Palatability Testing of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma-Infused Dog Foods and Treats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ingredients
2.2. Production of Examined Dog Foods
2.3. Dogs Involved in the Experiment
2.4. Preference Test
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mordor Intelligence. Pet Care Market—Size, Report, Growth & Analysis; Mordor Intelligence: Hajdarabad, India, 2024. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, L.; Protopopova, A.; Birkler, R.I.D.; Itin-Shwartz, B.; Sutton, G.A.; Gamliel, A.; Yakobson, B.; Raz, T. Human–Dog Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Booming Dog Adoption during Social Isolation. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 2020, 7, 155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ho, J.; Hussain, S.; Sparagano, O. Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Spark a Public Interest in Pet Adoption? Front. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 647308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Euromonitor. Pet Care in Western Europe; Euromonitor International Ltd.: London, UK, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Conway, D.M.P.; Saker, K.E. Consumer Attitude Toward the Environmental Sustainability of Grain-Free Pet Foods. Front. Vet. Sci. 2018, 5, 170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mosna, D.; Bottani, E.; Vignali, G.; Montanari, R. Environmental Benefits of Pet Food Obtained as a Result of the Valorisation of Meat Fraction Derived from Packaged Food Waste. Waste Manag. 2021, 125, 132–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Holt, D.A. Evaluation of Alternative Sustainable Ingredients for Use in Companion Animal Diets. Master’s Thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Wehrmaker, A.M.; Draijer, N.; Bosch, G.; van der Goot, A.J. Evaluation of Plant-Based Recipes Meeting Nutritional Requirements for Dog Food: The Effect of Fractionation and Ingredient Constraints. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2022, 290, 115345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kar, S.K.; Jansman, A.J.M.; Boeren, S.; Kruijt, L.; Smits, M.A. Protein, Peptide, Amino Acid Composition, and Potential Functional Properties of Existing and Novel Dietary Protein Sources for Monogastrics. J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 94, 30–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Bosque, A.; Polo, J.; Torrallardona, D. Spray Dried Plasma as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Piglet Feeds, Mode of Action and Biosafety. Porc. Health Manag. 2016, 2, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kazimierska, K.; Biel, W. Comparative Analysis of Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma and Hydrolyzed Porcine Protein as Animal-Blood-Derived Protein Ingredients for Pet Nutrition. Molecules 2023, 28, 7917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polo, J.; Rodríguez, C.; Ródenas, J.; Morera, S.; Saborido, N. Use of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma in Canned Chunk Recipes Containing Excess of Added Water or Poultry Fat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 133, 309–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Piao, X.; Ma, X.; Xu, X.; Zeng, Z.; Tian, Q.; Li, Y. Comparison of Spray-Dried Egg and Albumen Powder with Conventional Animal Protein Sources as Feed Ingredients in Diets Fed to Weaned Pigs. Anim. Sci. J. 2015, 86, 772–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polo, J.; Rodríguez, C.; Saborido, N.; Ródenas, J. Functional Properties of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma in Canned Petfood. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2005, 122, 331–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polo, J.; Rodríguez, C.; Ródenas, J.; Morera, S.; Saborido, N. The Use of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma in Comparison with Other Binders in Canned Pet Food Recipes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2009, 154, 241–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, J.; Rodriguez, C.; Polo, J. 201 Effect of Spray Dried Plasma Compared with Egg White Or Whole Egg as Functional Binders in Canned Pet Food. J. Anim. Sci. 2023, 101, 107–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez, C.; Blanch, F.; Romano, V.; Saborido, N.; Rodenas, J.; Polo, J. Porcine Immunoglobulins Survival in the Intestinal Tract of Adult Dogs and Cats Fed Dry Food Kibbles Containing Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma (SDPP) or Porcine Immunoglobulin Concentrate (PIC). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2007, 139, 201–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrade, T.; Lima, D.C.; Domingues, L.P.; Félix, A.P.; de Oliveira, S.G.; Maiorka, A. Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma in Dog Foods: Implications on Digestibility, Palatability and Haematology. Semin. Ciênc. Agrár. 2019, 40, 1287–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polo, J.; Campbell, J. Use of SDPP and EHPP as Palatants Enhancers in Dry Kibble Recipes for Cats and Dogs. GlobalPETS. Available online: https://globalpetindustry.com/article/use-sdpp-and-ehpp-palatants-enhancers-dry-kibble-recipes-cats-and-dogs (accessed on 19 April 2023).
