and an A. hydrophila + 140 mg·L⁻¹ ENR group (E2). Histological, enzymatic activities, transcriptome, and proteomics have been performed. MDA, PPO, AKP, TNF-α, and AMPK were significantly increased, while AhR and EROD were decreased in the liver of American shad after treatment with A. hydrophila. AhR and EROD showed a significant decrease in E1 group; MDA, PPO, AKP, and AMPK were significantly increased, while AhR and EROD decreased in E2 group. A. hydrophila significantly increased ferroptosis, TGF-β signaling pathway, etc. Ferroptosis, pyrimidine metabolism, and glycerolipid metabolism significantly increased in E1 group, while protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum significantly increased in E2 group. A total of 126 shared metabolites were found in the comparisons of A vs. C and E2 vs. C, and the main enriched pathway were organic oxygen compounds, lipids, and lipid-like molecules. Except for fluorobenzoate degradation, the pathways of ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism significantly increased in A and E2 groups, which further resulted in vacuolization, cell shedding, and necrosis in the liver. A. hydrophila led to a significant decrease in lipid metabolism, leading to oxidative stress and energy expenditure. The addition of ENR in aquaculture significantly enhanced liver metabolic abnormalities caused by A. hydrophila. Excessive use of ENR leads to oxidative stress in American shad, affecting its immune system as well as lipid, carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 8674 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Study Toward More Ethical Commercial Aquaculture by Leveraging Rheotaxis

by Alex Raposo, Benjamin Reading, Mike Frinsko and David L. Roberts

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202961 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The welfare of farmed hybrid striped bass remains largely unaddressed in U.S. aquaculture, despite the species’ economic significance and the scale of production. Physical handling during grading and inspection not only causes stress and increased incidence of injury, but also results in unmarketable [...] Read more.

The welfare of farmed hybrid striped bass remains largely unaddressed in U.S. aquaculture, despite the species’ economic significance and the scale of production. Physical handling during grading and inspection not only causes stress and increased incidence of injury, but also results in unmarketable fish and significant financial loss for producers. To address these issues, we present a prototype system that uses directed water currents to leverage the fish’s natural rheotactic behavior, enabling directed movement between tank regions without the need for direct physical contact. Our design allows for early identification of malformed individuals, who otherwise face prolonged suffering and starvation, so they can be humanely culled. In a small pilot study, we observed that fish moved into the destination region more frequently and with less behavioral variability when exposed to a directed current, suggesting this method as a viable alternative to traditional handling. While the system requires further refinement and testing at scale, these preliminary results offer a promising step toward ethical, commercially viable, and low-stress fish sorting systems in commercial aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal–Computer Interaction: New Horizons in Animal Welfare)

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17 pages, 3776 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profiling of Peripheral Blood Identifies Candidate Genes for Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sika Deer

by Yushi Zhang, Huimin Sun, Bingfeng Fan, Lixiang Liu, Yu Tang, Ying Zhang, Xulin Zhang, Xiaoyu Chu, Feiyu Peng, Jie Cao and Baozeng Xu

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202960 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

With estrus confined to three winter months, early pregnancy detection is essential for reproductive management in farmed sika deer. However, the development of reliable non-invasive early pregnancy detection techniques has been hindered by limited understanding of their reproductive physiology. To identify pregnancy-specific biomarkers [...] Read more.

With estrus confined to three winter months, early pregnancy detection is essential for reproductive management in farmed sika deer. However, the development of reliable non-invasive early pregnancy detection techniques has been hindered by limited understanding of their reproductive physiology. To identify pregnancy-specific biomarkers in sika deer, we performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) on maternal peripheral blood collected on days 0, 7, 15, and 20 after artificial insemination. Using time-series clustering analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified key genes and pathways at each stage. Notably, maternal-fetal recognition-related interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs; IFNAR1/2, STAT1/2, MX1/2, and RSAD2), anti-apoptotic and immune-regulatory genes (BCL2, XIAP, and IL10), and cysteine metabolism genes (CTH, CBS, GCLC, and GCLM) were upregulated by day 7, suggesting their role in supporting corpus luteum development through immune regulation and redox homeostasis. By days 15–20, upregulated genes were enriched in pathways related to mitochondrial function, cell adhesion, and cell cycle regulation, indicating their involvement in embryo adhesion and syndesmochorial placentation. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that ISGs, immune-regulatory genes and cysteine metabolism genes are detectable as early as day 7 post-insemination, highlighting their promise as early pregnancy biomarkers and providing a molecular basis for non-invasive diagnostic development in sika deer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

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14 pages, 1103 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are Reusable Dry Electrodes an Alternative to Gelled Electrodes for Canine Surface Electromyography?

by Ana M. Ribeiro, I. Brás, L. Caldeira, J. Caldeira, C. Peham, H. Plácido da Silva and João F. Requicha

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202959 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Despite its increasing use in veterinary rehabilitation, practical constraints—such as skin preparation and single-use electrodes—limit the wider adoption of surface electromyography (sEMG). Having conventional pre-gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes as reference, we made a pioneering comparison of the performance of reusable soft polymeric dry electrodes [...] Read more.

