Behavioral Sciences

13 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Active Commuting and Lifestyle Parameters with Mental Health Problems in Chilean Children and Adolescent

by Felipe Caamaño-Navarrete, Indya Del-Cuerpo, Carlos Arriagada-Hernández, Cristian Alvarez, Anelise Reis Gaya, Cézane Priscila Reuter and Pedro Delgado-Floody

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070554 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 107

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the association between active commuting (i.e., walking or cycling to school) with lifestyle parameters and mental health in youths. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between mental health problems and symptoms of depression, [...] Read more.

Background: Little is known about the association between active commuting (i.e., walking or cycling to school) with lifestyle parameters and mental health in youths. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between mental health problems and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with lifestyle (i.e., food habits, screen time, physical activity, and sleep quality), active commuting, and gender. Methods: A total of 511 children and adolescents (boys, n = 249; girls, n = 262) aged 10 to 17 years participated in the study. Lifestyle parameters and mental health were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: Girls reported higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.001), depression (p = 0.001), and stress (p = 0.001). Mental health problems showed a positive association with gender (girls, β = 3.06, p < 0.001) and a negative association with food habits (β = −0.65, p = 0.019). Anxiety was positively associated with gender (β = 7.88, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with food habits (β = −0.23, p = 0.019). Gender (girls) and food habits were also associated with symptoms of depression (β = 2.29, p < 0.001 and β = −0.27, p = 0.005, respectively). Finally, active commuting was inversely associated with stress (β = −1.24, p = 0.008), and stress was positively linked to gender (β = 2.53, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Active commuting, lifestyle parameters, and gender were associated with mental health in children and adolescents. Moreover, girls reported higher levels of anxiety, symptoms of depression, and stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Sports on Individual Cognition, Motivation and Mental Health)

10 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sandplay Therapy and Active Imagination: What Are the Similarities and Differences? Reflections about Jung’s Writings on Active Imagination

by Yura Loscalzo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070553 (registering DOI) - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 118

Abstract

Jung stated that active imagination is a fundamental component of the second phase of an analysis that can continue even outside the analytic setting. Since it can be conveyed through various expressive techniques, such as writing, drawing, and painting, it is possible to [...] Read more.

Jung stated that active imagination is a fundamental component of the second phase of an analysis that can continue even outside the analytic setting. Since it can be conveyed through various expressive techniques, such as writing, drawing, and painting, it is possible to argue that all forms of psychotherapy based on art (e.g., poetry, dance, and theater) originate from Jung’s contribution about active imagination. This paper focuses on Sandplay Therapy as one of the forms of expression rooted in active imagination. Apart from some critical differences between the two analytic processes (e.g., active imagination is usually prompted in the last phase of the analysis, while Sandplay Therapy might be used since the first sessions), there are several convergences. Among the principal analogies, consciousness lends its expressive means to the unconscious, which decides what to depict. Also, the resulting image is determined from both the consciousness and the unconscious and is related to the person’s conscious situation. Finally, I suggest that Sandplay Therapy—aside from contributing to the subsequent development of active imagination itself (as suggested by Dr. Carducci)—might also be used to practice active imagination in a “facilitated” and protected setting. It would help let the unconscious come up while creating the image in the sandtray, and it fosters the confrontation between the unconscious and the consciousness through the contemplation of the image in the sandtray. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creative Methods, Images and Dreams in Psychotherapy: Methods, Processes and Results)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Purchase Intentions: The Influence of Reviewers’ Comments Moderated by Risk and Trust

by Sabina Kwakye, Ahmet Ertugan and Laith Tashtoush

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070552 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 245

Abstract

Despite previous research on the impact of social media reviews on purchase intention, it is still unclear how individual reviewers' comments impact purchase intentions. To fill in the gap, this study examines the impact of product-related comments on purchase intentions. In terms of [...] Read more.

Despite previous research on the impact of social media reviews on purchase intention, it is still unclear how individual reviewers' comments impact purchase intentions. To fill in the gap, this study examines the impact of product-related comments on purchase intentions. In terms of contributions, this study evaluates people's dependence on social media for product information and purchase intention while considering risk and trust as moderating factors. The data were collected quantitatively using surveys. The sample consisted of 384 academically advanced adults with high social media engagement. The study hypotheses were tested using the PROCESS macro after exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and correlation analysis were conducted. Among those surveyed, it was confirmed that most people sought product-related comments on social media when seeking information about a product they might be interested in purchasing. It was also observed that the risk factor reduced the impact of other variables in the model presented in this study. In conclusion, this investigation is more reliable, and its outcomes benefit scholars, supervisors, merchants, and webmasters, for instance, in establishing a study for future research efforts and providing practical guidance that could boost promotional efforts and marketing activities, especially in this era of artificial intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)

17 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Intergenerational Trends on Parental Child-Rearing Gender Role Attitudes (PCGAs) in Single-Parent Families: A Relative Mediation

by Yunping Song, Mengping Yang, I-Jun Chen, Saba Ponam and Ying Shi

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070551 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 143

Abstract

Family structures are diverse, with single-parent families being special. Single-parent families have garnered interest regarding their impact on their children’s development in relation to gender roles and social adaptation. This study investigated 532 children from single-parent families (mean age = 14.81, SD = [...] Read more.