- Aldrich, G.C.; Koppel, K. Pet Food Palatability Evaluation: A Review of Standard Assay Techniques and Interpretation of Results with a Primary Focus on Limitations. Animals 2015, 5, 43–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houpt, K.A.; Smith, S.L. Taste Preferences and Their Relation to Obesity in Dogs and Cats. Can. Vet. J. 1981, 22, 77–81. [Google Scholar]
- Watson, P.E.; Thomas, D.G.; Bermingham, E.N.; Schreurs, N.M.; Parker, M.E. Drivers of Palatability for Cats and Dogs—What It Means for Pet Food Development. Animals 2023, 13, 1134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velebit, M.; Marković, R.; Šefer, D.; Mirilović, M.; Velebit, B.; Nenadović, K. The Influence of Dietary Composition on Food Preference in Sharplanina Shepherd Puppies. J. Vet. Behav. 2024, 72, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis, 21st ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- FEDIAF. Nutritional Guidelines for Complete and Complementary Pet Food for Cats and Dogs; The European Pet Food Industry: Bruxelles, Belgium, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Buzek, J.; Chastel, O. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes Text with EEA Relevance. Off. J. Eur. Union 2010, 276, 33–74. [Google Scholar]
- Mendez, A.D.; Hall, N.J. Evaluating and Re-Evaluating Intra- and Inter-Species Social Transmission of Food Preferences in Domestic Dogs. Behav. Process. 2021, 191, 104471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, T.; Hu, Z.; Tong, Y.; Yao, L.; Zhuang, H.; Zhu, X.; Song, S.; Lu, J. Preparation and Evaluation of Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) and Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as Dog Food Attractant. Heliyon 2020, 6, e05302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Machado, G.S.; Pezzali, J.G.; Marx, F.R.; Kessler, A.M.; Trevizan, L. Palatability, Digestibility, and Metabolizable Energy of Dietary Glycerol in Adult Cats. J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 95, 752–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Brito, C.B.M.; Félix, A.P.; de Jesus, R.M.; de França, M.I.; de Oliveira, S.G.; Krabbe, E.L.; Maiorka, A. Digestibility and Palatability of Dog Foods Containing Different Moisture Levels, and the Inclusion of a Mould Inhibitor. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2010, 159, 150–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koppel, K.; Monti, M.; Gibson, M.; Alavi, S.; Donfrancesco, B.D.; Carciofi, A.C. The Effects of Fiber Inclusion on Pet Food Sensory Characteristics and Palatability. Animals 2015, 5, 110–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dust, J.M.; Grieshop, C.M.; Parsons, C.M.; Karr-Lilienthal, L.K.; Schasteen, C.S.; Quigley, J.D., III; Merchen, N.R.; Fahey, G.C., Jr. Chemical Composition, Protein Quality, Palatability, and Digestibility of Alternative Protein Sources for Dogs. J. Anim. Sci. 2005, 83, 2414–2422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crane, S.W.; Cowell, C.S.; Stout, N.P.; Moser, E.A.; Mellican, J.; Romano, P. Commercial Pet Foods. In Small Animal Clinical Nutrition; Mark Morris Institute: Topeka, KS, USA, 2011; pp. 157–190. [Google Scholar]
- Vendramini, T.H.A.; Pedrinelli, V.; Macedo, H.T.; Zafalon, R.V.A.; Risolia, L.W.; Rentas, M.F.; Macegoza, M.V.; Gameiro, A.H.; Brunetto, M.A. Homemade versus Extruded and Wet Commercial Diets for Dogs: Cost Comparison. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0236672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samant, S.S.; Crandall, P.G.; Jarma Arroyo, S.E.; Seo, H.-S. Dry Pet Food Flavor Enhancers and Their Impact on Palatability: A Review. Foods 2021, 10, 2599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campbell, J.M.; Quigley, J.D.; Russell, L.E.; Koehnk, L.D. Efficacy of Spray-Dried Bovine Serum on Health and Performance of Turkeys Challenged with Pasteurella multocida. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2004, 13, 388–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bosi, P.; Casini, L.; Finamore, A.; Cremokolini, C.; Merialdi, G.; Trevisi, P.; Nobili, F.; Mengheri, E. Spray-Dried Plasma Improves Growth Performance and Reduces Inflammatory Status of Weaned Pigs Challenged with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82, 1764–1772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peace, R.M.; Campbell, J.; Polo, J.; Crenshaw, J.; Russell, L.; Moeser, A. Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma Influences Intestinal Barrier Function, Inflammation, and Diarrhea in Weaned Pigs. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 1312–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Walters, H.G.; Jasek, A.; Campbell, J.M.; Coufal, C.; Lee, J.T. Evaluation of Spray-Dried Plasma in Broiler Diets with or without Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 2019, 28, 364–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chahine, M.; de Haro Marti, M.E.; Matuk, C.; Aris, A.; Campbell, J.; Polo, J.; Bach, A. Effects of Spray-Dried Plasma Protein in Diets of Early Lactation Dairy Cows on Health, Milking and Reproductive Performance. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2019, 257, 114266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, J.; Sheng, Z.; Chen, N.; Xie, R.; Zhang, H.; Li, S. Effect of Dietary Fish Meal Replacement with Spray Dried Chicken Plasma on Growth, Feed Utilization and Antioxidant Capacity of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquac. Rep. 2022, 24, 101112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chuchird, N.; Rairat, T.; Keetanon, A.; Phansawat, P.; Chou, C.