Despite its increasing use in veterinary rehabilitation, practical constraints—such as skin preparation and single-use electrodes—limit the wider adoption of surface electromyography (sEMG). Having conventional pre-gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes as reference, we made a pioneering comparison of the performance of reusable soft polymeric dry electrodes for recording paraspinal muscle activity in dogs during treadmill walking. Twelve clinically healthy Dachshunds from both genders were evaluated under two conditions, namely: (i) dry electrodes on untrimmed hair; and (ii) pre-gelled electrodes after trichotomy. Signals were acquired from the longissimus dorsi muscle at 1 kHz, processed with standardized filtering and rectification, and analyzed in both time and frequency domains. Dry electrodes yielded higher amplitude and Root Mean Square (RMS) values, but slightly lower power spectral density metrics when compared to pre-gelled electrodes. Nevertheless, frequency-domain results were broadly comparable between configurations. Dry electrodes reduce the preparation time, avoid hair clipping, and allow reusability without major signal degradation. While pre-gelled electrodes may still offer marginally superior stability during movement, our results suggest that soft polymeric dry electrodes present a feasible, less invasive, and more sustainable alternative for canine sEMG. These findings support further validation of dry electrodes in clinical populations, particularly for neuromuscular assessment in intervertebral disk disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation—Second Edition)

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15 pages, 3714 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Lumbosacral Foraminal Injections in Dogs: Preliminary Assessment of an Ultrasound- and Fluoroscopy-Guided Technique in a Cadaveric Model

by Roger Medina-Serra, Francisco Gil-Cano, Marta Soler, Francisco G. Laredo and Eliseo Belda

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202958 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a frequent cause of lumbosacral pain in both dogs and humans. Targeted lumbosacral foraminal perineural injections (commonly referred to as transforaminal epidural injections) are described in dogs and are widely used in medicine to treat lumbosacral radicular pain. This cadaveric [...] Read more.

Lumbosacral radiculopathy is a frequent cause of lumbosacral pain in both dogs and humans. Targeted lumbosacral foraminal perineural injections (commonly referred to as transforaminal epidural injections) are described in dogs and are widely used in medicine to treat lumbosacral radicular pain. This cadaveric study evaluated the injectate distribution achieved by lumbosacral foraminal injections using a combined ultrasound- and fluoroscopy-guided technique to position the tip of the needle at the cranial aspect of the foramen. Ten injections were performed in five dog cadavers using a contrast-dye mixture, and distribution was assessed by fluoroscopy, CT imaging, and anatomical dissections. Perineural epidural staining of L7 at the foraminal region was achieved in 90% of injections, with transforaminal epidural spread medial to the intervertebral foramen in 80% of injections. Subarachnoid spread occurred in 50–60%, while vascular uptake was uncommon (10–20%). The technique enabled consistent needle placement, even when nerve visualisation was limited. These findings indicate that the method can reliably achieve perineural epidural staining of L7 while minimising vascular uptake, supporting its potential clinical utility for targeted drug delivery in dogs with lumbosacral radiculopathy. Further research is needed to validate safety and efficacy in live patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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24 pages, 324 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cow-Assisted Interventions in Social Farming: First Results of a Pilot Study

by Biancamaria Torquati, Giulia Angelucci and Silvana Diverio

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2957; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202957 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Social farming combines agricultural, social, and healthcare functions, and Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs) are increasingly being applied within this framework. Despite their potential, cattle are excluded from Italian guidelines and rarely studied. This pilot study explored the feasibility, effects, and economic sustainability of cow-assisted [...] Read more.

Social farming combines agricultural, social, and healthcare functions, and Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAIs) are increasingly being applied within this framework. Despite their potential, cattle are excluded from Italian guidelines and rarely studied. This pilot study explored the feasibility, effects, and economic sustainability of cow-assisted interventions within social farming in Umbria, Italy. It represents an original and innovative contribution, drawing attention to the therapeutic potential of the human–cow relationship. The study presents an experimental cow therapy protocol and proposes behavioral monitoring tools designed both for people with different disabilities and for the animals involved. Four Red Pied Valdostana cows were involved in structured sessions with three groups: adolescents removed from families, young adults with mental health disorders, and individuals with eating disorders. Activities included observation, feeding, grooming, problem solving, and leading. Human outcomes were assessed regarding emotional, relational, and behavioral dimensions, and animal welfare was continuously monitored. A cost analysis was also conducted for Animal-Assisted Activity (AAA), Animal-Assisted Education (AAE), and Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT). Participants reported improved self-esteem, emotional expression, and social interaction; the eating disorder group showed greater openness toward dairy consumption. Animal welfare remained stable with high tolerance to handling. Costs were driven mainly by professional staff rather than animal care, with average hourly costs of €74.51 (AAA), €144.99 (AAE), and €172.41 (AAT). The comparative analysis demonstrates a clear trade-off: as the intervention shifts from recreational (AAA) to educational (AAE) and finally to therapeutic (AAT), the financial investment increases in parallel with the level of professionalization, personalization, and expected clinical outcomes. Cow-assisted interventions proved to be safe, feasible, and beneficial, supporting their potential inclusion in Italian guidelines on AAIs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

23 pages, 5902 KB

Open AccessArticle

Refining Electronic Tagging of Marine Animals: Computational Fluid Dynamics and Pelagic Sharks

by Tobias C. Maillard, Francesco Garzon, Lucy A. Hawkes, Gavin R. Tabor and Matthew J. Witt

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202956 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Animal-borne tags are widely used for tracking and monitoring the movements, behaviour, and ecology of marine animals. Tagging can, however, adversely affect the hydrodynamic force balance and welfare of tagged animals, and consequently, the reliability and accuracy of data, such as by increasing [...] Read more.

