The Behavior of Ceramic Fiber Geopolymer Concrete under the Effect of High Temperature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Method
2.1. Material
2.2. Method
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The compressive strength tends to increase with higher slag content. The study found that an increase in slag content led to a decrease in workability and an increase in void ratio. However, the addition of 10% silica fume in place of slag in the GS90 specimen resulted in a higher compressive strength value due to the improved void ratio. The void ratio was reduced by approximately 1% with the use of reinforcement.
- Furthermore, ceramic fiber was added to the geopolymer concrete as a convenient material that dissolves easily.
- The ceramic fiber was evenly distributed throughout the internal structure of the geopolymer concrete, resulting in a significant reduction of the high-temperature effect.
- Upon examination of specimens exposed to high temperatures for 2 h, the compressive strength loss in the geopolymer specimens with added ceramic fiber decreased.
- After conducting a high-temperature test at 100 °C, it was observed that the compressive strength of 0% CFGC increased by 58.04%, 2% CFGC by 31.36%, 5% CFGC by 29.25%, and 10% CFGC by 53.40% compared to the initial strength. In contrast, PCC only experienced a 4.12% increase in compressive strength from its initial strength.
- Additionally, it was found that PCC retained its strength at room temperature following a high-temperature test at 300 °C. The compressive strength of geopolymer concrete specimens increased by significant percentages after being exposed to high temperatures. These results indicate the potential benefits of incorporating CFGC into geopolymer concrete.
- Specifically, the specimens containing 2%, 5%, and 10% CFGC showed approximately 30% higher compression strength values than PCC and 0% CFGC when measured after a high-temperature test at 600 °C. At 900 °C, it was observed that the strength of the specimens increased by approximately 2.5 times.
- It was noted that the compressive strength of the 0% CFGC specimens without adding PCC and ceramic fiber decreased to approximately 10 MPa at 900 °C. However, the 5% CFGC specimen maintained its compressive strength up to 24.4 MPa at this temperature.
- It was found that the addition of ceramic fiber to geopolymer concrete significantly reduced the decrease in concrete compressive strength by mitigating high-temperature damage.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Concrete Type | 25 °C | 100 °C | 250 °C | 300 °C | 500 °C | 600 °C | 750 °C | 900 °C | 1000 °C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[3] | Geopolymer concrete | ≌ 45 | - | - | ≌ 40 | ≌ 30 | - | - | ≌ 20 | - |
[3] | PCC with fly ash | ≌ 22.5 | - | - | ≌ 17.5 | ≌ 12.5 | - | - | ≌ 5 | - |
[3] | PCC | ≌ 32.5 | - | - | ≌ 22.5 | ≌ 17.5 | - | - | ≌ 5 | - |
[7] | Geopolymer concrete (SS/SH = 2.5 and cure temperature 25 °C) | ≌ 35 | ≌ 50 | ≌ 55 | ≌ 54 | ≌ 50 | ≌ 45 | ≌ 30 | ≌ 20 | ≌ 15 |
[7] | Geopolymer concrete (SS/SH = 2.5 and cure temperature 80 °C) | ≌ 40 | ≌ 65 | ≌ 68 | ≌ 65 | ≌ 60 | ≌ 50 | ≌ 35 | ≌ 23 | ≌ 20 |
[7] | Geopolymer concrete (SS/SH = 3.0 and cure temperature 25 °C) | ≌ 45 | ≌ 55 | ≌ 65 | ≌ 63 | ≌ 55 | ≌ 50 | ≌ 35 | ≌ 20 | ≌ 15 |
[7] | Geopolymer concrete (SS/SH = 3.0 and cure temperature 80 °C) | ≌ 75 | ≌ 85 | ≌ 88 | ≌ 85 | ≌ 80 | ≌ 77 | ≌ 55 | ≌ 20 | ≌ 15 |
[8] | PCC | 39 | ≌ 39 | - | ≌ 35 | - | ≌ 20 | - | ≌ 10 | - |
[8] | PCC | 76 | ≌ 76 | - | ≌ 76 | - | ≌ 45 | - | ≌ 15 | - |
[8] | PCC | 120 | ≌ 120 | - | ≌ 120 | - | ≌ 60 | - | ≌ 20 | - |
[9] | PCC | 57.6 | - | 53.3 | - | 46.1 | - | 30.8 | - | 8.5 |
[9] | PCC with silica fume | 62.6 | - | 55.2 | - | 47.6 | - | 32.3 | - | 6.2 |
[9] | PCC with carbon fiber | 54.3 | - | 46.2 | - | 40.5 | - | 35.3 | - | 7.3 |
[9] | PCC with silica fume and carbon fiber | 60.2 | - | 48.1 | - | 40.8 | - | 28.6 | - | 4.1 |
[10] | PCC | ≌ 50 | - | ≌ 45 | - | ≌ 40 | - | ≌ 25 | - | - |