Family structures are diverse, with single-parent families being special. Single-parent families have garnered interest regarding their impact on their children’s development in relation to gender roles and social adaptation. This study investigated 532 children from single-parent families (mean age = 14.81, SD = 1.62) and their parents. We collected data on the parental child-rearing gender role attitudes (PCGAs) of grandparents and parents, as well as the gender role and social adaptation of the children. The results revealed four intergenerational trends in PCGAs: progression between generations, undesirability in both generations, desirability in both generations, and retrogression between generations. An ANOVA showed that families with intergenerational desirability tended to have children with the highest gender role and social adaptation scores among the four intergenerational trends, while families with intergenerational undesirability had the lowest. A relative mediation analysis showed that compared to intergenerational undesirable PCGAs, intergenerational progress and intergenerational desirable PCGAs are beneficial for children’s gender traits, and their social adaptation development is also better. The results confirm the positive effect of children’s gender roles on their social adaptation, which suggests that parents should pay attention to children’s gender role education, transform their PCGAs, and create a nurturing environment for children’s gender role development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

17 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of State Authenticity on the Sense of Meaning in Life of Middle School Students: Evidence from a Daily Diary Investigation and an Authenticity Enhancement Experiment

by Shan Yan and Weihai Tang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070550 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 108

Abstract

Authenticity is a positive force for adolescent development. Taking middle school students as the main research objects, this paper examines the causal mechanism between state authenticity (SA) and sense of meaning in life through two studies: the diary method and authenticity level increase [...] Read more.

Authenticity is a positive force for adolescent development. Taking middle school students as the main research objects, this paper examines the causal mechanism between state authenticity (SA) and sense of meaning in life through two studies: the diary method and authenticity level increase experiment. In study 1, through the daily diary data tracking investigation of 130 middle school students in daily life situations, the basic psychological needs (BPNs) and satisfaction with life (SWL) play a chain mediating role between state authenticity and sense of daily meaning in life. State authenticity has a one-way prediction effect on sense of meaning in life. In study 2, 140 participants were randomly divided into two groups (experimental group and control group). Middle school students in the experimental group were activated to recall the authenticity experience events to enhance the level of personal authenticity, and it was found that the subjects reported a higher sense of meaning in life. This study reveals the causal mechanism between authenticity and sense of meaning of life, which has positive practical significance for exploring ways to enhance the sense of meaning of life of middle school students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Positive Psychology Interventions in Schools)

12 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Psychoeducation on Attitudes toward Violence and Risky Behaviors among Refugee Adolescents

by Derya Atik, Ayşe İnel Manav and Edanur Tar Bolacalı

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070549 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 106

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effect of psychoeducation on attitudes toward violence and risky behaviors among refugee adolescents. This was a randomized controlled experimental study conducted with refugee adolescents (n = 101) studying in a high school in southern Turkey. After [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of psychoeducation on attitudes toward violence and risky behaviors among refugee adolescents. This was a randomized controlled experimental study conducted with refugee adolescents (n = 101) studying in a high school in southern Turkey. After psychoeducation, it was determined that there was a significant decrease in the prevalence of antisocial behaviors, alcohol use, suicidal thoughts, unhealthy eating habits, and school dropout thoughts among adolescents according to the subdimensions of the risky behavior scale. Psychoeducation was found to be effective in reducing attitudes toward violence and preventing risky behaviors among refugee adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Intervention for Mental Health in Teenagers and Young Adults)

13 pages, 434 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Reconsidering Leadership Development: From Programs to Developmental Systems

by David V. Day and Laura Dannhäuser

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070548 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 190

Abstract

We argue for reconsidering leadership development based on open systems theory and systems design principles. A primary advantage of open systems thinking is that it encourages holistic approaches to development and avoids episodic program-based training and piecemeal thinking. The latter approaches are both [...] Read more.

We argue for reconsidering leadership development based on open systems theory and systems design principles. A primary advantage of open systems thinking is that it encourages holistic approaches to development and avoids episodic program-based training and piecemeal thinking. The latter approaches are both limited and limiting yet tend to be the preferred approach to leadership development in organizations. Open systems approaches to development offer numerous advantages both conceptually and pragmatically, especially through the incorporation of ongoing feedback cycles. Core practices that define a leadership development system are presented and implications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rethinking Leadership Development: Contributions from Theory and Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effects of Self-Monitoring of Performance with a Peer Component on Disruptive Behavior and Task Completion of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

by Isabella Gural, Catia Cividini-Motta, Marissa L. Del Vecchio and Madeline R. Risse

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070547 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 175

Abstract

Self-monitoring (SM) is a widely used intervention to address a myriad of problem behaviors exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other disabilities (e.g., specific learning disability). SM of performance (SMP) interventions have been effective in increasing task completion and on-task [...] Read more.

Self-monitoring (SM) is a widely used intervention to address a myriad of problem behaviors exhibited by individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other disabilities (e.g., specific learning disability). SM of performance (SMP) interventions have been effective in increasing task completion and on-task behaviors in the general education setting. However, most of the research on SM interventions has been completed in a school setting, and few have evaluated the inclusion of a peer mediator component within a SM treatment package. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a SMP intervention on disruptive behavior and task completion in three children with ASD. This study extends previous research by incorporating a peer mediator component, including children with ASD, and implementing the intervention in a clinic setting. The results show that the SM treatment package was effective, as the level of disruptive behavior and task completion improved for all three participants compared to baseline levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Treatment of Challenging Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Reinforcement without Extinction: An Assessment of Sensitivity to and Effects of Reinforcer Parameter Manipulations

by Hannah MacNaul, Catia Cividini-Motta and Kayla Randall

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070546 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 368

Abstract

Although functional communication training (FCT) usually includes extinction, withholding reinforcement is not possible or ethical with certain individuals, for some topographies of problem behavior, or in certain contexts. The current study evaluates the effects of two variations of FCT, both without extinction, on [...] Read more.