Animal-borne tags are widely used for tracking and monitoring the movements, behaviour, and ecology of marine animals. Tagging can, however, adversely affect the hydrodynamic force balance and welfare of tagged animals, and consequently, the reliability and accuracy of data, such as by increasing drag, altering swimming characteristics, and reducing the survival rate of tagged animals. Therefore, it is important to understand and quantify the impact of tagging on marine animal hydrodynamics and to optimize the choice of tag and attachment position. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling is used to simulate the flow around tagged and untagged mako sharks (Lamnidae) across their swim speed range for two dominant tag shapes, tagging sites, and body sizes. The results indicate that fin mounted tags can have a significant impact on shark hydrodynamics and energetic balance, increasing drag between 17.6% and 31.2% for a mako shark (2.95 m fork length) across the range of flow velocities tested (0.5 to 9.1 m/s). In comparison, the optimal tagging site for archival tags attached to the dorsal musculature leads to a minimal increase in drag for the larger sharks (>1.5 m), which becomes considerable for small sharks (1 m fork length; 5.1% to 7.6% increase) and leads to an average energetic cost equivalent to 7% of the daily energetic requirement of an untagged animal. Other aspects of the force balance are considered, which reveal a range of varied and complex effects. Recommendations for animal size thresholds (>1.5 m FL) and refinements of tagging practice are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of the 3Rs to Promote the Welfare of Animals Used in Scientific Research and Testing)

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17 pages, 3192 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exosomal miRNAs Mediate Immune–Metabolic Interactions in the Hemocytes of the Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata martensii

by Ping Wang, Chaoxuan Wu, Yalin Xu, Minxin Liang, Wanqi Tan, Qingheng Wang, Yuewen Deng and Zhe Zheng

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2955; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202955 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mollusks, such as bivalves, face increasing threats, such as disease, in aquaculture. Exosomes, widely derived from living cells carrying diverse bioactive molecules, affect the immune response. To overcome these challenges, bivalves utilize exosomal miRNAs as critical regulators of immune responses. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Mollusks, such as bivalves, face increasing threats, such as disease, in aquaculture. Exosomes, widely derived from living cells carrying diverse bioactive molecules, affect the immune response. To overcome these challenges, bivalves utilize exosomal miRNAs as critical regulators of immune responses. This study investigates the role of exosomal miRNAs in modulating immune and metabolic responses in Pinctada fucata martensii following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Exosomes (75–150 nm) were isolated from hemolymph and characterized. High-throughput sequencing identified 30 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and 1349 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LPS-treated oysters, with significant enrichment in TNF, TLR/NF-κB, and metabolic pathways. This study revealed exosomal miRNA-mediated regulation of immune genes (IκBα, TRAF6, IRAK1, and BIRC2/3) and metabolic enzymes (PCK and CYP2J), demonstrating their role in apoptosis, inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming. Network analysis highlighted miRNA–mRNA interactions, including miR-7/IκBα (TNF pathway) and miR-34_5/IRAK1 (TLR pathway). Additionally, exosomal miRNAs (miR-92_2 and novel_mir5) were found to regulate oxidative stress (SOD1) and gluconeogenesis (PCK), linking immune defense with metabolic adaptation. These findings provide novel insights into exosomal miRNA-mediated immune regulation in bivalves, revealing conserved mechanisms with potential implications for molluscan health and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Genetics of Adaptation in Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 2238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Medical Treatment on Survivability in Canine Cushing’s Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Sophia Shanlly, Jordan Slessor, Wenting Yan, Jessica J. D. Thorlakson, Heather L. Bruce and Richard R. E. Uwiera

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2954; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202954 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cushing’s syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs and is typically managed with long-term medical treatment. Several pharmacological agents are available: trilostane, mitotane, ketoconazole, cabergoline, selegiline, and aminoglutethimide, but their comparative effects on survival remain unclear. This systematic review [...] Read more.

Cushing’s syndrome is one of the most common endocrine disorders in dogs and is typically managed with long-term medical treatment. Several pharmacological agents are available: trilostane, mitotane, ketoconazole, cabergoline, selegiline, and aminoglutethimide, but their comparative effects on survival remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the impact of these agents on survival outcomes in dogs with naturally occurring diseases. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, and the Cochrane Library was conducted between 1 September 2024 to 3 January 2025. Eligible studies included dogs diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome that reported survival outcomes for at least one of the specified treatments. Five studies (n = 295 dogs) met the inclusion criteria, with trilostane and mitotane providing sufficient data for meta-analysis. Pooled mean difference in survival time across four studies was 85.1 days (95% CI: −255.9 to 85.7, p = 0.21) with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 89%), indicating no statistically significant difference between the drugs. In contrast, pooled survival rates at fixed intervals favored trilostane, with an 11% higher survival at 36 months (p = 0.005) and no heterogeneity observed (I² = 0%). These findings suggest trilostane may offer long-term survival benefits over mitotane. Full article

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20 pages, 831 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Processes During Rigor Mortis in the Adductor Muscle of the Lion’s Paw Scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus): Effects of Seasonality and Storage Temperature

by Edgar Iván Jiménez-Ruiz, Víctor Manuel Ocaño-Higuera, María Teresa Sumaya-Martínez, Enrique Márquez-Ríos, Saúl Ruíz-Cruz, Dalila Fernanda Canizales-Rodríguez, Orlando Tortoledo-Ortiz, Alba Mery Garzón-García, José Rogelio Ramos-Enríquez, Santiago Valdez-Hurtado, María Irene Silvas-García and Nathaly Montoya-Camacho

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2953; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202953 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

The lion’s paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus) is a commercially valuable pectinid whose postharvest quality strongly depends on storage and handling conditions. This study investigated the combined effects of seasonality, postmortem time, and storage temperature on energy metabolism in the adductor muscle, [...] Read more.

