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24 March 2023

Simultaneous Determination of Steroidal Alkaloids and Polyphenol Group from Eight Varieties of Siberian Solanum tuberosum L. through Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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1
N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
2
Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
3
Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology, Presidium, Russian Academy of Science, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
4
Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Agriculture2023, 13(4), 758;https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040758
This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Product Quality and Safety
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Abstract

The purpose of this work was a comparative metabolomic study of extracts of from Siberian breeds of the Solanum tuberosum L.: Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Memory of Antoshkina, Tomichka, Hybrid 15/F-2-13, Hybrid 22103-10, Hybrid 17-5/6-11, and Sinilga from the collection of Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. HPLC was used in combination with ion trap to identify target analytes in extracts of tuber part of a potato. The results showed the presence of 87 target analytes corresponding to S. tuberosum. In addition to the reported metabolites, a number of metabolites were newly annotated in S. tuberosum. There were essential amino acid L-Tryptophan, L-glutamate, L-lysine, Nordenine; flavones Ampelopsin; Chrysoeriol, Diosmetin, Diosmin, Myricetin; flavanones Naringenin and Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside; dihydrochalcone Phlorizin; oligomeric proanthocyanidin (Epi)afzelechin-(epi)afzelechin; Shikimic acid; Hydroxyphenyllactic acid; Fraxidin; Myristoleic acid; flavan-3-ols Epicatechin, Gallocatechin, Gibberellic acid, etc.

1. Introduction

Extensive genetic diversity exists among potato germplasm, which includes around 200 wild species found in extremely varied habitats throughout the Americas []. However, only a small portion of this genetic diversity has been incorporated into modern cultivars, resulting in a narrow genetic pool. Consequently, wild species are a largely untapped resource that likely contain many novel genes useful for trait enhancement of domesticated potatoes. Relatively little is known about the extent of metabolite diversity present among potato germplasm. Metabolomics holds promise toward understanding metabolite abundance and diversity in plants. GC-MS and HPLC MS/MS metabolic profiling of a few potato cultivars has been shown to be an effective tool [,,,].
Preliminary LC-MS analysis of the seven genotypes in this study suggested glycoalkaloids were a large source of metabolite diversity. Glycoalkaloids are plant metabolites containing an oligosaccharide, a C27 steroid and a heterocyclic nitrogen component. Solanine and chaconine are thought to comprise upward of 90% of the total glycoalkaloid complement of domesticated potatoes, with chaconine often more abundant than solanine [].
The glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway is not fully delineated, even for the major potato glycoalkaloids, solanine and chaconine. Glycoalkaloids, derived from the mevalonate path-way via cholesterol, occur throughout the tuber but are primarily synthesized in the phelloderm []. Surprisingly little has been elucidated about the genes and enzymology involved in conversion of cholesterol into the various glycoalkaloids. Identification of glycoalkaloid biosynthesis genes has enabled transgenic approaches to decrease potato glycoalkaloid content, because glycoalkaloids are typically regarded as antinutritive compounds capable of causing vomiting and other ill effects if ingested in high enough amounts []. Potatoes overexpressing a soybean sterol methyltransferase exhibited decreased amounts of both cholesterol and glycoalkaloids [].
Initial LC-MS screening suggested that among the hundreds of compounds detected in tubers, glycoalkaloid composition was particularly diverse. Potato glycoalkaloids can be divided into two general classes, those with solanidane or spirosolane aglycones, and this study focused on solanidine or solanidane-like glycoalkaloids []. Therefore, tandem mass spectrometry was used in this study for comparative small molecule profiling of eight potato varieties cultivated in the Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology of Russian Academy of Sciences.
Selection of Siberian potatoes is carried out in the conditions of a sharply continental climate of the West Siberian region of the Russian Federation and is carried out in the following areas:
•
Early ripeness, varieties of early and mid-early ripeness groups, because the growing season is 90–100 days;
•
Resistance to the most common fungal and viral diseases inherent in the region—late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary), Alternaria blight (Alternaria solani (Ell.Et Matr) Sor), Fusarium blight (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht.), Rhizoctonia blight (Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn) and viruses;
•
Stably high productivity;
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High consumer and culinary qualities;
•
Suitability for mechanized cultivation;
•
Keeping quality of tubers during storage.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

The object of the study was the eight varieties of Siberian S. tuberosum of breeding varieties obtained as a result of many years of research from the collection of Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology (Krasnoobsk) of Russian Academia of Science. There were varieties: Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Memory of Antoshkina, Tomichka, Hybrid 15/F-2-13, Hybrid 22103-10, Hybrid 17-5/6-11, Sinilga. The varieties of studied potatoes from Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology are presented on the Table 1.
Table 1. The description of potato varieties from Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology.
The potato tubers were harvested at the end of September 2021. All samples morphologically corresponded to the pharmacopoeial standards of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation [].