Although functional communication training (FCT) usually includes extinction, withholding reinforcement is not possible or ethical with certain individuals, for some topographies of problem behavior, or in certain contexts. The current study evaluates the effects of two variations of FCT, both without extinction, on problem behavior and communication. Further, the intervention procedures were designed to evaluate participant reactivity to reinforcer parameters (e.g., magnitude, delay, and quality) in the context of the FCT variations. The parameter sensitivity assessments were effective at identifying relevant reinforcer parameters for each participant and both FCT interventions were effective in decreasing problem behavior and increasing communication for all participants. The results demonstrated that FCT was effective regardless of which reinforcer parameter was manipulated. Moreover, all sessions were conducted in participants’ homes and caregivers reported high degrees of social validity for the intervention procedures and outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Treatment of Challenging Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Psychological Flexibility on Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Multiple Mediation Role of Mindfulness and Coping

by Thiago Paiva, Ana Nunes da Silva, David Dias Neto, Maria Karekla, Angelos P. Kassianos and Andrew Gloster

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070545 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 268

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic involved a complex set of stressors affecting the health and well-being of the population. The understanding of the psychological processes that influence well-being in response to the pandemic and their interrelation is vital. A promising process in understanding the emotional [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic involved a complex set of stressors affecting the health and well-being of the population. The understanding of the psychological processes that influence well-being in response to the pandemic and their interrelation is vital. A promising process in understanding the emotional impacts of these stressors is psychological flexibility. This study investigated the effect of psychological flexibility on well-being, both directly and indirectly, via mindfulness and coping strategies. A total of 334 Portuguese adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were asked to complete an online questionnaire, including measures of psychological flexibility, well-being, mindfulness, and coping strategies. A multiple mediation model studied whether there are conditional indirect effects of mindfulness and coping strategies on well-being. The results showed statistically significant correlations between psychological flexibility, well-being, mindfulness, and coping strategies. Furthermore, we found that mindfulness and coping strategies partly mediate the relationship between psychological flexibility and well-being. Understanding the processes through which psychological flexibility influences well-being in a stressful context is important in comprehending the processes involved in an emotional reaction to a pandemic-like societal event. Mindfulness and coping are shown to be important processes to consider in understanding this phenomenon and designing future responses. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Case Study Investigating the Relational Well-Being of International Students at Hohai University Nanjing, Jiangsu Province of China

by Haihua Ying, Abdul Rasool Khoso and Shahnaz Bhutto

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070544 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 222

Abstract

This study acknowledges the growing importance of international student mobility and examines the relational well-being of international students at Hohai University in Nanjing, China. Understanding the complexities of interactions among international students is essential for their well-being and the university’s overall success, since [...] Read more.

This study acknowledges the growing importance of international student mobility and examines the relational well-being of international students at Hohai University in Nanjing, China. Understanding the complexities of interactions among international students is essential for their well-being and the university’s overall success, since this tendency continues to increase. By examining the distinct possibilities and problems faced by international students at Hohai University and considering elements including cultural distinctiveness, the campus environment, interpersonal dynamics, and support networks, the study fills a research void. For this purpose, 150 international students at Hohai University participated in semi-structured interviews and 10 participants participated in unstructured interviews as part of the mixed-methods approach to obtain in-depth information. Hence, the descriptive data were analyzed using SPSS and qualitative analyses were performed using NVIVO. According to preliminary findings derived from quantitative data, important results emphasize the significant impact of homesickness (0.143, T value: 5.931) and the positive correlation of relational well-being (0.146), highlighting their significance. The effect of the language barrier is also significant (0.125, T value: 4.378), whereas loneliness has little bearing (0.011, T value: 0.847). Additionally, the highest concern of the international students (M = 8.35; SD = 1.43) was making connections with local students. Additionally, (M = 8.21; SD = 1.15) international students favored Hohai University, which provided a welcoming atmosphere for intercultural dialogue. The Foreign Student Office, social events, cultural exchange programs, counseling services, and peer support networks are just a few examples of the support structures and networks crucial to international students’ general well-being. At the same time, the cultural hurdles, including the language barrier and loneliness, seemed to be the challenge. The study concludes by shedding light on the relational well-being of international students at Hohai University and highlighting the importance of community-building and supporting actions. The results provide insightful information that will help the institution better respond to the particular difficulties that international students encounter, creating a more welcoming and stimulating atmosphere. This study establishes the foundation for further research in comparable contexts and advances our understanding of relational well-being in the context of experiences for overseas students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing and Mental Health among Students)

17 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Substance Use among School-Going Adolescents and Young Adults in Rural Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

by Tabeho Godfrey Mmethi, Perpetua Modjadji, Mmampedi Mathibe, Ntevhe Thovhogi, Machoene Derrick Sekgala, Thomas Khomotjo Madiba and Olalekan Ayo-Yusuf

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070543 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 162

Abstract

The ongoing public health crisis of substance use among school adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in South Africa is not new in research parlance, amidst the national policy of drug abuse management in schools. In view of no tangible progress to reduce substance [...] Read more.

The ongoing public health crisis of substance use among school adolescents and young adults (AYAs) in South Africa is not new in research parlance, amidst the national policy of drug abuse management in schools. In view of no tangible progress to reduce substance use in high schools in the country, we conducted a cross-sectional quantitative study aimed at investigating substance use among adolescents and young adults in the four public high schools selected through multi-stage sampling in rural Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Data on substance use, demographics, household socio-demographics, and related factors were collected via a validated self-administered questionnaire. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed using STATA 18. The study included 402 AYAs aged between 14 and 23 years (18 ± 1 years), and 45% reported substance use in the last twelve months. Alcohol was the most used substance (74%), followed by cigarettes (12%) and cannabis (11%). AYAs used substances out of social influence, curiosity, to find joy, and to eliminate stress, especially in social events, on the streets, and at home, and reported negative physical health outcomes, mainly hallucinations, sleeping disorders, body weakness, and dry mouths. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that the likelihood of substance use was three times in a particular high school (S4) (AOR = 3.93, 95%CI: 1.72–8.99), twice among the grade 12s (AOR = 2.73, 95%CI: 1.46–5.11), over twenty times in the communities with substance availability (AOR = 22.45, 95%CI: 2.75–183.56), almost ten times among AYAs participating in recreational/sports activities (AOR = 9.74, 95%CI: 4.21–22.52), and twice likely to happen in larger households (AOR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.57–5.58). Prevention and intervention efforts should consider these specific health concerns to develop targeted strategies for mitigating substance use and its adverse consequences in this vulnerable population towards achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal Target 3.5, which aims to strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and the harmful use of alcohol. Full article