The lion’s paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus) is a commercially valuable pectinid whose postharvest quality strongly depends on storage and handling conditions. This study investigated the combined effects of seasonality, postmortem time, and storage temperature on energy metabolism in the adductor muscle, focusing on metabolites associated with rigor mortis and freshness. Adult scallops (~10 cm shell height) were harvested in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter), transported under commercial conditions for approximately 2 h, and stored at 0, 5, and 10 °C for 48 h. Muscle samples were collected every 8 h and analyzed for ATP, ADP, AMP, glycogen, arginine phosphate (Arg-P), and free arginine using HPLC and enzymatic assays. In addition, the adenylate energy charge (AEC) was determined in freshly harvested and post-transport specimens. Initial ATP concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 6.5 µmol/g, with higher levels in winter, while Arg-P varied from 3.1 to 4.8 µmol/g. Seasonality significantly influenced all metabolites except arginine, and transport markedly reduced ATP and AEC, particularly in spring and autumn. Storage at 0 °C resulted in rapid ATP depletion (<1.0 µmol/g within 12 h) and AMP accumulation (>3.0 µmol/g), indicating accelerated energy collapse. In contrast, scallops stored at 5 and 10 °C maintained ATP levels above 2.5 µmol/g for up to 24 h, delaying rigor mortis, reducing postmortem contraction, and preserving muscle texture and appearance. Overall, these findings demonstrate that moderate refrigeration represents a physiologically suitable and technologically advantageous strategy to optimize scallop postharvest handling, extend shelf life, and enhance product quality for the fresh seafood market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Influence in Physiological, Endocrine, and Oxidative Stress Responses of Aquatic Invertebrates)

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20 pages, 1993 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) By-Products into Antioxidant Protein Hydrolysates for Nutraceutical Applications

by Rosaria Arena, Simona Manuguerra, Michelle Marchan Gonzalez, Elena Petrosillo, Davide Lanzoni, Clément Poulain, Frédéric Debeaufort, Carlotta Giromini, Nicola Francesca, Concetta Maria Messina and Andrea Santulli

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2952; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202952 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is an opportunistic invasive species in the Mediterranean that is negatively affecting biodiversity, fisheries, and tourism. In Italy, it is appreciated for its good meat quality, but the processing yield is low (21.87 ± 2.38%), [...] Read more.

The Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is an opportunistic invasive species in the Mediterranean that is negatively affecting biodiversity, fisheries, and tourism. In Italy, it is appreciated for its good meat quality, but the processing yield is low (21.87 ± 2.38%), generating a significant amount of by-products (72.45 ± 4.08%), which are underutilized. Valorizing this biomass is in line with circular economy principles and can improve both environmental and economic sustainability. This study aimed to valorize Atlantic blue crab by-products (BCBP), producing protein hydrolysates and assessing their in vitro bioactivities, in order to plan applications in animal food and related sectors. BCBP hydrolysates were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis using Alcalase and Protamex enzymes. The treatment with Alcalase resulted in a higher degree of hydrolysis (DH = 23% in 205 min) compared to Protamex (DH = 14% in 175 min). Antioxidant activity of the hydrolisates was evaluated through DPPH, ABTS, reducing power and FRAP assays, as well as in vitro test in fibroblasts (HS-68). At 10 mg/mL, hydrolysates from both enzymes exhibited the maximum radical scavenging activity in DPPH and ABTS assays. In HS-68 cells, 0.5 mg/mL hydrolysates protected against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, showing a cell viability comparable to cells treated with 0.5 mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), as an antioxidant. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student–Newman–Keuls (SNK) or Games–Howell post hoc tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Overall, both enzymes efficiently hydrolyzed BCBP proteins, generating hydrolysates with significant antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effects. These results demonstrate the potential to produce high-quality bioactive compounds from BCBPs, suitable for food, nutraceutical, and health applications. Scaling up this valorization process represents a viable strategy to improve sustainability and add economic value to the management of this invasive species, turning a problem in a resource. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Comprehensive Utilization of Edible Insects and Fish By-Products in Animal Feeding)

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14 pages, 9220 KB

Open AccessArticle

RNA-Seq and Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analyses of Tilapia Head Kidney in Response to Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila

by Qi Li, Zulin Fang, Zhengshuang Li, Xinxian Wei and Youchuan Wei

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202951 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

High-throughput sequencing has significantly advanced the exploration of fish immune mechanisms, enabling a more detailed understanding of immune responses and their underlying molecular pathways. In this study, we applied comparative transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the immune mechanisms of tilapia in [...] Read more.

High-throughput sequencing has significantly advanced the exploration of fish immune mechanisms, enabling a more detailed understanding of immune responses and their underlying molecular pathways. In this study, we applied comparative transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the immune mechanisms of tilapia in response to different pathogenic bacteria. Our results demonstrated that nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCCs) and monocytes/macrophages (Mos/Mφs) mounted the most pronounced responses to both Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Moreover, Mos/Mφs exhibited distinct differentiation patterns depending on the bacterial challenge. Collectively, these findings offer new insights into the antibacterial immune strategies of lower vertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Diseases and Healthy Farming)

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20 pages, 1386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Crude Protein Level on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Fatty Acid Composition of Ningxiang Finishing Pigs

by Xianglin Zeng, Yan Tang, Wenzhi Liu, Zhaobin Wang, Pengfei Huang, Qiye Wang and Huansheng Yang

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2950; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202950 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of different crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid composition in Ningxiang finishing pigs. A total of 200 pigs (52.52 ± 0.41 kg) were assigned to five dietary treatments: high-protein (HP, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of different crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid composition in Ningxiang finishing pigs. A total of 200 pigs (52.52 ± 0.41 kg) were assigned to five dietary treatments: high-protein (HP, 15.56%), moderate-high-protein (MHP, 13.99%), moderate-protein (MP, 12.94%), moderate-low-protein (MLP, 11.90%), and low-protein (LP, 10.31%). Feeding the MLP diet significantly improved average daily gain (ADG) compared to HP and LP diets (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the MP diet had higher lean meat percentage than those on the LP diet (p < 0.05), while both HP and MP diets reduced carcass fat percentage (p < 0.05). The LP diet significantly increased a*, pH_45min, intramuscular fat (IMF), and C18:1n9c, while decreasing C23:0 and C20:3n6 in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p < 0.05). Liver metabolomics revealed that the LP diet inhibited nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism (p < 0.05), accompanied by downregulation of genes related to the tryptophan–niacin metabolism and upregulation of genes involved with hepatic lipogenesis (p < 0.05). In muscle, the LP diet inhibited AMPK signaling via decreased p-AMPK expression, leading to increased IMF content (p < 0.05). In summary, the optimal growth performance of Ningxiang finishing pigs was achieved with a CP level of 11.90%. Additionally, the LP diet enhanced meat quality by modulating hepatic niacin metabolism and AMPK signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