2.2. Chemicals and Reagents

HPLC-grade acetonitrile C2H3N was used as a mobile phase for HPLC process (Fisher Scientific, Southborough, UK), MS-grade formic acid CH2O2 used for liquid chromatography process (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany).
Ultrapure water was produced using SIEMENS ULTRA clear equipment (SIEMENS water technologies, Germany), all reagents used in chemical research were also of analytical purity.

2.3. Fractional Maceration

Fractional maceration technique was applied to obtain highly concentrated extracts []. Maceration for small scale extraction usually consists of several steps. Grinding plant materials (500 g of tuber part of a potato) to very small particles (3 × 3 mm) is used to increase the surface area for proper mixing with the solvent. Also, during the maceration process, an appropriate solvent is added to the extraction vessel (methyl alcohol of reagent grade).
Next, the liquid is filtered and the remaining pomace, which is the solid residue of this extraction process, is squeezed out to extract a large amount of occluded solutions. The resulting filtered and squeezed liquid is also later mixed and filtered from impurities.
The solid–solvent ratio was 1:20. The infusion of each part of the extractant lasted 7 days at room temperature.

2.4. Liquid Chromatography

Shimadzu LC-20 Prominence HPLC (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a UV sensor and C18 silica reverse phase column, 4.6 × 150 mm, particle size: 2.7 μm (Ascentis Express C18, Supelco, Sigma-Aldrich Tokyo, Japan) used to do high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The gradient elution program with two mobile phases (H2O, deionized water; C2H3N, acetonitrile with formic acid CH2O2 0.1% v/v) was as follows: 0–2 min, 0% C2H3N; 2–50 min, 0–100% C2H3N; control washing 50–60 min 100% C2H3N. Formic acid in this case was used as a mobile phase component in high performance liquid chromatography analysis to separate hydrophobic macromolecules such as peptides, proteins and more complex structures. The entire HPLC analysis was performed with a UV–vis detector SPD- 20A (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) at a wavelength of 230 nm for identification compounds; the temperature was 50 °C, and the total flow rate 0.25 mL min−1. The injection volume was 10  μL. In this study, liquid chromatography was combined into one analytical unit with a mass spectrometric ion trap for the identification of chemical compounds.

2.5. Mass Spectrometry

MS analysis was performed on an ion trap amaZon SL (Bruker Daltoniks, Bremen, Germany) equipped with an ESI source in negative ion mode. The optimized parameters were obtained as follows: ionization source temperature: 70 °C, gas flow: 4 l/min, nebulizer gas (atomizer): 7.3 psi, capillary voltage: 4500 V, end plate bend voltage: 1500 V, fragmentary: 280 V, collision energy: 60 eV. An ion trap was used in the scan range m/z 100 −1.700 for MS and four-stage ion separation mode (MS/MS mode). Data collection was controlled by Windows software for Bruker Daltoniks. All experiments were repeated four times.

3. Results

Eight of the extracts of tuber part of a potato have been selected. All of them have a rich bioactive composition, characterized by a large presence of a complex of flavonoids, steroidal alkaloids, phenolic amines, oxylipins, etc. There were eight extracts from Siberian S. tuberosum L.: Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Memory of Antoshkina, Tomichka, Hybrid 15/F-2-13, Hybrid 22103-10, Hybrid 17-5/6-11, and Sinilga from the collection of Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Science.
High accuracy mass spectrometric data were recorded on an ion trap amaZon SL BRUKER DALTONIKS equipped with an ESI source in the mode of negative-positive ions. The combination of both ionization modes (positive and negative) in MS full scan mode gave extra certainly to the molecular mass determination (Figure 1). The positive and negative ion modes provide the highest sensitivity and results in limited fragmentation, making it most suited to infer the molecular mass of the separated polyphenols, especially in cases where concentration is low. By comparing the m/z values, the RT and the fragmentation patterns with the MS2 spectral data taken from the literature or to search the data bases (MS2T, MassBank, HMDB). A unifying system table was compiled of the molecular masses of the target analytes isolated from the MeOH-extract of S. tuberosum for ease of identification (Appendix A Table A1). The 87 target analytes shown in Table 1 belong to different polyphenolic families: flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes, tannins and belong to glycoalkaloids.
Figure 1. Chemical profiles of the S. tuberosum L. (variety Hybrid 15/F-2-13) sample represented total ion chromatogram from MeOH-extract.
In addition to the reported metabolites, a number of metabolites were newly annotated in Siberian S. tuberosum L. There were essential amino acid L-Tryptophan; stilbene Oxyresveratrol; flavones Chrysoeriol, Diosmetin, Diosmin, Myricetin, Ampelopsin; dihydrochalcone Phlorizin; Shikimic acid; Hydroxyphenyllactic acid; Fraxidin; Myristoleic acid; flavanone Naringenin; flavan-3-ols Epicatechin, Gallocatechin, Gibberellic acid, etc.
The total ion chromatogram of tandem mass spectrometry of the S. tuberosum L. (variety Hybrid 15/F-2-13) sample is represented on Figure 1. Purple line—base peek chromatogram of positive ion signal intensity; red line—base peek chromatogram of negative ion signal intensity; light green line—total intensity of positive ions; brown line—total intensity of negative ions; blue line—UV chromatogram (wavelength 230 ηm); black line—UV chromatogram (wavelength 330 ηm). The obtained mass spectrometric data make it possible to compile a detailed table of the presence of identified compounds in different varieties of the Siberian S. tuberosum, which further makes it possible to construct comparative Venn diagrams. (Appendix A Table A2).