16 pages, 455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Playfulness in Children with Low Executive Functions: The Role of Parental Playfulness and Parental Playtime with Their Child

by Isabelle Duss, Cornelia Ruedisueli, Corina Wustmann Seiler and Patricia Lannen

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070542 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 113

Abstract

Children with low executive functions (EFs) are described as having lower levels of playfulness, the quality of children’s play, compared to children with EFs within the normal range. However, how playfulness in children with low EFs develops over time remains unclear. Additionally, little [...] Read more.

Children with low executive functions (EFs) are described as having lower levels of playfulness, the quality of children’s play, compared to children with EFs within the normal range. However, how playfulness in children with low EFs develops over time remains unclear. Additionally, little is known about how parental playfulness and parental playtime with their child affect these developmental trajectories in children with low EFs. To address these research gaps, we measured playfulness in 62 children with low EFs and 62 children with EFs within the normal range aged 3 to 6 years at three time points over 2 years. We used the Children’s Playfulness Scale, which captures multi-informant perspectives from parents and teachers. Moreover, the parents of children with low EFs reported their own playfulness and their playtime with their children at T1. Repeated-measures hierarchical linear models indicated significantly lower levels of playfulness in the children with low EFs than in the controls, with no significant changes observed over 2 years in either group. In the children with low EFs, we found a significant positive relationship between parental playfulness at T1 and children’s playfulness 2 years later but a significant negative relationship between parental playtime at T1 and children’s playfulness 2 years later. These results prompt a broad discussion on potential implications for the enhancement of playfulness in children with low EFs within the family environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

19 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Participation in Extracurricular Arts and Sports Activities and Adolescents’ Social and Emotional Skills: An Empirical Analysis Based on the OECD Social and Emotional Skills Survey

by Weihao Wang, Wenye Li and Jijun Yao

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070541 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 181

Abstract

In light of the ‘double reduction’ policy, which affords adolescents increased time for extracurricular pursuits, the strategic organization of these activities’ form and content is imperative. Prior research has established a robust correlation between adolescent participation in extracurricular arts and sports and the [...] Read more.

In light of the ‘double reduction’ policy, which affords adolescents increased time for extracurricular pursuits, the strategic organization of these activities’ form and content is imperative. Prior research has established a robust correlation between adolescent participation in extracurricular arts and sports and the enhancement in their social and emotional skills. Nevertheless, the relationship between extracurricular arts and sports activities and the various dimensions of social and emotional skills, as well as the connection between participation in different types of these activities and the enhancement in social and emotional skills, requires further investigation. Utilizing the Theory of Multiple Intelligence and data from the OECD-SSES2019 Suzhou (China) student survey, this study employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and coarsened exact matching (CEM) methodologies to address these gaps. In China, participation in extracurricular arts and sports activities is significantly positively associated with various dimensions of social and emotional skills, with a synergistic effect observed between these activities in enhancing these skills. Additionally, this study finds age-related heterogeneity in the relationship between participation in extracurricular arts and sports activities and the improvement in social and emotional skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional and Cognitive Perspectives in Physical Activity and Sport)

18 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Connecting Environmental Perception, Awe, Face Consciousness, and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors: A Mediated-Moderated Analysis

by Youxu Yan, Xueji Wang, Serene Tse and Lei Wang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070540 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 176

Abstract

Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) is one of the key areas in tourism as it concerns tourism sustainability that further influences a destination’s competitiveness and image. This study sought to deepen the formation of TERB through tourists’ degree of environmental perception, mediated by [...] Read more.

Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) is one of the key areas in tourism as it concerns tourism sustainability that further influences a destination’s competitiveness and image. This study sought to deepen the formation of TERB through tourists’ degree of environmental perception, mediated by their feeling of awe towards the environment, and moderated by their level of face consciousness. Data were collected from tourists in Tibet and the findings indicated that awe exerted partial mediation on the tourists’ perception-behavior relationship. Furthermore, face consciousness moderated the mediated relationship of humanistic environmental perception, awe, and TERB. This study adds value to existing tourism studies by revealing the influences of awe on constructing tourists’ attitude in sustainable tourism. From a practical perspective, the findings offer insights for destination management organizations (DMOs) in promoting tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior that fosters sustainable tourism development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adolescent Female Users’ Avatar Creation in Social Virtual Worlds: Opportunities and Challenges

by Chaeeun Ko and Seongcheol Kim

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070539 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Many adolescent females are active online, finding creative ways to express themselves through evolving social media technologies. Social virtual worlds (SVWs), distinguished by extensive avatar customization features, provide them with unique opportunities to craft virtual identities and explore diverse facets of self-presentation. This [...] Read more.