12 pages, 1845 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Wing Shape Variation in Malaria Mosquitoes from the Arctic Edge: A Geometric Morphometric Study in Western Siberia

by Ximena Calderon, Gleb Artemov, Vladimir A. Burlak, Svetlana Alexeeva, Raquel Hernández-P, Manuel J. Suazo, Laura M. Pérez, Hugo A. Benítez and Margarita Correa

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2949; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202949 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In Russia, Western Siberia, Anopheles from maculipennis subgroup comprises three vector species: An. messeae, An. daciae, An. beklemishevi, and the hybrid between An. messeae and An. daciae (Anopheles m-d), which exhibit complex cryptic morphological traits. Traditional morphological methods, such [...] Read more.

In Russia, Western Siberia, Anopheles from maculipennis subgroup comprises three vector species: An. messeae, An. daciae, An. beklemishevi, and the hybrid between An. messeae and An. daciae (Anopheles m-d), which exhibit complex cryptic morphological traits. Traditional morphological methods, such as egg morphology and exochorion coloration, have proven insufficient for reliably distinguishing these closely related species due to overlapping characteristics and high intra-species variability. To overcome these limitations, geometric morphometrics (GM) has emerged as a powerful tool for analyzing cryptic morphology. This article focuses on wing venation patterns, where GM provides precise, quantitative data based on defined anatomical landmarks, enabling detailed assessment of size and shape variation among species. Procrustes ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical variate analysis (CVA) were employed to assess shape variation and species differentiation. Centroid size and its relationship to shape variation were examined using multivariate regression. Despite significant morphological differences, the overlap observed in hybrids (An. m-d) reflects their intermediate position between the parental species. Our analyses revealed significant differences in wing shape and size among An. messeae, An. daciae, An. beklemishevi, and their hybrids, with hybrids showing intermediate morphologies. Landmarks on radial and medial veins were the most consistent contributors to species separation. No evidence of static allometry was detected, and wing shape differences were not explained by size. These findings demonstrate that wing morphometrics, combined with molecular identification, provides a reliable framework for species delimitation and surveillance of malaria vectors in temperate regions. Full article

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4 pages, 150 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Trzebiatowski et al. Prenatal Factors Influencing Calf Morbidity and Mortality in Dairy Cattle: A Systematic Review of the Literature (2000–2024). Animals 2025, 15, 1772

by Lukas Trzebiatowski, Frederike Wehrle, Markus Freick, Karsten Donat and Axel Wehrend

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2948; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202948 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

32 pages, 2486 KB

Open AccessReview

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease: Global Spread, International Trade, and Conservation Challenges

by Eun Gu Kang, Jang-Hee Han, Yong Ju Shim, Do Na Lee, Kang-Seuk Choi and Seong-Chan Yeon

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202947 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) is a highly contagious viral condition caused by Circovirus parrot—commonly known as Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV)—a small, single-stranded DNA virus of the family Circoviridae. The disease primarily affects parrots (order Psittaciformes) and [...] Read more.

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) is a highly contagious viral condition caused by Circovirus parrot—commonly known as Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV)—a small, single-stranded DNA virus of the family Circoviridae. The disease primarily affects parrots (order Psittaciformes) and is characterized by progressive feather dystrophy, beak deformities, immunosuppression, and high mortality rates, particularly in juvenile birds. Although PBFD was initially documented in Australian psittacines, the virus has now attained global distribution, facilitated predominantly by the international trade in live parrots, both legal and illegal. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the virology, clinical presentation, molecular epidemiology, and phylogeographic spread of BFDV. Particular attention is given to the role of parrot trade in shaping transmission dynamics and genetic diversification. The review further evaluates existing biosecurity policies, diagnostic challenges, and disease management strategies within both captive and wild avian contexts. Given PBFD’s dual status as a veterinary concern and a growing conservation threat, strengthening international surveillance, regulating wildlife trade, and integrating molecular diagnostics into routine screening are critical priorities. Effective containment of BFDV requires a multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, aviculturists, conservation biologists, and policymakers to safeguard the health and genetic viability of endangered psittacine species globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Wildlife Disease Ecology and Management)

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11 pages, 1901 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dust Bath Design on Hen Behavior in New Aviary Systems in China

by Zhihao Zhang, Qian Zhang, Jianying Xu, Baoming Li, Weichao Zheng and Yang Wang

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202946 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Alternative housing systems for laying hens, such as the aviary, promote the expression of dustbathing behavior by providing substrate materials to improve their welfare. However, extensive litter areas in aviaries can lead to reduced air quality and increased incidence of diseases, making them [...] Read more.

Alternative housing systems for laying hens, such as the aviary, promote the expression of dustbathing behavior by providing substrate materials to improve their welfare. However, extensive litter areas in aviaries can lead to reduced air quality and increased incidence of diseases, making them unsuitable for deployment in new large cage aviary unit (LCAU) systems in China. Dust baths have advantages in terms of continuous availability, but their design lacks unified standards. This study explored the effects of different areas, shapes (circular and square), and substrate depths (1 cm, 5 cm, 9 cm) of dust baths on dustbathing behavior in LCAU systems by recording digital video. Each LCAU system was initially populated with 305 Jingfen No. 2 laying hens at 50 days of age. The dust baths were initially placed on the bottommost tier at 66 days of age. The results showed that after approximately 3 weeks of adaptation to dustbathing, the average daily proportion of dustbathing hens within the flock stabilized at approximately 10%. A 50 cm diameter circular dust bath could accommodate their dustbathing requirements. Increasing the number of circular dust baths to 2 did not significantly affect the daily proportion of dustbathing hens. Both the circular dust bath and a 5 cm depth substrate resulted in better expression of the hens’ side rubbing behavior and the lower frequency of tossing behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lower Ammonia in Animal Housing Systems, Better Animal Health and Improved Welfare)

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15 pages, 675 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Stability for Milk Production Traits in Huaxi Cattle from the Xinjiang Region

by Ye Feng, Mengli Han, Xubin Lu, Xue Gao, Wenjuan Zhao, Qian Zhang, Bin Zhang, Fagang Zhong and Zhi Chen

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202945 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The daily milk yield (DMY) is defined as the sum of milk produced during morning, midday, and evening milkings. This metric is the key parameter for quantifying a cow’s absolute production level and serves as the foundation for calculating economic traits such as [...] Read more.