-C.; Campbell, J. Effects of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma on Growth Performance, Survival, Feed Utilization, Immune Responses, and Resistance to Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infection of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0257792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blázquez, E.; Pujols, J.; Rodríguez, F.; Segalés, J.; Rosell, R.; Campbell, J.; Polo, J. Feeding Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma to Pigs Reduces African Swine Fever Virus Load in Infected Pigs and Delays Virus Transmission—Study 1. Vaccines 2023, 11, 824. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pujols, J.; Blázquez, E.; Segalés, J.; Rodríguez, F.; Chang, C.-Y.; Argilaguet, J.; Bosch-Camós, L.; Rosell, R.; Pailler-García, L.; Gavrilov, B.; et al. Feeding Spray-Dried Porcine Plasma to Pigs Improves the Protection Afforded by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) BA71∆CD2 Vaccine Prototype against Experimental Challenge with the Pandemic ASFV—Study 2. Vaccines 2023, 11, 825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granghelli, C.A.; Rangel, L.; Campbell, J.; Polo, J.; Crenshaw, J.; Cruvinel, J.M.; Moura, V.S.; Pais, V.S.; Viviani, M.O.; Lopes, M.H.S.; et al. Effects of Feeding Spray-Dried Plasma to Broiler Breeders and Their Progeny on Broiler Performance under Stressful Rearing Conditions of Coccidial Challenge and Heat Stress. Poult. Sci. 2023, 102, 102758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blue, C.E.C.; Jababu, Y.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Minor, R.C.; Williams, L.L.; Adetunji, A.O.; Ali, R.; Young, L.S.; Fasina, Y.O. Spray-Dried Plasma Promotes Broiler Chick Growth by Enhancing Immune Surveillance. Animals 2023, 13, 1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez, C.; Saborido, N.; Ródenas, J.; Polo, J. Effects of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma on Food Intake and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility by Cats When Added to a Wet Pet Food Recipe. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2016, 216, 243–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quigley, J.D.; Campbell, J.M.; Polo, J.; Russell, L.E. Effects of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma on Intake and Apparent Digestibility in Dogs1. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82, 1685–1692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, N.J.; Péron, F.; Cambou, S.; Callejon, L.; Wynne, C.D.L. Food and Food-Odor Preferences in Dogs: A Pilot Study. Chem. Senses 2017, 42, 361–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pétel, C.; Baron, C.; Thomsen, M.; Callejon, L.; Péron, F. A New Method to Assess the Influence of Odor on Food Selection in Dogs. J. Sens. Stud. 2018, 33, e12311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Guillas, G.; Vanacker, P.; Salles, C.; Labouré, H. Insights to Study, Understand and Manage Extruded Dry Pet Food Palatability. Animals 2024, 14, 1095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Item | DM | CP | CF | EE | CA | NFE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Animal ingredients | ||||||
minced chicken | 25.8 | 19.8 | 0 | 6.8 | 3.9 | 1.0 |
poultry liver | 18.9 | 17.0 | 0 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 0 |
poultry meal | 92.0 | 63.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 13.0 | 6.0 |
SDAP | 96.8 | 75.4 | 0 | 1.2 | 12.6 | 7.5 |
Plant ingredients | ||||||
spelt flour | 90.1 | 13.9 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 71.1 |
buckwheat flour | 89.1 | 11.5 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 71.0 |
linseed | 95.5 | 21.2 | 8.0 | 38.8 | 3.5 | 23.9 |
Item | Dry Dog Food | Wet Dog Food | Treats |
---|---|---|---|
Production process | extrusion | tyndallization | baking |
Animal ingredients | poultry meal | minced chicken, poultry liver, poultry meal | poultry meal |
Plant ingredients | whole wheat spelt flour, whole grain buckwheat flour, linseed | linseed | whole wheat spelt flour, linseed |
Fat source | salmon–trout–linseed oil | salmon–trout–linseed oil | salmon–trout–linseed oil |
Other | spray-dried plasma *, guar gum, mineral–vitamin mixture | spray-dried plasma *, guar gum, mineral–vitamin mixture | spray-dried plasma *, guar gum, mineral–vitamin mixture |
Item | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | Lower Quartile (25th Percentile) | Upper Quartile (75th Percentile) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 5.1 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 4.25 | 6.0 |
Weight (kg) | 16.9 | 9.8 | 2.5 | 33 | 9.05 | 27.8 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kazimierska, K.; Biel, W.; Iwański, R. Palatability Testing of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma-Infused Dog Foods and Treats. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177671
Kazimierska K, Biel W, Iwański R. Palatability Testing of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma-Infused Dog Foods and Treats. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177671
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazimierska, Katarzyna, Wioletta Biel, and Robert Iwański. 2024. "Palatability Testing of Spray-Dried Animal Plasma-Infused Dog Foods and Treats" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7671. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177671