Many adolescent females are active online, finding creative ways to express themselves through evolving social media technologies. Social virtual worlds (SVWs), distinguished by extensive avatar customization features, provide them with unique opportunities to craft virtual identities and explore diverse facets of self-presentation. This study investigates adolescent females’ construction of avatars in Zepeto, a South Korea-based global SVW platform. Employing social representation theory (SRT) as a theoretical framework, this study conducted in-depth interviews with adolescent female Zepeto users to uncover their perceptions of and motivations behind avatar creation in SVWs, as well as to explore how the interplay of virtual and real worlds presents them with various opportunities and challenges. While the prospects of SVWs remain uncertain, examining how these young users interpret and experience SVWs contributes to identifying potential strategies to enhance the sustainability of these platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emergence of Cyberpsychology as an Essential Framework for Social Science Research)

12 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Negative Self-Evaluative Emotions Enhance Healthier Food Choices? Exploring the Moderating Role of Self-Affirmation

by Jingwen Li, Yu Chen, Mingcong Tang and Shuangmiao Wang

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070538 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Negative self-evaluative emotions arise when an individual engages in behavior that is perceived as inadequate or inconsistent with personal or societal norms and values, leading to feelings of inadequacy, shame, and dissatisfaction with oneself. These emotions are a central motivating force for changing [...] Read more.

Negative self-evaluative emotions arise when an individual engages in behavior that is perceived as inadequate or inconsistent with personal or societal norms and values, leading to feelings of inadequacy, shame, and dissatisfaction with oneself. These emotions are a central motivating force for changing unhealthy behaviors. However, negative evaluative emotions may also direct individuals towards defensive reactions such as reactance and avoidance. This can cause negative self-evaluative emotions to be less effective in reducing unhealthy behavior. More importantly, empirical evidence is needed to explore strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of interventions. In this study, we used an online experiment with 100 student participants to examine if increasing self-affirmation can increase the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions in reducing unhealthy food consumption. We found that negative self-evaluative emotions can significantly increase healthy food consumption. However, our analysis did not reveal a significant moderating impact of self-affirmation on the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions in reducing unhealthy consumption. This is the first study to explore the moderating impact of self-affirmation on the effectiveness of negative self-evaluative emotions on health behavioral change, which opens new avenues for studying how to apply the combination of stimulating negative self-evaluative emotions and increasing self-affirmation to induce behavioral change regarding healthy diets and even a broader range of fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Behavioural Science in Improving Public Health)

14 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Stress and Academic Self-Efficacy among Students at Elite Colleges: A Longitudinal Analysis

by Xinqiao Liu, Chen Zhu, Zifei Dong and Yunfeng Luo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070537 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 257

Abstract

Stress and academic self-efficacy are crucial factors in the psychological health of college students. Previous research has shown that stress is associated with academic self-efficacy, but their longitudinal relationships among students at elite colleges remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the longitudinal [...] Read more.

Stress and academic self-efficacy are crucial factors in the psychological health of college students. Previous research has shown that stress is associated with academic self-efficacy, but their longitudinal relationships among students at elite colleges remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the longitudinal relationships between stress and academic self-efficacy among students from five elite colleges in China. Descriptive statistics indicated that students experienced a slight reduction in stress accompanied by a marginal increase in academic self-efficacy from the junior year to the senior year. Correlation analysis revealed that stress was negatively correlated with academic self-efficacy. According to cross-lagged models, heightened stress significantly predicted lower levels of academic self-efficacy. However, greater academic self-efficacy did not significantly predict lower stress. In conclusion, stress exhibited a unidirectional negative prediction on academic self-efficacy over time among students at elite colleges. The results of this study suggested that elite colleges should pay more attention to the mental health of students and provide appropriate guidance, such as establishing a positive mental health atmosphere in the educational environment and employing advanced technological means. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Participants’ Utilitarian Choice Is Influenced by Gamble Presentation and Age

by Joseph Teal, Petko Kusev, Siana Vukadinova, Rose Martin and Renata M. Heilman

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070536 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 224

Abstract

No prior behavioral science research has delved into the impact of gamble presentation (horizontal or vertical) on individuals’ utilitarian behavior, despite evidence suggesting that such choices can be influenced by comparing attributes like probability and money in gambles. This article addresses this gap [...] Read more.

No prior behavioral science research has delved into the impact of gamble presentation (horizontal or vertical) on individuals’ utilitarian behavior, despite evidence suggesting that such choices can be influenced by comparing attributes like probability and money in gambles. This article addresses this gap by exploring the influence of gamble presentation on utilitarian behavior. A two-factor independent measures design was employed to explore the influence of the type of gamble presentation and age on participants’ utilitarian decision-making preferences. The findings showed a reduced likelihood of participants choosing the non-utilitarian gamble with vertically presented gambles compared to horizontal ones. Consequently, participants’ utilitarian behavior was influenced by between-gamble comparisons of available attributes, with utilitarian choices (e.g., choosing Gamble A) being more prevalent in vertical presentations due to a straightforward comparison on the probability attribute. Furthermore, the results also revealed that older participants take more time than their younger counterparts when making utilitarian errors. We attribute this to their abundant knowledge and experience. Future research should explore the comparative psychological processing used by participants in risky decision-making tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Psychology of Decision-Making: How Choice Context, Content and Task Influence People’s Behaviour)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mental Health and Relational Needs of Cambodian Refugees after Four Decades of Resettlement in the United States: An Ethnographic Needs Assessment

by Chansophal Mak and Elizabeth Wieling

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070535 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 355

Abstract

The United States has a long history of welcoming refugees fleeing persecution, organized violence, and war. However, the welcome often does not come with adequate immigration infrastructure support necessary to rebuild life and promote family well-being. Approximately 157,000 Cambodians were accepted to resettle [...] Read more.