4. Discussion

The results presented in Table A2 (Appendix A) clearly show that the variety Hybrid 22103-10 provided the highest polyphenol content, the variety Memory of Antoshkina, Hybrid 15/F-2-13, and Hybrid 17-5/6-11 provided the lowest polyphenol content. In turn, analyzing Table A2 (Appendix A), the highest content of steroidal alkaloids was shown by potato tubers of the variety Hybrid 22103-10, and the lowest content was shown by the varieties Hybrid 15/F-2-13, Hybrid 17-5/6-11, and Tomichka.
The results of studies for all bioactive substances, identified from MeOH extracts of S. tuberosum are presented in the Venn diagram (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Venn diagram comparing the composition of isolated bioactive components in potato samples “Tuleevsky”, “Memory of Antoshkina”, “Kuznechanka’’, “Sinilga”, “Hybrid 15/F-2-13”.
The detailed interpretation of the identified compounds in potato varieties is presented in Table 2. Also in this table, repeated matches for identified substances in different varieties of potatoes are well traced.
Table 2. The detailed interpretation of the identified bioactive compounds in potato varieties.
The results of studies for all steroidal alkaloids are presented in the Venn diagram (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Venn diagram comparing the composition of isolated steroid alkaloids in potato samples “Tuleevsky”, “Memory of Antoshkina”, “Kuznechanka’’, “Sinilga”, “Hybrid 15/F-2-13”.
The detailed interpretation of the identified steroidal alkaloids in potato varieties is presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Detailed interpretation of the identified steroidal alkaloids in potato varieties.
The applied LC gradient of acetonitrile in water permitted to resolve all steroid alkaloid glycosides N° 70–87 (Appendix A Table A2) during reasonable short time.
Monitoring the elution profile of the compounds N° 70–87 was much more easier from single ion chromatograms of protonated molecules [M + H]+, than in total ion chromatogram (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7). The resolution of the particular peaks of steroid alkaloid glycosides was satisfactory in the applied LC gradient and identification of the compounds on the basis of the registered mass spectra was unambiguous. In the extracts α-chaconine and α-solanine were identified as major glycoalkaloid components, their peaks were easily recognized in the total ion current (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7).
Figure 4. CID-spectrum of α-solanine from extracts of S. tuberosum (variety Tuleevsky), m/z 868.41.
Figure 5. CID-spectrum of α-chaconine from extracts of S. tuberosum (variety Tuleevsky), m/z 852.41.
Figure 6. CID-spectrum of Dehydrochaconine [Solanidine dehydrodimer conjugated with chacotriose] from extracts of S. tuberosum (variety Tuleevsky), m/z 850.41.
Figure 7. CID-spectrum of Leptinine II from extracts of S. tuberosum (variety Tuleevsky), m/z 884.34.
Figure 4 shows an example of decoding the spectrum of the steroidal alkaloid α-solanine from an ion chromatogram obtained by tandem mass spectrometry. The [M + H]+ ion produces four product ions at m/z 398.26, m/z 560.33, m/z 706.32, and at m/z 851.39 (Figure 4). A fragment ion at m/z 398.26 gives rise to three daughter ions at m/z 327.22, m/z 253.19, and m/z 157.04. A fragment ion at m/z 327.22 gives rise to three daughter ions at m/z 312.27, m/z 204.13, and m/z 150.13. This compound is identified in scientific articles as α-solanine, for example in S. tuberosum [,,,].
Figure 5 shows an example of decoding the spectrum of the steroidal alkaloid α-chaconine from an ion chromatogram obtained by tandem mass spectrometry. The [M + H]+ ion produces three product ions at m/z 706.4, m/z 560.36, and at m/z 398.32 (Figure 5). A fragment ion at m/z 706.4 gives rise to two daughter ions at m/z 560.32, and m/z 398.3. A fragment ion at m/z 560.32 gives rise to three daughter ions at m/z 398.24, m/z 269.18, and m/z 183.24. This compound is identified in scientific articles as α-chaconine, for example in S. tuberosum [,,,].
In the mass spectra [M + H]+ ions at m/z 868 and 884 were observed. Four additional peaks of triglycosides described by us, as glycosidic conjugates of dehydrosolanidine were also identified, their protonated molecular ions [M + H]+ were detected at m/z 850 and m/z 866, respectively (Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7).
In the mass spectra of all triglycosides [M + H]+ ions and fragments were observed, formed after consecutive cleavage of glycosidic bonds between sugars and sugar and aglycone. In the first step of the fragmentation pathway of studied compounds (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7) cleavage of both sugar rings on the nonreducing end was observed. In the mass spectra of steroid alkaloid glycosides linked with solatriose in the first step of fragmentation elimination of glucose ([M + H]+ − 162) or rhamnose ([M + H]+ − 146) was recorded. Due to simultaneous co-elution from LC column more than one secondary metabolite in the mass spectra were present but verification of the steroid alkaloid glycosides presence in the analyzed samples was possible. On the basis of single ion chromatograms for [M + H]+ and fragment ions unambiguous identification of compounds of interest was achieved.