The daily milk yield (DMY) is defined as the sum of milk produced during morning, midday, and evening milkings. This metric is the key parameter for quantifying a cow’s absolute production level and serves as the foundation for calculating economic traits such as 305-day total milk yield, fat yield, and protein yield, making it essential for evaluating lactation performance. Based on the data cleaning pipeline, 2992 valid records were retained from 3332 initial records through rigorous quality-control screening, this study systematically evaluated three critical lactation traits—daily milk yield and its milk components (milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage)—using complete lactation records from Huaxi cows and estimated their phenotypic and genetic parameters. Non-genetic factors (parity, season, and mature body weight) were corrected via the MIXED procedure coupled with a multi-trait animal model. The results showed that all considered non-genetic factors significantly influenced the lactation traits (p < 0.05), while daily milk yield (DMY), milk fat percentage (FP), and milk protein percentage (PP) all exhibited moderate to high heritability (0.29–0.38) (p < 0.01). Genetic evaluation of DMY and its milk components provides quantitative evidence for precision selection and optimized mating decisions in the Huaxi dairy population, thereby accelerating genetic progress in milk production, improving herd profitability, and promoting the development of the regional dairy industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genetic and Metabolic Pathways for Enhanced Milk Yield and Quality)

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16 pages, 1556 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spexin-Mediated Dietary Adaptation in Siniperca chuatsi: Molecular Characterisation and Functional Insights into FABP2 Interaction

by Xiao Chen, Yunyun Yan, Junjian Dong, Hetong Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Fengying Gao, Xing Ye and Chengfei Sun

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2944; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202944 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Neuropeptide Q (spexin, spx) is a pleiotropic signalling molecule that regulates appetite and metabolism primarily via activation of galanin and melanocortin receptors. Here, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of spx from Siniperca chuatsi (Scspx), characterised its spatiotemporal expression, [...] Read more.

Neuropeptide Q (spexin, spx) is a pleiotropic signalling molecule that regulates appetite and metabolism primarily via activation of galanin and melanocortin receptors. Here, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of spx from Siniperca chuatsi (Scspx), characterised its spatiotemporal expression, elucidated spx regulatory features during starvation and feed adaptation, and identified SPX-interacting proteins using glutathione S-transferase pull-down and mass spectrometry. The Scspx ORF was 312 bp, encoding 103 amino acids. The predominant expression of spx was found in the liver of feed-trained S. chuatsi, where it was 17.36-fold greater than in muscle. During fasting (0, 3, 5, and 7 d), spx expression in the muscle, liver, and intestine initially increased and then declined, whereas brain and stomach tissues exhibited the opposite tendency. Compared to the smallest individuals, hepatic and brain spx expression was substantially lower in the largest individuals, whereas stomach expression was higher (p < 0.05). Fatty acid binding protein 2 was identified as a novel SPX-interacting partner, implicating SPX in feed adaptation through lipid metabolic regulation via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signalling pathway. Our results provide the first evidence of a direct SPX-FABP2 interaction in fish, pointing to a coordinated role in downstream gene regulation. This work hereby uncovers a novel regulatory axis within the piscine energy metabolism network. These findings provide new insight into the regulatory role of SPX in feed adaptation in S. chuatsi, offering a foundation for genetic analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 2066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mobilization Exercises Improve Activity and Stride Parameters Measured with Accelerometry in Sedentary Horses

by Aritz Saitua, Joaquín Pérez-Umbría, Karelhia García-Álamo and Ana Muñoz

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202943 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Dynamic mobilization exercises (DME) are an effective strategy to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and promote back health in sport horses. Previous studies focused mainly on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area, with limited data on locomotion and adaptation timing. This study evaluated locomotor changes using accelerometry, [...] Read more.

Dynamic mobilization exercises (DME) are an effective strategy to prevent musculoskeletal injuries and promote back health in sport horses. Previous studies focused mainly on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area, with limited data on locomotion and adaptation timing. This study evaluated locomotor changes using accelerometry, over 8 weeks of DME application in 14 sedentary horses: a DME group (n = 8) performing 10 different DME (3 neck flexions, 1 neck extension and 3 lateral bending exercises to each side), 5 repetitions of each DME per session, 3 sessions/week, and a control group (n = 6), that continued with their daily routine activities without any other training. During the study period, all horses were housed in medium-sized paddocks. Accelerometric measurements were performed at walk and trot before intervention, 2 h and 24 h after a DME session, and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The DME group showed significant increases in dorsoventral displacement and dorsoventral and mediolateral activities from week 4, at both walk and trot, which then stabilized. Longitudinal activity increased from week 2 on trot and from week 4 at walk. Locomotor symmetry and stride length improved at week 6, while stride frequency decreased at week 8; velocity remained unchanged. These findings indicate that DME enhances dorsoventral, mediolateral and longitudinal activities, producing longer, more symmetrical strides. Overall, DME appears to promote more symmetrical movement patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revolutionizing Animal Care: Enriching the Lives of Companion Animals and Equids Through Advanced Rehabilitation Techniques)

