Thermochemical and Economic Analysis for Energy Recovery by the Gasification of WEEE Plastic Waste from the Disassembly of Large-Scale Outdoor Obsolete Luminaires by LEDs in the Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal)
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
Obsolete Luminaires
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fuel Analysis
2.1.1. Final Analysis
2.1.2. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.1.3. Determination of the Higher Heating Value (HHV) or Gross or High Calorific Value and (LHV) Low Heating Value
2.2. Gasification Tests
2.3. Methodological Description of Economic Viability
2.3.1. Net Present Value (NPV)
2.3.2. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
2.3.3. Payback Period—PBP
2.3.4. Index Benefit Average Cost—IBmC
3. Results
3.1. Analysis of the Syngas Produced
3.2. Energy Analysis
3.3. Results of the Technical-Economic and Financial Analysis
3.3.1. Results of the economic-financial analysis (100% olive-pellet)
3.3.2. Results Economic-Financial Analysis (90% Olive and 10% Plastic)
3.3.3. Results Economic-Financial Analysis (80% Olive and 20% Plastic)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Municipalities Alto Alentejo | Number of Luminaires to be Replaced by LEDs | Potentially Replaceable Syntra Model Luminaires |
---|---|---|
Elvas | 6651 | 5121 |
Campo Maior | 2253 | 1757 |
Arronches | 1699 | 1172 |
Monforte | 1354 | 1029 |
Fronteira | 1414 | 1131 |
Avis | 1838 | 1562 |
Ponte do Sor | 6758 | 5339 |
Alter do Chao | 3323 | 2293 |
Gaviao | 2436 | 2192 |
Crato | 1857 | 1448 |
Nisa | 2809 | 2388 |
Castelo Vide | 1679 | 1494 |
Marvao | 2405 | 1780 |
Portalegre | 6159 | 4866 |
Sousel | 2525 | 2020 |
Total | 45,160 | 35,593 |
Designation | Technical Features Source |
---|---|
Thermo Scientific™ FLASH 2000 CHNS/O Analyzers | Instrument configurations—Fourteen; |
Detector—Thermal conductivity detector (TCD); | |
External interface—RS 232 serial line; | |
Instrument control—Eager Xperience for Windows™; | |
Power supply—230 Vac; 50/60 Hz; 1400 VA; |
Designation | Technical Features Source |
---|---|
PerkinElmer STA 6000—thermogravimetric analyzer | Balance resolution 0.1 ug; |
Balance measurement range Up to 1500 mg; | |
Temperature range 15 °C to 1000 °C Start experiments below room temperature to capture complete moisture and solvent evaporation | |
Heating rate Ambient to 1000 °C 0.1 to 100 °C/min, cooling rates from 1000 °C to 30 °C under 10 min Forced air and chiller to achieve fastest cool down for higher productivity, temperature metal standards such as Indium and Silver calibration | |
Temperature accuracy < ±0.5 °C, temperature < ±0.5 °C reproducibility, | |
Calorimetric data Accuracy/precision ±2% based on metal standards, Thermocouples PT-PT/Rh (Type R) | |
Autosampler Optional, 45-position for unattended operation 24/7 | |
Hyphenated techniques Combine with MS or IR analyzers MS or IR connectivity capabilities, allow the analysis of evolved gases |
Designation | Technical Features Source |
---|---|
IKA C 200-System—calorimeter | Max. Measuring range—40,000 J; |
Dynamic measurement mode 25 °C—yes; | |
Isoperibol 25 °C—yes; | |
Dynamic measurement time—approx. 8 min; | |
Measurement time isoperibol—approx. 17 min; | |
Dynamic Reproducibility (1 g NBS39i benzoic acid)—0.1% RSD; | |
Reproducibility Isoperibol (1 g benzoic acid NBS39i)—0.1% RSD; | |
Max. Working temperature—25 °C; |
Designation | Technical Features Source |
---|---|
AllPowerLabs PP20 Power Pallet | Power rating (W or kW)—15 kW at 50 Hz, 18 kW at 60 Hz; |
Available energy type (mechanical, thermal, electrical) Electrical (18 kW), thermal (20 kW); | |
Description of biomass source(s)—Dense biomass such as nut shells and wood chips; | |
Biomass input requirements (kg per hour)—0.33 m3 every 3 h; | |