5. Conclusions

Scientific studies in this work have clearly shown the presence of a large number of putative target analytes from extracts of from Siberian S. tuberosum L.: Tuleevsky, Kuznechanka, Memory of Antoshkina, Tomichka, Hybrid 15/F-2-13, Hybrid 22103-10, Hybrid 17-5/6-11, and Sinilga from the collection of Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agrobiotechnology of Russian Academia of Science. HPLC in combination with a BRUKER DALTONIKS ion trap was used to identify target analytes in extracts of tuber part of a potato. The results showed the presence of 87 target analytes corresponding to S. tuberosum. In addition to the reported metabolites, a number of metabolites were newly annotated in S. tuberosum. There were essential amino acid L-Tryptophan, L-glutamate, L-lysine, Nordenine; flavones Ampelopsin; Chrysoeriol, Diosmetin, Diosmin, Myricetin; flavanones Naringenin and Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside; dihydrochalcone Phlorizin; oligomeric proanthocyanidin (Epi)afzelechin-(epi)afzelechin; Shikimic acid; Hydroxyphenyllactic acid; Fraxidin; Myristoleic acid; flavan-3-ols Epicatechin, Gallocatechin, Gibberellic acid, etc.
This study will help to further constructively navigate the introduction of new potato varieties and hybrids in order to obtain certain consumer qualities. In particular, it is now quite clear that in the breeding of new varieties of potatoes, it is necessary to focus on reducing the total proportion of steroidal alkaloids, since they worsen the quality of the product. In turn, the extended presence of compounds of the polyphenol group improves the taste and useful properties of experimental potato samples.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.R. and A.Z.; methodology V.K. (Valentina Kulikova) and K.G.; validation, A.Z. and K.G.; formal analysis, L.B., T.B. and M.R.; investigation, N.P. and V.K. (Vera Khodaeva); resources, K.G.; data curation; writing—original draft preparation—M.R.; writing—review and editing M.R. and K.G.; visualization, M.R.; supervision, K.G.; project administration, K.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the Decree No. 220 by the Government of the Russian Federation (Mega-grant No. 220-2961-3099).