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17 pages, 807 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Biofloc Technology for Nile Tilapia Fry: Technical and Economic Feasibility, Solids Control, and Stocking Density

by Raphael de Leão Serafini, Bruno Corrêa da Silva, Haluko Massago, Eduardo da Silva and Adolfo Jatobá

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202942 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of the biofloc technology (BFT) system during the fry rearing phase of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), focusing on suspended solids management, stocking density, and economic performance at a pilot scale. Three trials were [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of the biofloc technology (BFT) system during the fry rearing phase of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), focusing on suspended solids management, stocking density, and economic performance at a pilot scale. Three trials were conducted. The first assessed the effects of four total suspended solids (TSS) ranges (0–200, 200–400, 400–600, and 600–800 mg·L⁻¹) on larval performance and water quality. TSS levels between 200 and 600 mg·L⁻¹ promoted improved water quality and zootechnical performance. The second trial tested five stocking densities (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 larvae·L⁻¹), evaluating their impact on water quality, survival, and size uniformity. Higher densities negatively affected survival (R² = 0.84) and final weight (R² = 0.92), while also increasing solids and nitrogenous compounds, thus impairing performance (p < 0.05). The third trial monitored six production cycles at pilot scale, evaluating zootechnical parameters, sex reversal efficiency, and economic indicators. All cycles showed survival rates above 85%, sex reversal close to 100%, and positive net margins (18.5 to 41.9%), demonstrating the viability of BFT for commercial fry operations. The results emphasize the importance of controlling suspended solids and stocking density to maintain water quality and optimize larval performance. Furthermore, the system proved economically viable, with good feed conversion rates and profitability, even without water exchange. These findings support BFT as a sustainable and efficient alternative for tilapia fry production, offering significant water savings and promising economic returns when properly managed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Aquaculture: New Technologies, Culture Systems and Integration of Emerging Species)

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30 pages, 2225 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Harvesting Practices and Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of Bahamian Land Crabs: Bridging Gaps Between Traditional and Scientific Knowledge

by Iain J. McGaw, Michael T. McSweeney, William F. Bigelow, Kaitlyn T. Gaitor, Scott G. Seamone, Owen R. O’Shea, Nicholas D. Higgs, Candice Brittain and Michelle T. Kuenzi

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2941; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202941 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Three species of land crab occur in The Bahamas; these are an important source of protein and income for Bahamian islanders. The crab harvesters represent an important and largely untapped knowledge source. We conducted surveys on the Bahamian islands of Andros, New Providence, [...] Read more.

Three species of land crab occur in The Bahamas; these are an important source of protein and income for Bahamian islanders. The crab harvesters represent an important and largely untapped knowledge source. We conducted surveys on the Bahamian islands of Andros, New Providence, and Eleuthera to document crabbing practices and catalogue this local ecological knowledge (LEK) of land crabs. The survey primarily employed close-ended questions targeting land crab harvesters; we also recorded general feedback from open-ended questions. Crab collection was primarily for self-consumption. Catch rates varied among islands, and were the highest on Andros. There was a preference for white land crabs (Cardisoma guanhumi) on Andros, whereas on Eleuthera and New Providence, there was no preference for either white or black crabs (Gecarcinus ruricola). The majority of respondents reported a decline in white and black crab numbers, with land development and overharvesting being consistently cited factors. On Andros, forest fires were also reported to account for the loss of crab habitat, whereas on Eleuthera, invasive raccoons were blamed for the population decline. Respondents identified broadleaf forests as critical refuges and food sources for black crabs. Birds were the major predator, confirming findings for other land crab species. Land crabs were not merely a food resource but represented a complex nexus of ecological knowledge, economic systems, cultural traditions, and community practices within Bahamian society. We demonstrated a substantial overlap between traditional and scientific knowledge systems, providing valuable insights into land crab behaviour, habitat use, and ecology that complements formal scientific research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

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14 pages, 2487 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Selection for Cashmere Traits in Inner Mongolian Cashmere Goats Using Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, Extreme Gradient Boosting and Light Gradient Boosting Machine Methods

by Jiaqi Liu, Xiaochun Yan, Wenze Li, Shan-Hui Xue, Zhiying Wang and Rui Su

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202940 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, Machine Learning (ML) has garnered increasing attention for its applications in genomic prediction. ML effectively processes high-dimensional genomic data and establishes nonlinear models. Compared to traditional Genomic Selection (GS) methods, ML algorithms enhance computational efficiency and offer higher prediction accuracy. [...] Read more.

In recent years, Machine Learning (ML) has garnered increasing attention for its applications in genomic prediction. ML effectively processes high-dimensional genomic data and establishes nonlinear models. Compared to traditional Genomic Selection (GS) methods, ML algorithms enhance computational efficiency and offer higher prediction accuracy. Therefore, this study strives to achieve the optimal machine learning algorithm for genome-wide selection of cashmere traits in Inner Mongolian cashmere goats. This study compared the genomic prediction accuracy of cashmere traits using four machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting Tree (XGBoost), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), and LightGBM—based on genotype data and cashmere trait phenotypic data from 2299 Inner Mongolian cashmere goats. The results showed that after parameter optimization, LightGBM achieved the highest selection accuracy for fiber length (56.4%), RF achieved the highest selection accuracy for cashmere production (35.2%), and GBDT achieved the highest selection accuracy for cashmere diameter (40.4%), compared with GBLUP, the accuracy improved by 0.8–2.7%. Among the three traits, XGBoost exhibited the lowest prediction accuracy, at 0.541, 0.309, and 0.387. Additionally, following parameter optimization, the prediction accuracy of the four machine learning methods for cashmere fineness, cashmere yield, and fiber length improved by an average of 2.9%, 2.7%, and 3.8%, respectively. The mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) for all machine learning methods also decreased, indicating that hyperparameter tuning can enhance prediction accuracy in ML algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Molecular Genetics and Breeding of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats)