[10] | PCC with fly ash | ≌ 40 | - | ≌ 38 | - | ≌ 37 | - | ≌ 15 | - | - |
[11] | PCC | ≌ 79 | - | - | ≌ 75 | ≌ 45 | - | - | - | - |
[11] | PCC with steel fiber | ≌ 93 | - | - | ≌ 85 | ≌ 55 | - | - | - | - |
Oxides | Slag | Fly Ash | Silica Fume |
---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 39.14 | 59.37 | 70–80 |
Al2O3 | 13.30 | 21.40 | 2.55–4.10 |
Fe2O3 | 1.50 | 8.62 | 1.17–5.00 |
CaO | 33.00 | 3.24 | 1.06–1.80 |
Na2CO3 (≤) | Na2SO4 (≤) | NaClO3 (≤) | Cl (≤) | SO4 (≤) | Fe (≤) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Na2O (% by Weight) | SiO2 (% by Weight) | Fe (ppm) |
---|---|---|
13.5–15 | 27–30 | 100 Max. |
Physical Properties | Unit | Specification |
---|---|---|
Fiber Average Diameter | µm | 2.6–3.4 |
Fiber Length | mm | Max. 250 |
Continuous Use Temperature | °C | 1050–1093 |
Fire Reaction Class | - | A1 |
Classification Temperature | °C | 1260 |
Melting Point | °C | 1760 |
Specific Temperature 1090 °C | kJ/kg | 1.3 |
Chemical Properties | Na2O | Al2O3 | SiO2 | ZrO2 | CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specification (% By Weight) | 1.38 | 44 | 52 | 0.25 | 0.60 |
Symbol | Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate | |
---|---|---|---|
Dry specific gravity (gr/cm3) | δk | 1.61 | 2.02 |
Saturated-surface dry weight (gr/cm3) | δydk | 1.64 | 2.37 |
Apparent specific gravity (gr/cm3) | δg | 1.66 | 2.65 |
Water absorption capacity (%) | Sa | 1.72 | 2.4 |
Specimen Name | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate | Binders | Activators | Super Plasticizer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Silica Fume | Slag | Fly Ash | Na2SiO3 | NaOH | ||||
G100 | 1209 | 651 | 0 | 400 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GF90 | 1209 | 651 | 0 | 360 | 40 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GF80 | 1209 | 651 | 0 | 320 | 80 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GF70 | 1209 | 651 | 0 | 280 | 120 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GS90 | 1209 | 651 | 40 | 360 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GS80 | 1209 | 651 | 80 | 320 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GS70 | 1209 | 651 | 120 | 280 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GS50 | 1209 | 651 | 200 | 200 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
S100 | 1209 | 651 | 400 | 0 | 0 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
GSF50 | 1209 | 651 | 200 | 100 | 100 | 115 | 46 | 4 |
Experiment | Standard | Number of Specimens | Specimen Sizes |
---|---|---|---|
Sieve Analysis Test | TS EN 933-1.2012 | The aggregates | Non-destructive testing |
UPV | TS EN 12504-4 | 10 sets | Non-destructive testing |
Determination of water absorption amount | TS EN 12350-6 | 10 sets | Non-destructive testing |
Compressive Strength Test | TS EN 12390-3 | 30 sets | 10 × 10 × 10 cm |
Freeze-Thaw Test | TSE CEN/TR 15177 | 10 sets | 10 × 10 × 10 cm |
2% CFGC | 5% CFGC | 10% CFGC | |
---|---|---|---|
Element | Atom (%) | Atom (%) | Atom (%) |
C | 21.45 | 15.26 | 17.14 |
O | 59.83 | 58.07 | 61.65 |
Na | 0.69 | 2.00 | 3.19 |
Ca | 15.72 | 16.00 | 9.22 |
Mg | 0.57 | 1.18 | 1.20 |
Si | 1.36 | 5.97 | 5.98 |
Al | 0.34 | 1.52 | 1.48 |
PCC | 0% CFGC | 2% CFGC | 5% CFGC | 10% CFGC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | |||||
After |
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Dalğıç, A.; Yılmazer Polat, B. The Behavior of Ceramic Fiber Geopolymer Concrete under the Effect of High Temperature. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041607
Dalğıç A, Yılmazer Polat B. The Behavior of Ceramic Fiber Geopolymer Concrete under the Effect of High Temperature. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(4):1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041607
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalğıç, Aras, and Berivan Yılmazer Polat. 2024. "The Behavior of Ceramic Fiber Geopolymer Concrete under the Effect of High Temperature" Applied Sciences 14, no. 4: 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041607