Institutional Review Board Statement

No applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. The target analytes isolated from the MeOH-extract of S. tuberosum L.
Table A1. The target analytes isolated from the MeOH-extract of S. tuberosum L.
NoClass of CompoundsIdentificationFormulaCalculated MassObserved Mass [M − H]−Observed Mass [M + H]+MS/MS Stage 1 FragmentationMS/MS Stage 2 FragmentationReferences
POLYPHENOLS
1FlavoneApigeninC15H10O5270.2369 271243230Hedyotis diffusa []; Cirsium japonicum []; Triticum aestivum L. []
2FlavoneChrysoeriol [Chryseriol] C16H12O6300.2629 301269; 169241Triticum aestivum L. []; Rice []; Mentha []
3FlavoneDiosmetinC16H12O6300.2629 301273; 169241Cirsium japonicum []; Mentha []
4FlavoneMyricetinC15H10O8318.2351 319289; 260; 219; 173261; 191Vitis vinifera []; Vaccinium macrocarpon []; F. glaucescens []
5FlavoneAmpelopsinC15H12O8320.251 321304; 287; 247; 129193; 113Impatients glandulifera Royle []; Rhus coriaria []
6Flavone5,6-Dihydroxy-7,8,3’,4’-tetramethoxyflavoneC19H18O8374.3414 375345; 297; 275; 257; 245; 217315; 257; 245Mentha []
7FlavoneDihydroxy tetramethoxyflavanoneC19H20O8376.3573 377345; 275245G. linguiforme []
8FlavoneDiosmin [Diosmetin-7-O-rutinoside; Barosmin; Diosimin] C28H32O15608.5447 609591; 531531Mentha []; F. glaucescens []
9FlavonolKaempferolC15H10O6286.2363 287278; 241; 185206Potato leaves []; Potato []; Vitis vinifera []; Ocimum []
10FlavonolQuercetinC15H10O7302.2357 303275; 203; 163245; 175Potato leaves []; Eucalyptus []; Triticum []; Vitis vinifera []; Tomato []; Vaccinium macrocarpon [,]
11FlavonolHerbacetinC15H10O7302.2357 303275; 203245; 175Ocimum []; Rhodiola rosea []
12FlavonolIsorhamnetinC16H12O7316.2623 317256228; 116Vaccinium macrocarpon []; Eucalyptus []
13FlavonolQuercetin 3-O- glucosideC21H20O12464.3763 465447; 279; 136429; 279; 201Potato [,]; Vitis vinifera []; Rhus coriaria []; Lonicera japonica []; Solanaceae []
14FlavonolMyricetin-3-O-galactosideC21H20O13480.3757 481299; 174271Vitis vinifera []; Vaccinium macrocarpon [,]; Impatients glandulifera Royle []
15FlavonolKaempferol diacetyl hexosideC25H24O13532.4503 533415385; 315A. cordifolia []
16FlavonolQuercetin glucuronide sulfateC21H18O16S558.4230 559412; 299; 186394; 299; 186F. herrerae []
17FlavonolQuercetin malonyl dihexosideC30H32O20712.5631711 303; 279259; 205F. glaucescens; F. herrerae []
18FlavanoneNaringenin [Naringetol; Naringenine] C15H12O5272.5228 273255; 213; 161226Vitis vinifera []; G. linguiforme []; Tomato []
19FlavanoneEriodictyol-7-O-glucosideC21H22O11450.3928 449431; 413; 333; 267; 233; 140356; 290; 227; 150Vitis vinifera []; Impatients glandulifera Royle []
20Flavan-3-olCatechin [D-Catechol] C15H14O6290.2681 291273; 261; 243; 231; 213; 191; 175202; 157Eucalyptus []; Triticum []; Vaccinium macrocarpon []; Potato []
21Flavan-3-olEpicatechinC15H14O6290.2681 291261; 175175; 157Vitis vinifera []; C. edulis []; Eucalyptus []; Vaccinium macrocarpon []; Rubus occidentalis []
22Flavan-3-olGallocatechinC15H14O7306.2675 307277; 207247; 159G. linguiforme []; Solanaceae []
23Oligomeric proanthocyanidinEpiafzelechin [(epi)Afzelechin] C15H14O5274.2687 275245; 175175; 127A. cordifolia; F. glaucescens; F. herrerae []
24Oligomeric proanthocyanidin(Epi)Afzelechin-(epi)afzelechinC30H24O10544.5056 545535; 362; 301359; 227A. cordifolia, C. edulis []
25AnthocyaninPetunidinC16H13O7+317.2702 318300; 256212; 112A. cordifolia; C. edulis []
26DihydrochalconePhlorizin [Phloridzin; Phlorizoside] C21H24O10436.4093 437275; 329245; 176Potato []; Vitis vinifera []; A.cordifolia []; Eucalyptus []
27Hydroxycinammic acidp-Coumaric acidC9H8O3164.16 165147119Potato []; Tomato []; Vaccinium macrocarpon []; Rubus occidentalis []
28Hydroxycinnamic acidChlorogenic acid [3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid] C16H18O9354.3087353 191127; 171Potato leaves []; Vaccinium macrocarpon []; tomato []; Potato [,,,]