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27 pages, 8567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Oral Antimicrobial Peptide R7I Against Epidemic Enteropathogenic Neisseria in Geese (Anser cygnoides orientalis)

by Shuo Jia, Junhan Gao, Jing Fu, Chongpeng Bi, Xiujing Dou and Anshan Shan

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202939 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has resulted in a lack of available drugs that can be used to treat various diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are green and safe antibiotic alternatives. In 2022, an outbreak of an acute diarrheal disease caused by Gram-negative cocci [...] Read more.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has resulted in a lack of available drugs that can be used to treat various diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are green and safe antibiotic alternatives. In 2022, an outbreak of an acute diarrheal disease caused by Gram-negative cocci named Neisseria occurred among domestic geese (Anser cygnoides orientalis) in Northeast China. In this study, we analyzed Neisseria S1, which caused diarrhea in geese, and determined whether AMP R7I designed in our laboratory can be used to treat Neisseria infection. This is the first report and isolation of enteropathogenic Neisseria, as well as the first report of Neisseria infection in Anser cygnoides orientalis. Peptide R7I has the capability to counteract Neisseria S1 infection both in vivo and in vitro. R7I induced the release of intracellular contents, leading to the death of Neisseria. Oral treatment of R7I modulated metabolic levels, antioxidant capacity, and immune responses and inhibited inflammation in Neisseria-infected geese. Furthermore, R7I significantly contributed to the recovery of intestinal homeostasis and regulated intestinal function via a signaling pathway related to metabolism in Neisseria infection. During our study of the mechanism of R7I against Neisseria infection, we preliminary found that R7I regulates lipid metabolism disorder and inflammation caused by Neisseria infection through the PPAR signaling pathway. In conclusion, R7I shows a strong ability against Neisseria infection, and it can be used as an oral antibiotic alternative in animal feed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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31 pages, 1861 KB

Open AccessReview

Metagenomic Applications to Herbivore Gut Microbiomes: A Comprehensive Review of Microbial Diversity and Host Interactions

by Jinjin Wei, Lin Wei, Abd Ullah, Mingyang Geng, Xuemin Zhang, Changfa Wang, Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Chunming Wang and Zhenwei Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202938 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Herbivorous animals rely on complex gastrointestinal systems and microbial communities to efficiently digest plant-based diets, extract nutrients, and maintain health. Recent advances in metagenomic technologies have enabled high-resolution, culture-independent analysis of gut microbiota composition, functional potential, and host–microbe interactions, providing insights into microbial [...] Read more.

Herbivorous animals rely on complex gastrointestinal systems and microbial communities to efficiently digest plant-based diets, extract nutrients, and maintain health. Recent advances in metagenomic technologies have enabled high-resolution, culture-independent analysis of gut microbiota composition, functional potential, and host–microbe interactions, providing insights into microbial diversity across the herbivore digestive tract. This review summarizes key findings on the gastrointestinal microbiota of herbivores, focusing on ruminant foregut and non-ruminant hindgut fermentation. Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats host microbiota enriched with fibrolytic and methanogenic microbes that facilitate fiber degradation and volatile fatty acid production, contributing significantly to energy balance. In contrast, non-ruminants such as horses and rabbits rely on hindgut fermentation, with distinct microbial taxa contributing to carbohydrate and protein breakdown. The review further explores how specific microbial taxa, including Prevotella, Fibrobacter, and Ruminococcus, correlate with improved feed efficiency and growth performance, particularly in ruminants. Additionally, the roles of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in modulating gut microbial composition and enhancing productivity are discussed. Despite significant advances, challenges remain in microbial sampling, functional annotation, and understanding the integration of microbiota with host physiology. The review emphasizes the potential of metagenomic insights in optimizing herbivore gut microbiota to improve feed efficiency, health, and sustainable livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Domestic Animal Nutrition: Microbial Interactions to Metabolic Optimization)

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16 pages, 2539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Analysis of the Conserved Population of Dengchuan Cattle Based on High Concordance SNP loci

by Jiangyu Long, Jingjing Su, Shiyan Sui, Huimin Li, Rong Jiang, Linjie Xu, You Tan and Birong Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(20), 2937; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15202937 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Local livestock genetic resources are crucial for sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation. Dengchuan cattle, a nationally protected dairy breed in China, are esteemed for their high milk fat content and cultural significance. However, they have been threatened by crossbreeding with exotic high-yielding breeds, [...] Read more.

Local livestock genetic resources are crucial for sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation. Dengchuan cattle, a nationally protected dairy breed in China, are esteemed for their high milk fat content and cultural significance. However, they have been threatened by crossbreeding with exotic high-yielding breeds, resulting in a decline in purebred resources. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity and structure of a conserved population using 100K SNP microarray data from 74 individuals. After implementing strict quality control measures, 78,460 loci were retained for principal component analysis (PCA), which identified 100 SNPs most associated with PC1. After calculating high-consistency loci using PLINK, based on allelic consistency, we selected 61 high-stability markers to represent 60 individuals for further analysis. Genetic diversity parameters indicated moderate polymorphism, with an effective population size (Ne) of 2.293, observed heterozygosity (Ho) of 0.300, expected heterozygosity (He) of 0.326, and an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.261. A paired t-test confirmed a highly significant difference between Ho and He (p < 0.001). Runs of homozygosity (ROH) revealed a moderate level of inbreeding (F_ROH = 0.0928), with bulls exhibiting slightly higher values than females. Neighbor-joining (NJ) clustering further indicated clear lineage distinctions among bulls, but lower kinship among females. Overall, Dengchuan cattle exhibit moderate genetic diversity but face risks due to a small Ne and an unbalanced family structure. Targeted breeding strategies and genetic monitoring are recommended to ensure sustainable conservation and utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 34 articles

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