The United States has a long history of welcoming refugees fleeing persecution, organized violence, and war. However, the welcome often does not come with adequate immigration infrastructure support necessary to rebuild life and promote family well-being. Approximately 157,000 Cambodians were accepted to resettle in the U.S. between 1975 and 1994 due to the countrywide genocide. Upon resettlement, Cambodians were placed in impoverished neighborhoods with little resources to heal and rebuild. The purpose of this study, grounded in a Human Ecological Model and guided by Critical Ethnography principles, was to conduct a formal needs assessment of Cambodian refugee families across the United States. Eighteen professionals were interviewed virtually in Khmer and/or English. The data were analyzed using the Developmental Research Sequence. The results emphasized a critical need to address mental health complications resulting from untreated mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety-related disorders, and complicated grief, across generations. Severe disruptions in family relationships (i.e., parent–child and couple relationships) were also reported along with substance abuse in the absence of access to culturally responsive mental health treatments. Findings suggest the need for culturally tailored multilevel interventions to effectively address mental health and relational challenges of multigenerational Cambodian families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trauma, Resilience and Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Parental Autonomy Support on Family Adaptation in the Context of “Double Reduction”: The Mediating Role of Parent–Child Communication and Cohesion

by Ruibo Xie, Xuan Wang, Yangguang Ding, Yanling Chen and Wan Ding

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070534 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 210

Abstract

The implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy indicates a significant change in the way households operate, such as through parental education conception and parenting form, in which family adaptation needs particular attention. Parental autonomy support has been evidenced to be related to family [...] Read more.

The implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy indicates a significant change in the way households operate, such as through parental education conception and parenting form, in which family adaptation needs particular attention. Parental autonomy support has been evidenced to be related to family adaptation in prior studies. However, the mechanism underlying the relationship between parental autonomy support and family adaptation in the context of “Double Reduction” are not clear enough but remain fascinating. This study aims to explore the process through which parental autonomy support affects the whole family’s adaptation in the context of “Double Reduction” from the perspectives of parent–child behavior and emotions (i.e., parent–child communication and parent–child cohesion). A cross-sectional design based on the questionnaire method was used to collect the characteristics of 4239 adolescent parents (1493 fathers and 3427 mothers; M_age = 43.20, SD_age = 22.39) one year after the implementation of the “Double Reduction” policy. In addition, this study also used the retrospective method to obtain the characteristics of parental autonomy support before the “Double Reduction” policy. In the context of “Double Reduction”, the research results found that parental autonomy support can predict family adaptation; parental autonomy support can also influence the whole family’s adaptation through the quality of parent–child interaction. This study reveals the impact mechanism of parental autonomy support on family adaptation under the background of “Double Reduction” in China and provides insights on how to improve the adaptation of the entire family from the perspective of parent–child interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Risk and Protective Factors in Social Interactions: Behavioral and Neural Evidence)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Cooperation in 5–6-Year-Old Rural Chinese Children through Cooperative Constructive Play Based on Anji Play: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Xinya Lin, Yunpeng Wu, Jianfen Wu and Liping Qin

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070533 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 346

Abstract

Cooperation plays a crucial role in children’s social development and adaptation. This study designed a cooperative constructive play (CCP) intervention based on the Anji Play teaching model and evaluated its effectiveness in a quasi-experimental design involving 60 rural Chinese children aged 5–6 years. [...] Read more.

Cooperation plays a crucial role in children’s social development and adaptation. This study designed a cooperative constructive play (CCP) intervention based on the Anji Play teaching model and evaluated its effectiveness in a quasi-experimental design involving 60 rural Chinese children aged 5–6 years. Participants were divided into an experimental group, which engaged in 12 weeks of CCP, and a control group, which continued with regular teaching activities. The cooperation data were collected through a truck racing task using pre-, mid-, post-, and follow-up tests, while the cooperation levels and strategies were evaluated by video observations of role-playing games before and after the tests. The results indicated significant improvements in cooperation scores in both the truck racing task and role-playing games in the experimental group compared to the baseline, with no similar enhancements observed in the control group. Furthermore, cooperation scores in the follow-up were higher than pre- and post-test scores, demonstrating the CCP’s effectiveness in fostering child cooperation, transferability to other contexts, and sustainability. These findings suggest that CCP intervention based on Anji Play can significantly enhance cooperation in children, offering a valuable tool for educational practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings—2nd Edition)

22 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamics of Perceived Stress, Stress Appraisal, and Coping Strategies in an Evolving Educational Landscape

by Aneela Maqsood, Seema Gul, Nazia Noureen and Arooj Yaswi

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070532 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 455

Abstract

In the evolving landscape of education, college teachers often find themselves at the crossroads of myriad stressors, ranging from institutional demands to personal challenges. Understanding the factors that influence their stress perceptions and coping mechanisms is pivotal, not just for their well-being, but [...] Read more.

In the evolving landscape of education, college teachers often find themselves at the crossroads of myriad stressors, ranging from institutional demands to personal challenges. Understanding the factors that influence their stress perceptions and coping mechanisms is pivotal, not just for their well-being, but also for the overall quality of education imparted. This study sought to investigate the intricate relationships between gender, marital status, institutional affiliation, and their collective impacts on perceived stress, stress appraisal, and coping strategies among college teachers. A sample of 300 college teachers, evenly split with reference to gender, was engaged. Employing tools including Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), and Brief COPE, the analysis of the study used independent samples t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to derive insights. Findings revealed pronounced gender disparities in stress perception and appraisal, with women teachers manifesting heightened levels. Marital status emerged as a significant modulator of stress and coping, with married teachers depicting nuanced stress and its appraisal with reported coping strategies compared to their unmarried peers. Furthermore, a significant variance in perceived stress and coping was observed between teachers of private and governmental institutions, with private institution teachers displaying elevated stress levels. The study underscores the multifaceted nature of stress experiences among college teachers in Pakistan, influenced by a blend of personal and institutional determinants. These insights are pivotal for institutions aiming to enhance the well-being and effectiveness of their teachers. However, given the specific cultural context of the study, there is an imperative for more global, comparative research, ensuring holistic support mechanisms for teachers worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Job-Related Stress, Burnout and Quality of Life)