Combustor type—Internal combustion engine; | |
Biomass conversion efficiency (%)—Upwards of 35%; 1.2 kg of feedstock to 1 kWh of electricity; | |
Lifecycle—More than six years, with routine maintenance; | |
Performance: Continuous power rating: 15 kW@50 Hz/18 kW@60 Hz; Sound level @ 30 feet: 85 dB(A); Biomass consumption: 1.2 kg/kWh, 2.5 lbs/kWh; Run time per hopper fill (at 250 kg/m3 fuel density): 10 h at 5 kW; 5 h at 10 kW, 3 h at 15 kW Max. continuous operation: >12 h, Startup time: 10–20 min; | |
Operating Conditions: Ambient temperature: 5–40 °C (40–100 °F); Humidity: 5–95% RH, Installed footprint (without ash vessel or grid tie): 1.36 × 1.36 m (53.5 × 53.5 inches); | |
Site requirements: Well-ventilated protected from rain and direct sun | |
Additional safety handles and warnings are included on the product;Complementary technical systems: Performance of this product is improved with another technology (e.g., Cookstoves and Wind-blocking skirts); Combined heat and power (CHP) module. |
Parameters | |
---|---|
Gasifier Type | Fixed bed |
Operation time (h) | 12 |
Days per month | 25 |
Days per year | 300 |
Raw material | |
WEEE plastic waste from luminaires | |
Landfill treatment price (€/ton) | 45.00 |
The annual increase over landfill price (%) | 1.25 |
Agricultural biomass (olive) | |
Pellet price (€/ton) | 30 |
Economic parameters | |
Investment in the gasifier/engine/alternator Includes installation (€/kW) | 1200 |
Price of electricity produced (€/ kWh) | 0.20 |
Price of electricity consumed (€/ kWh) | 0.16 |
Operating costs (% of investment) | 5% |
Life time (years) | 10 |
Designation | Mass Fraction (g) | Picture |
---|---|---|
Closed Public Light | 8624.1 | |
Glass and Porcelain (difficult degradation) | 0.1654 | |
Electronics (difficult degradation) | 3906.4 | |
Metal Components (difficult degradation) | 2756.4 | |
Plastic Components (easy degradation) | 1795.9 | |
Analysis | Parameters | Units | PE lights Polymeric Fuel | Olive seed Lignocellulosic Fuel |
---|---|---|---|---|
Proximate | Moisture | % | 0.2 | 9.4 |
Volatile Matter | % | 78.3 | 66.5 | |
Fixed Carbon | % | 20.9 | 19.7 | |
Ashes | % | 0.6 | 4.4 | |
Ultimate | Nitrogen | % | 0.46 | 1.7 |
Carbon | % | 81.89 | 53.4 | |
Hydrogen | % | 12.37 | 7.5 | |
Sulphur | % | 1.92 | 0.1 | |
Oxygen | % | 2.76 | 32.9 | |
LHV (Low Heating Value) | MJ/kg | 41.8 | 20.5 |
Parameters | Units | Tests | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
100% Olive | 10% Plastic & 90% Olive | 20% Plastic & 80% Olive | ||
Olive | % | 100 | 90 | 80 |
Plastic | % | 0 | 10 | 20 |
Tmax oxi | oC | 720 | 708 | 758 |
Tmax red | oC | 515 | 547 | 526 |
Fuel Feeding | Kg/h | 5.2 | 6.9 | 5.0 |
Air Inlet | m3/h | 11.21 | 14.17 | 12.04 |
ER | - | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
VTars | ml/h | 146.8 | 127.96 | 11.54 |
Chars | Kg/h | 0.161 | 0.123 | 0.133 |
CO2 | % | 9.914 | 9.775 | 10.839 |
C2H4 | % | 0.479 | 0.618 | 0.427 |
C2H6 | % | 0.122 | 0.138 | 0.042 |
N2 | % | 55.99 | 56.97 | 58.749 |
CH4 | % | 2.073 | 2.556 | 1.799 |
CO | % | 18.480 | 17.744 | 18.852 |
H2 | % | 13.369 | 12.711 | 13.045 |
Experimen time | s | 4.940 | 5.708 | 5.610 |
VSyngas | m3/h | 15.73 | 19.10 | 14.51 |
Q Biomas | Kg/h | 5.20 | 6.90 | 5.00 |
LHV | MJ/m3 | 5.280 | 5.422 | 5.225 |
Units | Results | Olive (100%) | |
---|---|---|---|
LHVbio | MJ/kg | 20.50 | 20.50 |
LHVsyngas | MJ/m3 | 5.280 | |
Vsyngas | m3/h | 15.73 | |
ηgas | % | 0.78 | |
ηeng | % | 0.30 | |
ηgen | % | 0.80 | |
ηtot | % | 0.29 | |
biomass | kg/h | 5.20 | 5.2 |
Total ton/month | 1.56 | ||
Total ton/year | 18.72 |
Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ct | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 | 2697 |
1.050 | 1.103 | 1.158 | 1.216 | 1.276 | 1.340 | 1.407 | 1.477 | 1.551 | 1.629 | |
2569 | 2447 | 2330 | 2219 | 2114 | 2013 | 1917 | 1826 | 1739 | 1656 | |