29Hydroxybenzoic acid (Phenolic acid)4-Hydroxybenzoic acid [PHBA; Benzoic acid; p-Hydroxybenzoic acid] C7H6O3138.1207 139137129Potato []; Vitis vinifera []; Triticum []; Vigna unguiculata []; Mentha []
30Hydroxybenzoic acid (Phenolic acid)Salvianolic acid GC18H12O7340.2837 341323; 273; 137275; 176Mentha []
31HydroxycoumarinFraxidinC11H10O5222.1941 208; 135189Rat plasma []
OTHERS
32L-alpha amino acidL-Pyroglutamic acid [Pidolic acid; 5-Oxo-L-Proline] C5H7NO3129.1140 130112 Potato leaves []
33Amino acidLeucine [(S)-2-Amino-Methylpentanoic acid] C6H13NO2131.1729 132129 Potato leaves []; Vigna unguiculata []
34Amino acidL-GlutamateC5H7NO4145.1134 146 Lonicera japonica []
35Amino acidL-LysineC6H14N2O2146.1876 147130 Lonicera japonica []
36Amino acidPhenylalanine [L-Phenylalanine] C9H11NO2165.1891 166120 Potato leaves []; G. linguiforme []; Vigna unguiculata []; Passiflora incarnata []
37Amino acidNordenineC10H15NO165.2322 166149; 120139; 120A. cordifolia []
38Cyclohexenecarboxylic acidShikimic acid [L-Schikimic acid]C7H10O5174.1513 175157; 130; 112140; 126; 112A. cordifolia []; Red wines []
39Monobasic carboxylic acidHydroxyphenyllactic acidC9H10O4182.1733 182165; 136147Mentha []
40Polyhydroxycarboxylic acidQuinic acidC7H12O6192.1666191 173; 129; 111 Potato leaves []; Potato []
41Tricarboxylic acidCitric acid [Anhydrous; Citrate] C6H8O7192.1235191 111; 173 Potato leaves []; Vigna unguiculata []
42Trans-cinnamic acidFerulic acidC10H10O4194.184 195193; 112 Potato [,]; Vaccinium macrocarpon []
43Essential amino acidL-Tryptophan [Tryptophan; (S)-Tryptophan] C11H12N2O2204.2252 205188146; 170Vigna unguiculata []; Passiflora incarnata []; Strawberry []
44Unsaturated fatty acidDodecatetraenedioic acid [2,4,8,10-Dodecateraenedioic acid] C12H14O4222.2372 223208; 163; 135190F. herrerae []
45Carboxylic acidMyristoleic acid [Cis-9-Tetradecanoic acid] C14H26O2226.3550 227209;138; 127F. glaucescens []
46Benzoic acid3,4-Diacetoxybenzoic acidC10H11O6238.1935 239222; 151123Potato leaves []; Triticum aestivum L. []
47Phenolic amineN-CaffeoylputrescineC13H18N2O3250.2936 251223; 151177Potato leaves []; Potato []
48Phenolic amineN-feruloylputrescineC14H20N2O3264.3202 265248; 177; 114177; 145Potato []
49Omega-3 fatty acidStearidonic acidC18H28O2276.4137 277248; 201; 132218; 189Salviae Miltiorrhizae []
50PhenylpropanoidTriandrin [Sachaliside] C15H20O7312.3151311 293; 201; 171265; 185Potato leaves []
51Unsaturated fatty acidOctadecanedioic acid [1,16-Hexadecanedicarboxylic acid] C18H34O4314.4602 315280; 199; 127135F. glaucescens []
52Unsaturated essential fatty acidOxo-eicosatetraenoic acidC20H30O3318.4504 319277259; 165F. potsii []
53 Fructose-phenylalanineC15H21NO7327.3297 328169; 291140Potato leaves []
54Higher-molecular-weight carboxylic acid9,10-Dihydroxy-8-oxooctadec-12-enoic acidC18H32O5328.4437327 229; 171; 127153Bituminaria []; Broccoli []; Phyllostachys nigra []
55OxylipinEpoxyoctadecane-dioic acidC18H32O5328.4437327 171; 201; 125153Potato leaves []
56Phenolic amineN-feruloyloctopamineC18H19NO5329.3472328 310295; 161; 135Potato []
57Oxylipin13- Trihydroxy-Octadecenoic acid [THODE] C18H34O5330.4596329 309; 229; 171; 127153Bituminaria []; Broccoli []; Phyllostachys nigra []
58Oxylipin9,12,13- Trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acidC18H34O5330.4596329 171; 201; 311153Potato leaves []
59Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid [3-Csa] C16H16O8336.2934 337319; 257; 175; 112257; 175Grataegi Fructus []; Zostera marina []
60Pentacyclic diterpenoidGibberellic acidC19H22O6346.3744 347284; 154256Triticum aestivum []
61Higher-molecular-weight carboxylic acidPentacosenoic acidC25H48O2380.6474 381363; 263; 180275; 247; 207F. glaucescens []
62Steroidal alkaloidSolanidineC27H43NO397.6364 399157; 383; 327; 253142Potato [,]
63SterolStigmasterol [Stigmasterin; Beta-Stigmasterol] C29H48O412.6908 413301189Hedyotis diffusa []; A.cordifolia; F. pottsii []; Salvia hypargeia []
64Steroidal alkaloidTomatidinolC27H43NO2413.6358 414394; 272; 204256; 204Potato []; Lucopersicon esculentum, Solanum nigrum []