17 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raising Hopes, Facing Challenges: Understanding Parental Well-Being in the Midst of Autism in Saudi Arabia

by Shuliweeh Alenezi, Norah Alsewailem, Bayan A. Almubaddil, Rand Saud Alshaya, Sarah Mohammed A. Alqahtani, Sara A. Aldossari, Shimah Maibed Alsalhi and Ahmed S. Alyahya

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070531 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 393

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. It also compared the difference in these levels between mothers and fathers. Additionally, it quantifies the association between parental anxiety, [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. It also compared the difference in these levels between mothers and fathers. Additionally, it quantifies the association between parental anxiety, depression, and quality of life, with various sociodemographic factors. Methods: This analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out between June and December 2022. An online questionnaire was completed by a sample of 394 parents of children with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) residing in Saudi Arabia. Three scales were used to assess depression, anxiety, and quality of life (QoL), respectively: Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), and World Health Organization Quality of Life—Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Most parents (70.8%) were mothers with an average age of 39 years, typically ranging from 30 to 48 years. Parents’ overall quality of life was 57.72 out of 100, indicating moderate satisfaction. Anxiety levels showed that 32% had mild, 17.8% moderate, and 14.7% severe anxiety. Similarly, depression levels revealed that 34.5% had minimal, 32.2% mild, and 18% moderate depression. Higher anxiety and depression scores were linked to a lower perceived QoL (quality of life). Moreover, the socioeconomic status index (SESi) was significantly and positively correlated with higher depression and lower quality of life. Conclusions: Autism Spectrum Disorder imposes a strain on parents of the autistic child. The responsibilities linked to the disability amplify the occurrence of depression and anxiety among parents, leading to a diminished quality of life. Full article

11 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Narrative Study: Changes in Physical Ability and Social Communication in Children with Autism through Taekwondo Training with Elements of Music Therapy from the Parents’ Perspective

by Kam-Ming Mok, Corliss H. H. Sze, Clare C. W. Yu, Emma Mak, Dorothy F. Y. Chan and Simpson W. L. Wong

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070530 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 572

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) significantly affects social and motor skills development in early, middle or even late childhood. To promote social and motor skills development among autistic children, an intervention consisting of Taekwondo and elements of music therapy was designed and implemented in [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) significantly affects social and motor skills development in early, middle or even late childhood. To promote social and motor skills development among autistic children, an intervention consisting of Taekwondo and elements of music therapy was designed and implemented in Hong Kong. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effectiveness of this training, based on parents’ observations of their children who had completed the key stage of the training. Thirteen parents or caregivers (n = 13) whose children with autism participated in our Taekwondo training for two months were interviewed. Three major themes were identified by thematic analysis: (A) social skills-related change after the intervention, (B) motor skills-related change after the intervention, (C) characteristics of the intervention (i.e., session arrangement, tutor/coach attitude). Our findings show that our training was perceived by parents to have a significant impact on the promotion of physical ability and social communication in autistic children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

18 pages, 362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Dynamics: Exploring User Affective and Behavioral Responses to Social Media

by Seonggoo Ji and Ihsan Ullah Jan

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070529 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 493

Abstract

Social media has outperformed traditional media as a source of interpersonal and masspersonal communication tools. The extant literature offers valuable knowledge on the positive and (or) negative attributes of social media and their ultimate effects on users’ affective and behavioral responses. However, it [...] Read more.

Social media has outperformed traditional media as a source of interpersonal and masspersonal communication tools. The extant literature offers valuable knowledge on the positive and (or) negative attributes of social media and their ultimate effects on users’ affective and behavioral responses. However, it is unclear how the positive and negative attributes of social media affect users’ responses simultaneously. Drawing on the newly proposed social media demands and resources (SMD-R) model, the present study examined the positive and negative attributes of social media on the affective outcomes of social media fatigue (hereafter SM fatigue) and SM engagement (hereafter SM engagement) and behavioral outcomes of users in a single integrated framework. Data were gathered from 235 social media users in the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea) to test the proposed framework. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was conducted, and the results showed that SM demands positively related to SM fatigue and negatively related to SM engagement. SM resources positively related to SM engagement and did not affect SM fatigue. SM fatigue positively related to SM discontinuous intention and negatively related to SM loyalty. Finally, SM engagement positively related to SM loyalty and negatively related to SM discontinuous intention. These findings contribute to the social media literature by proposing and empirically testing the SMD-R model, which integrates SM demands, SM resources, and the affective and behavioral responses of users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Media as Interpersonal and Masspersonal)

18 pages, 418 KiB

Open AccessReview

School-Based Team Sports as Catalysts for Holistic Student Wellness: A Narrative Review

by Xiaolei Kang, Qing Meng and Chun-Hsien Su

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070528 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The narrative review examines how school-based team sports catalyze holistic student wellness, leveraging their inherent nature and addressing barriers to inclusivity. Utilizing the holistic wellness framework—which encompasses physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, and occupational dimensions—the review evaluates the multifaceted effects of these sports [...] Read more.