−9431 | −6984 | −4654 | −2435 | −321 | 1.691 | 3.608 | 5.434 | 7.173 | 8.829 | |
K Investment (€) | 12,000 | |||||||||
NPV (5 years) (€) | −321 | |||||||||
NPV(10 years) (€) | 8829 | |||||||||
IRR (%) | 18.29 | |||||||||
IBmC | 0.19 | |||||||||
PBP (year) | 6 |
Units | Results | Fuels | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Olive (90%) | Plastic-WEEE (10%) | |||
LHVfuel | MJ/kg | 22.63 | 20.5 | 41.8 |
LHVsyngas | MJ/m3 | 5.422 | ||
Vsyngas | m3/h | 19.10 | ||
ηgas | % | 0.66 | ||
ηeng | % | 0.30 | ||
ηgen | % | 0.80 | ||
ηtot | % | 0.25 | ||
Fuel Consumption | kg/h | 6.90 | 6.21 | 0.69 |
Total ton/month | 1.86 | 0.21 | ||
Total ton/year | 22.36 | 2.48 |
Years | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ct | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 | 4342 |
1.050 | 1.103 | 1.158 | 1.216 | 1.276 | 1.340 | 1.407 | 1.477 | 1.551 | 1.629 | |
4135 | 3938 | 3750 | 3572 | 3402 | 3240 | 3085 | 2939 | 2799 | 2665 | |
−13,865 | −9927 | −6177 | −2.05 | 797 | 4036 | 7122 | 10,060 | 12,859 | 15,524 | |
KInvestment (€) | 18,000 | |||||||||
NPV (5 years) (€) | 797 | |||||||||
NPV (10 years) (€) | 15,524 | |||||||||
IRR (%) | 20.33 | |||||||||
IbmC | 0.21 | |||||||||
PBP (year) | 5 |
Units | Results | Fuel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Olive (80%) | Plastic-WEEE (20%) | |||
LHVfuel | MJ/kg | 24.76 | 20.5 | 41.8 |
LHVsyngas | MJ/m3 | 5.225 | ||
Vsyngas | m3/h | 14.51 | ||
ηgas | % | 0.61 | ||
ηeng | % | 0.30 | ||
ηgen | % | 0.80 | ||
ηtot | % | 0.23 | ||
FuelConsumption | kg/h | 5.00 | 6.21 | 0.69 |
Total ton/month | 1.20 | 0.30 | ||
Total ton/year | 14.40 | 3.60 |
Años | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ct | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 | 2466 |
1.050 | 1.103 | 1.158 | 1.216 | 1.276 | 1.340 | 1.407 | 1.477 | 1.551 | 1.629 | |
2348 | 2236 | 2130 | 2028 | 1932 | 1840 | 1752 | 1669 | 1589 | 1514 | |
−9652 | −7416 | −5286 | −3257 | −1325 | 514 | 2267 | 3935 | 5525 | 7038 | |
Kinvestment (€) | 12,000 | |||||||||
NPV (5 years) (€) | −1325 | |||||||||
NPV (10 years) (€) | 7038 | |||||||||
IRR (%) | 15.81 | |||||||||
IbmC | 0.18 | |||||||||
PBP (year) | 6 |
100% Biomass Olive Test 1 | 10% WEEE-plastic/90% Olive Test 2 | 20% WEEE-plastic/80% Olive Test 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
K Investment (€) | 12,000 | 18,000 | 12,000 |
NPV (5 years) (€) | −321 | 797 | −1.325 |
NPV(10 years) (€) | 8829 | 15,524 | 7038 |
IRR (%) | 18.29 | 20.33 | 15.81 |
IBmC | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.18 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Hermoso-Orzáez, M.J.; Mota-Panizio, R.; Carmo-Calado, L.; Brito, P. Thermochemical and Economic Analysis for Energy Recovery by the Gasification of WEEE Plastic Waste from the Disassembly of Large-Scale Outdoor Obsolete Luminaires by LEDs in the Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal). Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134601
Hermoso-Orzáez MJ, Mota-Panizio R, Carmo-Calado L, Brito P. Thermochemical and Economic Analysis for Energy Recovery by the Gasification of WEEE Plastic Waste from the Disassembly of Large-Scale Outdoor Obsolete Luminaires by LEDs in the Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal). Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(13):4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134601
Chicago/Turabian StyleHermoso-Orzáez, Manuel Jesús, Roberta Mota-Panizio, Luis Carmo-Calado, and Paulo Brito. 2020. "Thermochemical and Economic Analysis for Energy Recovery by the Gasification of WEEE Plastic Waste from the Disassembly of Large-Scale Outdoor Obsolete Luminaires by LEDs in the Alto Alentejo Region (Portugal)" Applied Sciences 10, no. 13: 4601. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134601