65Anabolic steroidVebonolC30H44O3452.6686 453435; 336; 209336; 226Rhus coriaria []
66Phenolic amineN1,N8-bis(dihydrocaffeoyl) spermidineC25H35N3O6473.5619 474343228; 315Potato []
67Polyhydroxycarboxylic acid1-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acidC26H26O12530.4774 531353; 303; 230337; 280; 143Lemon []; Senecio clivicolus []
68GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC32H33NO8559.6063 560398; 183383; 253; 213; 159; 125
69Glycoalkaloidβ-chaconineC39H63NO10705.9182 706560; 493; 398; 307; 214398; 196Passiflora incarnata []
70GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC39H63NO11721.9176 722704; 560396
71GlycoalkaloidDehydrochaconineC45H71NO14850.0435 850704; 558; 396558; 396; 272Potato [,]
72Glycoalkaloidα-chaconineC45H73NO14852.0594 852706; 560; 398; 253560; 398Potato [,,,]
73GlycoalkaloidSolanidadienol chacotrioseC45H71NO15866.0429 866720; 574; 412; 850574; 412Potato []
74GlycoalkaloidSolanidadiene solatrioseC45H71NO15866.0429 866396; 558; 704396; 325; 199; 166Potato []
75GlycoalkaloidSolanidenone chacotrioseC45H71NO15866.0429 866720574; 412; 254Potato []
76Glycoalkaloidα-solanineC45H73NO15868.9588 868398; 706; 560383; 327; 253; 157Potato [,,,]
77GlycoalkaloidLeptinine IC45H73NO15868.9588 868850; 704; 396704; 558; 396Potato []
78GlycoalkaloidSolanidenol chacotrioseC45H73NO15868.9588 868722; 560; 398560; 398; 326Potato []
79GlycoalkaloidSolanidadiene solatrioseC45H73NO15868.9588 868706; 560; 486; 398; 327560; 398; Potato []
80GlycoalkaloidSolanidadienol solatrioseC45H71NO16882.0423 882412; 736; 574182; 394; 341; 251Potato []
81GlycoalkaloidLeptinine IIC45H73NO16884.0582 884866; 704; 396396; 558; 720Potato []
82GlycoalkaloidSolanidenol solatrioseC45H73NO16884.0582 884866; 722; 396396; 558; 704Potato []
83GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H75NO16886.0741886 850; 704704; 558
84GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H77NO16888.0900 888870852
85GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC46H75NO16898.0848897 850; 704704; 246
86GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H76NO17903.0814902 866; 704704; 558
87GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC49H79NO18970.1475969 850; 704704; 558; 492
Table A2. The presence of identified compounds in different varieties of Siberian S. tuberosum (Variety Tuleevsky—light green; variety Memory of Antoshkina—brown; variety Kuznechanka—red; variety Sinilga—violet; variety Hybrid 15/F-2-13—rose; variety Hybrid 22103-10—green; variety Hybrid 17-5/6-11—blue; variety Tomichka—light blue).
Table A2. The presence of identified compounds in different varieties of Siberian S. tuberosum (Variety Tuleevsky—light green; variety Memory of Antoshkina—brown; variety Kuznechanka—red; variety Sinilga—violet; variety Hybrid 15/F-2-13—rose; variety Hybrid 22103-10—green; variety Hybrid 17-5/6-11—blue; variety Tomichka—light blue).
NoIdentified CompoundsIdentificationFormulaCalculated MassTuleevsky Memory of Antoshkina Kuznechanka SinilgaHybrid 15/F-2-13 Hybrid 22103-10Hybrid 17-5/6-11Tomichka
Polyphenols
1FlavoneApigeninC15H10O5270.2369
2FlavoneChrysoeriolC16H12O6300.2629
3FlavoneDiosmetinC16H12O6300.2629
4FlavoneMyricetinC15H10O8318.2351
5FlavoneAmpelopsinC15H12O8320.251
6Flavone5,6-Dihydroxy-7,8,3’,4’tetramethoxyflavoneC19H18O8374.3414
7FlavoneDihydroxy tetramethoxyflavanoneC19H20O8376.3573
8FlavoneDiosminC28H32O15608.5447
9FlavonolKaempferolC15H10O6286.2363
10FlavonolQuercetinC15H10O7302.2357
11FlavonolHerbacetinC15H10O7302.2357
12FlavonolIsorhamnetinC16H12O7316.2623
13FlavonolQuercetin 3-O- glucosideC21H20O12464.3763
14FlavonolMyricetin-3-O-galactosideC21H20O13480.3757
15FlavonolKaempferol diacetyl hexosideC25H24O13532.4503
16FlavonolQuercetin glucuronide sulfateC21H18O16S558.4230
17FlavonolQuercetin malonyl dihexosideC30H32O20712.5631
18Flavan-3-olCatechinC15H14O6290.2681
19Flavan-3-olEpicatechinC15H14O6290.2681
20Flavan-3-olGallocatechinC15H14O7306.2675
21FlavanoneNaringeninC15H12O5272.5228
22FlavanoneEriodictyol-7-O-glucosideC21H22O11450.3928
23Oligomeric proanthocyanidinEpiafzelechinC15H14O5274.2687
24Oligomeric proanthocyanidinEpiafzelechin-epiafzelechinC30H24O10544.5056
25Hydroxybenzoic acid4-Hydroxybenzoic acidC7H6O3138.1207
26Hydroxycinammic acidp-Coumaric acidC9H8O3164.16
27Trans-cinnamic acidFerulic acidC10H10O4194.184
28Benzoic acid3,4-Diacetoxybenzoic acidC10H11O6238.1935
29Hydroxybenzoic acid (Phenolic acid)Salvianolic acid GC18H12O7340.2837
30Hydroxycinnamic acidChlorogenic acidC16H18O9354.3087
31AnthocyaninPetunidinC16H13O7+317.2702
32HydroxycoumarinFraxidinC11H10O5222.1941
33DihydrochalconePhlorizinC21H24O10436.4093
Others
34L-alpha amino acidL-Pyroglutamic acidC5H7NO3129.1140
35Amino acidLeucineC6H13NO2131.1729
36Amino acidL-GlutamateC5H7NO4145.1134
37Amino acidL-LysineC6H14N2O2146.1876
38Amino acidPhenylalanine [L-Phenylalanine] C9H11NO2165.1891
39Amino acidNordenineC10H15NO165.2322
40Cyclohexenecarboxylic acidSchikimic acidC7H10O5174.1513
41Monobasic carboxylic acidHydroxyphenyllactic acidC9H10O4182.1733
42Polyhydroxycarboxylic acidQuinic acidC7H12O6192.1666
43Tricarboxylic acidCitric acidC6H8O7192.1235
44Essential amino acidL-TryptophanC11H12N2O2204.2252
45Unsaturated fatty acidDodecatetraenedioic acidC12H14O4222.2372
46Carboxylic acidMyristoleic acidC14H26O2226.3550
47Phenolic amineN-CaffeoylputrescineC13H18N2O3250.2936
48Phenolic amineN-feruloylputrescineC14H20N2O3264.3202
49Omega-3 fatty acidStearidonic acidC18H28O2276.4137
50PhenylpropanoidTriandrinC15H20O7312.3151
51Unsaturated fatty acidOctadecanedioic acidC18H34O4314.4602
52Unsaturated essential fatty acidOxo-eicosatetraenoic acidC20H30O3318.4504
53 Fructose-phenylalanineC15H21NO7327.3297
54Higher-molecular-weight carboxylic acid9,10-Dihydroxy-8-oxooctadec-12-enoic acidC18H32O5328.4437
55OxylipinEpoxyoctadecane-dioic acidC18H32O5328.4437
56Phenolic amineN-feruloyloctopamineC18H19NO5329.3472
57Oxylipin13- Trihydroxy-Octadecenoic acidC18H34O5330.4596
58Oxylipin9,12,13- Trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acidC18H34O5330.4596
59Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid3-O-caffeoylshikimic acid [3-Csa] C16H16O8336.2934
60Pentacyclic diterpenoidGibberellic acidC19H22O6346.3744
61Higher-molecular-weight carboxylic acidPentacosenoic acidC25H48O2380.6474
62Steroidal alkaloidSolanidineC27H43NO397.6364
63SterolStigmasterolC29H48O412.6908
64Steroidal alkaloidTomatidinolC27H43NO2413.6358
65Anabolic steroidVebonolC30H44O3452.6686
66Phenolic amineN1,N8-bis(dihydrocaffeoyl) spermidineC25H35N3O6473.5619
67Polyhydroxycarboxylic acid1-O-caffeoyl-5-O-feruloylquinic acidC26H26O12530.4774
68Steroidal alkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC32H33NO8559.6063
69GlycoalkaloidBeta-chaconineC39H63NO10705.9182
70GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC39H63NO11721.9176
71GlycoalkaloidDehydrochaconineC45H71NO14850.0435
72GlycoalkaloidAlpha-chaconineC45H73NO14852.0594
73GlycoalkaloidSolanidadienol chacotrioseC45H71NO15866.0429
74GlycoalkaloidSolanidadiene solatrioseC45H71NO15866.0429
75GlycoalkaloidSolanidenone chacotrioseC45H71NO15866.0429
76GlycoalkaloidAlpha-solanineC45H73NO15868.9588
77GlycoalkaloidLeptinine IC45H73NO15868.9588
78GlycoalkaloidSolanidenol chacotrioseC45H73NO15868.9588
79GlycoalkaloidSolanidadiene solatrioseC45H73NO15868.9588
80GlycoalkaloidSolanidadienol solatrioseC45H71NO16882.0423
81GlycoalkaloidLeptinine IIC45H73NO16884.0582
82GlycoalkaloidSolanidenol solatrioseC45H73NO16884.0582
83GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H75NO16886.0741
84GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H77NO16888.0900
85GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC46H75NO16898.0848
86GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC45H76NO17903.0814
87GlycoalkaloidUnknown glycoalkaloidC49H79NO18970.1475

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