The narrative review examines how school-based team sports catalyze holistic student wellness, leveraging their inherent nature and addressing barriers to inclusivity. Utilizing the holistic wellness framework—which encompasses physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, and occupational dimensions—the review evaluates the multifaceted effects of these sports on student well-being. Supported by wellness models like Dr. Bill Hettler’s Six Dimensions of Wellness and various research studies, the framework highlights the interconnectedness of these areas in achieving overall well-being. School-based team sports promote discipline, teamwork, physical fitness, and social interaction while fostering skill development, ethical behavior, and emotional resilience. These elements, collectively, may support the holistic development of students, enhancing their overall health and success. The methodological approach of this review involves a synthesis of empirical research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from the past two decades (2004–2024), sourced from databases such as PubMed, EBSCO (EDS), and Google Scholar. Key findings include enhanced cardiovascular fitness, emotional resilience, cognitive performance, social skills, spiritual fulfillment, and career readiness awareness. The review highlights the necessity of integrating team sports into educational curricula to promote well-rounded student development and proposes strategies to overcome socioeconomic, cultural, and structural barriers to participation. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to examine the long-term effects of team sports and explore the potential of digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing these benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Sports on Individual Cognition, Motivation and Mental Health)

23 pages, 1451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Variational Autoencoders for Modeling Nonlinear Relationships in Psychological Data

by Nicola Milano, Monica Casella, Raffaella Esposito and Davide Marocco

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070527 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 186

Abstract

Latent variables analysis is an important part of psychometric research. In this context, factor analysis and other related techniques have been widely applied for the investigation of the internal structure of psychometric tests. However, these methods perform a linear dimensionality reduction under a [...] Read more.

Latent variables analysis is an important part of psychometric research. In this context, factor analysis and other related techniques have been widely applied for the investigation of the internal structure of psychometric tests. However, these methods perform a linear dimensionality reduction under a series of assumptions that could not always be verified in psychological data. Predictive techniques, such as artificial neural networks, could complement and improve the exploration of latent space, overcoming the limits of traditional methods. In this study, we explore the latent space generated by a particular artificial neural network: the variational autoencoder. This autoencoder could perform a nonlinear dimensionality reduction and encourage the latent features to follow a predefined distribution (usually a normal distribution) by learning the most important relationships hidden in data. In this study, we investigate the capacity of autoencoders to model item–factor relationships in simulated data, which encompasses linear and nonlinear associations. We also extend our investigation to a real dataset. Results on simulated data show that the variational autoencoder performs similarly to factor analysis when the relationships among observed and latent variables are linear, and it is able to reproduce the factor scores. Moreover, results on nonlinear data show that, differently than factor analysis, it can also learn to reproduce nonlinear relationships among observed variables and factors. The factor score estimates are also more accurate with respect to factor analysis. The real case results confirm the potential of the autoencoder in reducing dimensionality with mild assumptions on input data and in recognizing the function that links observed and latent variables. Full article

18 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The General Pedagogical Knowledge Underpinning Early Childhood Education Teachers’ Classroom Behaviors Who Teach English as a Foreign Language in Chinese Kindergartens

by Xiaobo Shi and Susanna Siu-Sze Yeung

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070526 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 271

Abstract

There is limited understanding of the general pedagogical knowledge (GPK) of early childhood education (ECE) teachers who teach English as a foreign language (EFL). This study therefore explored GPK categories and subcategories in six Chinese ECE EFL teachers using stimulated recall classroom observation. [...] Read more.

There is limited understanding of the general pedagogical knowledge (GPK) of early childhood education (ECE) teachers who teach English as a foreign language (EFL). This study therefore explored GPK categories and subcategories in six Chinese ECE EFL teachers using stimulated recall classroom observation. The deductive and inductive data analysis revealed that GPK consists of four categories and ten subcategories. The four knowledge categories were child development, the objectives and content of teaching, the act of teaching, and classroom management. Additionally, the study found that the novice teachers had similarities with the experienced teachers in number and type of GPK. The study also found differences: the subcategory how to use child-appropriate instructional methods was top for the experienced teachers, but not for the novice teachers; the novice teachers mentioned classroom management more than the experienced teachers; the novice teachers showed a negative tendency toward the act of teaching, while the experienced teachers were positive. The implications are discussed. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Do Juveniles Who Have Committed Sexual Offenses Have Higher Callous-Unemotional Traits Compared to Juveniles Who Have Committed General Offenses? A Systematic Review

by Eduarda Ramião, Andreia Geraldo, Patrícia Figueiredo, Ricardo Barroso and Fernando Barbosa

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070525 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

The importance of assessing psychopathic traits in juveniles who have committed sexual offenses has been established in individuals who demonstrate a particularly severe and violent pattern of behavior. Additionally, the assessment of these traits in other juveniles might be relevant considering that higher [...] Read more.

The importance of assessing psychopathic traits in juveniles who have committed sexual offenses has been established in individuals who demonstrate a particularly severe and violent pattern of behavior. Additionally, the assessment of these traits in other juveniles might be relevant considering that higher levels of these traits represent an increased probability of the juvenile committing offenses. This study is a systematic review of the literature about the presence of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in juveniles who have committed sexual and non-sexual offenses, in order to ascertain eventual differences between these groups regarding the presence of CU traits. Studies were obtained from multiple databases, with predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria, according to PRISMA-P guidelines. A total of 18 studies were reviewed and included in the final analysis. The 18 studies used measures of CU traits and reported descriptive categories of CU traits in juveniles who have committed general offenses or juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Meta-analytic procedures such as pooled means, pooled variances, and pooled standard deviations are presented in this study. The main conclusion obtained is that juveniles who have committed general offenses present higher levels of CU traits compared to juveniles who have committed sexual offenses. Although the review highlights limitations in the literature, the identification of these characteristics in different types of juveniles who have committed offenses is important to shed light on the phenomenon and develop interventions better suited to their characteristics. Recommendations for future research are also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Externalizing and Antisocial Behavior across the Lifespan)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Behav. Sci., Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 42 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI