Current and Potential Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool in Black Soldier Fly Production and the Circular Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Spectroscopy and Data Analytics
3. Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in BSFL as Feed or Food
3.1. Proximate Composition
3.2. Functional and Technological Properties—Protein
3.3. Assessing Components with Specific Functional Properties—Chitin
3.4. Monitoring the Formation of Maillard Reactions
4. The Analysis of Molds and Yeast
5. Process Control and Traceability
6. Final Considerations
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Parameter | Sample | Algorithm | R2 | RMSEP (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWIR Hyperspectral | Moisture | Data points or images | PLS | 0.93–0.97 | 1.83–2.59 | [52] |
CP | 0.6–0.93 # | 0.55–0.99 | ||||
CF | 0.88–0.91 # | 1.34–1.67 | ||||
Fiber | 0.85–0.87 # | 0.46–0.53 | ||||
Ash | 0.92–0.96 # | 0.25–0.32 | ||||
Hyperspectral Imaging (1000 to 2500 nm) | CP | 19 generations of larvae | PLS | 0.70–0.78 | 1.42–1.62 | [18] |
SVM | 0.70–0.80 | 1.37–1.66 | ||||
Portable NIR A | CP | BSFL flour | PLS and SVM | 0.74–0.86 | 1.18–1.36 | [19] |
Lipids | PLS and SVM | 0.76–0.96 | 3.05–7.41 |
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Alagappan, S.; Kolobaric, A.; Hoffman, L.C.; Cozzolino, D. Current and Potential Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool in Black Soldier Fly Production and the Circular Economy. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7318. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167318
Alagappan S, Kolobaric A, Hoffman LC, Cozzolino D. Current and Potential Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool in Black Soldier Fly Production and the Circular Economy. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7318. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167318
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlagappan, Shanmugam, Adam Kolobaric, Louwrens C. Hoffman, and Daniel Cozzolino. 2024. "Current and Potential Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool in Black Soldier Fly Production and the Circular Economy" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7318. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167318