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Review

Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction

by
Md Kamal Hossain
1,
Majid Davidson
1,
Erica Kypreos
2,
Jack Feehan
1,3,
Joshua Alexander Muir
2,
Kulmira Nurgali
1,4,5 and
Vasso Apostolopoulos
1,3,*
1
Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
2
College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
3
Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
4
Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
5
Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111778
Submission received: 1 September 2022 / Revised: 10 October 2022 / Accepted: 12 October 2022 / Published: 22 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Immunology)
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Abstract

Substance use disorders (SUD) are a serious public health concern globally. Existing treatment platforms suffer from a lack of effectiveness. The development of immunotherapies against these substances of abuse for both prophylactic and therapeutic use has gained tremendous importance as an alternative and/or supplementary to existing therapies. Significant development has been made in this area over the last few decades. Herein, we highlight the vaccine and other biologics development strategies, preclinical, clinical updates along with challenges and future directions. Articles were searched in PubMed, ClinicalTrial.gov, and google electronic databases relevant to development, preclinical, clinical trials of nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioid vaccines. Various new emerging vaccine development strategies for SUD were also identified through this search and discussed. A good number of vaccine candidates demonstrated promising results in preclinical and clinical phases and support the concept of developing a vaccine for SUD. However, there have been no ultimate success as yet, and there remain some challenges with a massive push to take more candidates to clinical trials for further evaluation to break the bottleneck.
Keywords: addiction; vaccine; substance abuse; immunotherapy; antigen delivery addiction; vaccine; substance abuse; immunotherapy; antigen delivery

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hossain, M.K.; Davidson, M.; Kypreos, E.; Feehan, J.; Muir, J.A.; Nurgali, K.; Apostolopoulos, V. Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111778

AMA Style

Hossain MK, Davidson M, Kypreos E, Feehan J, Muir JA, Nurgali K, Apostolopoulos V. Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines. 2022; 10(11):1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111778

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hossain, Md Kamal, Majid Davidson, Erica Kypreos, Jack Feehan, Joshua Alexander Muir, Kulmira Nurgali, and Vasso Apostolopoulos. 2022. "Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction" Vaccines 10, no. 11: 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111778

APA Style

Hossain, M. K., Davidson, M., Kypreos, E., Feehan, J., Muir, J. A., Nurgali, K., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2022). Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Drug Addiction. Vaccines, 10(11), 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111778

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