Assessment of Coating Properties in Car Body by Ultrasonic Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ultrasonic Coating Width Testing Methodology
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- Pulse gain: 58 dB;
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- Ultrasonic wave speed: 4000 m/s;
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- Run-up: 0 µs;
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- Distance between heads: 110 mm;
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- Constant coupling between the head and the surface of the substrate.
2.2. Correlational Research Methodology
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- Preparation of the surface to which the car putty was applied (the same for all samples);
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- Preparation of the regeneration material—car putty (maintaining appropriate, i.e., identical proportions when mixing the components of the regeneration material for all samples);
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- Curing the coating in an oven (maintaining the appropriate time and temperature);
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- Performing the ultrasonic testing according to the specified procedure using the same test equipment and the same ultrasonic flaw detector settings for each sample;
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- Conducting strength tests with constant settings of the apparatus.
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- Temperature 40 °C—60 min;
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- Temperature of 50 °C—46 min;
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- Temperature 60 °C—47 min.
- |r|—reflection coefficient;
- z1—acoustic wave resistance of medium 1 kg/m2*s;
- z2—acoustic wave resistance of medium 2 kg/m2*s.
- |r|—reflection coefficient;
- ΔW—the decrease in the height of the pulses h1 and h2, expressed in decibels; h1—amplitude of the longitudinal wave after application of the coating; h2—amplitude of the longitudinal wave before application of the coating.
3. Results
3.1. Ultrasonic Coating Width Testing
3.2. Correlational Research
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Width [mm] | No Coating | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amplitude [%]—average value | 99 | 48.6 | 41.4 | 37.8 | 36 | 34.2 | 32.2 | 29.6 | 27 | 26.1 | 24.3 | 22.5 | 19.8 | 15.3 |
Sample | Ra | Rz | Reflection Coefficient | Force [N] | Stress [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20.1 | 0.659 | 4.220 | 0.729 | 459 | 2.28 |
20.2 | 0.837 | 5.910 | 0.631 | 653 | 3.25 |
20.3 | 0.499 | 2.855 | 0.772 | 422 | 2.10 |
20.4 | 0.429 | 3.315 | 0.866 | 342 | 1.70 |
20.5 | 0.588 | 4.055 | 0.668 | 283 | 1.41 |
20.6 | 0.531 | 3.955 | 0.729 | 577 | 2.87 |
20.7 | 0.369 | 2.860 | 0.516 | 399 | 1.99 |
20.8 | 0.626 | 4.145 | 0.729 | 539 | 2.68 |
20.9 | 0.909 | 6.525 | 0.631 | 78 | 0.39 |
20.10 | 0.419 | 3.600 | 0.818 | 303 | 1.51 |
Average | 0.586 | 4.144 | 0.709 | 405.5 | 2.018 |
Sample | Ra | Rz | Reflection Coefficient | Force [N] | Stress [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
40.1 | 0.552 | 4.170 | 0.794 | 699 | 3.48 |
40.2 | 0.750 | 4.815 | 0.750 | 842 | 4.19 |
40.3 | 0.731 | 5.595 | 0.750 | 783 | 3.90 |
40.4 | 0.412 | 3.600 | 0.708 | 870 | 4.33 |
40.5 | 0.469 | 3.360 | 0.772 | 776 | 3.86 |
40.6 | 0.649 | 5.395 | 0.750 | 703 | 3.50 |
40.7 | 1.820 | 10.820 | 0.708 | 1081 | 5.38 |
40.8 | 0.659 | 4.905 | 0.708 | 1057 | 5.26 |
40.9 | 1.440 | 8.355 | 0.729 | 851 | 4.23 |
40.10 | 0.981 | 6.280 | 0.266 | 666 | 3.31 |
Average | 0.846 | 5.730 | 0.693 | 832.8 | 4.144 |
Sample | Ra | Rz | Reflection Coefficient | Force [N] | Stress [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
50.1 | 0.832 | 5.600 | 0.516 | 1527 | 7.60 |
50.2 | 1.735 | 8.890 | 0.562 | 1056 | 5.25 |
50.3 | 0.398 | 3.470 | 0.631 | 917 | 4.56 |
50.4 | 0.819 | 6.955 | 0.579 | 995 | 4.95 |
50.5 | 0.523 | 3.535 | 0.596 | 955 | 4.75 |
50.6 | 0.656 | 3.930 | 0.516 | 1225 | 6.10 |
50.7 | 1.037 | 6.295 | 0.546 | 1096 | 5.45 |
50.8 | 0.792 | 6.265 | 0.516 | 1366 | 6.80 |
50.9 | 0.878 | 6.505 | 0.562 | 962 | 4.79 |
50.10 | 0.756 | 6.025 | 0.613 | 985 | 4.90 |
Average | 0.842 | 5.747 | 0.564 | 1108.4 | 5.516 |
Sample | Ra | Rz | Reflection Coefficient | Force [N] | Stress [MPa] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
60.1 | 0.673 | 4.760 | 0.398 | 1472 | 7.32 |
60.2 | 1.210 | 6.790 | 0.299 | 3262 | 16.23 |
60.3 | 1.130 | 6.535 | 0.316 | 3025 | 15.05 |
60.4 | 0.693 | 5.575 | 0.345 | 1802 | 8.97 |
60.5 | 0.689 | 5.255 | 0.398 | 1241 | 6.18 |
60.6 | 0.749 | 6.185 | 0.307 | 3509 | 17.46 |
60.7 | 0.979 | 6.235 | 0.376 | 1662 | 8.27 |
60.8 | 1.043 | 6.860 | 0.325 | 3812 | 18.97 |
60.9 | 0.771 | 5.305 | 0.325 | 3449 | 17.16 |
60.10 | 0.872 | 6.735 | 0.316 | 4410 | 21.94 |
Average | 0.846 | 5.730 | 0.341 | 2764.4 | 13.756 |
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Ulbrich, D.; Psuj, G.; Bartkowski, D.; Bartkowska, A. Assessment of Coating Properties in Car Body by Ultrasonic Method. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8117. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188117
Ulbrich D, Psuj G, Bartkowski D, Bartkowska A. Assessment of Coating Properties in Car Body by Ultrasonic Method. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(18):8117. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188117
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlbrich, Dariusz, Grzegorz Psuj, Dariusz Bartkowski, and Aneta Bartkowska. 2024. "Assessment of Coating Properties in Car Body by Ultrasonic Method" Applied Sciences 14, no. 18: 8117. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188117