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J. Intell., Volume 12, Issue 5 (May 2024) – 5 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In this study, the types of attitudes that parents may have toward gifted students and gifted education, along with the predictors of these attitudes, were investigated. Using data collected from 331 Australian parents, analyses including factor analysis and latent profile analysis were performed. The results revealed that parents may be divided into three subgroups with distinct attitude profiles (“strong”, “moderate” and “weak” supporters of gifted students/gifted education). Furthermore, nine potential predictors of parent attitudes were identified, including perceptions of the giftedness of one’s child, and the anticipated socio-emotional and academic impacts of giftedness and gifted education. The important contributions of the study to the research literature are discussed. View this paper

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14 pages, 368 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Ability-Related Emotional Intelligence: An Introduction

by Michael D. Robinson

J. Intell. 2024, 12(5), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12050051 - 19 May 2024

Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Emotionally intelligent people are thought to be more skilled in recognizing, thinking about, using, and regulating emotions. This construct has garnered considerable interest, but initial enthusiasm has faded and it is time to take stock. There is consensus that ability-related measures of emotional intelligence (EI) can be favored to self-report tests, in part because the resulting scores cannot be equated with personality traits. However, there are questions surrounding measurement as well as predictive value. Experts in the field were encouraged to chart new directions, with the idea that these new directions could reinvigorate EI scholarship. Special Issue papers speak to theory, mechanism, measurement, and training. In addition, these papers seek to forge links with research traditions focused on interpersonal perception, emotional awareness, and emotion regulation. As a result of these efforts, new insights into what EI is and how it works can be anticipated in upcoming years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ability-Related Emotional Intelligence: Knowns, Unknowns, and Future Directions)

45 pages, 6442 KiB

Open AccessTutorial

Seeing without a Scene: Neurological Observations on the Origin and Function of the Dorsal Visual Stream

by Robert D. Rafal

J. Intell. 2024, 12(5), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12050050 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1602

Abstract

In all vertebrates, visual signals from each visual field project to the opposite midbrain tectum (called the superior colliculus in mammals). The tectum/colliculus computes visual salience to select targets for context-contingent visually guided behavior: a frog will orient toward a small, moving stimulus (insect prey) but away from a large, looming stimulus (a predator). In mammals, visual signals competing for behavioral salience are also transmitted to the visual cortex, where they are integrated with collicular signals and then projected via the dorsal visual stream to the parietal and frontal cortices. To control visually guided behavior, visual signals must be encoded in body-centered (egocentric) coordinates, and so visual signals must be integrated with information encoding eye position in the orbit—where the individual is looking. Eye position information is derived from copies of eye movement signals transmitted from the colliculus to the frontal and parietal cortices. In the intraparietal cortex of the dorsal stream, eye movement signals from the colliculus are used to predict the sensory consequences of action. These eye position signals are integrated with retinotopic visual signals to generate scaffolding for a visual scene that contains goal-relevant objects that are seen to have spatial relationships with each other and with the observer. Patients with degeneration of the superior colliculus, although they can see, behave as though they are blind. Bilateral damage to the intraparietal cortex of the dorsal stream causes the visual scene to disappear, leaving awareness of only one object that is lost in space. This tutorial considers what we have learned from patients with damage to the colliculus, or to the intraparietal cortex, about how the phylogenetically older midbrain and the newer mammalian dorsal cortical visual stream jointly coordinate the experience of a spatially and temporally coherent visual scene. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue On the Origins and Development of Attention Networks)

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28 pages, 1407 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Test of the Concept of the Adaptively Intelligent Attitude

by Robert J. Sternberg, Arezoo Soleimani Dashtaki and Banu Baydil

J. Intell. 2024, 12(5), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12050049 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1840

Abstract

This study provides an empirical test of a previously proposed assertion that intelligence as adaptation has an attitudinal as well as an ability component. The ability component deals with what the basic knowledge and skills are that underlie intelligence, and how much of each one an individual has. The attitudinal component deals with how an individual chooses to deploy the abilities they have. In other words, to what use are the abilities put? It is argued that it is impossible fully to separate the measurement of the ability component from the attitudinal one. In a diverse population, even taking an intelligence test will show itself to involve an attitude toward the test, which may enhance or detract from performance, as when one sees the test as irrelevant or harmful to one’s life, or as a sociocultural misfit to one’s life experience. To succeed, people need not only to have abilities, but attitudes that put those abilities to effective use to accomplish individuals’ life goals. In the study, we found that intelligent attitudes are related, but non-identical, to germane constructs, such as wisdom, the need for cognition, creativity, and openness to experience. Scores on the attitudinal measure were not related to scores on tests of fluid intelligence and academic abilities/achievement. Thus, the range of attitudes regarding how to deploy intelligence can vary over ability levels. Full article

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27 pages, 792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Attitudes toward Gifted Students and Gifted Education: Attitude Profiles and Predictors

by Jae Yup Jung and Jihyun Lee

J. Intell. 2024, 12(5), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12050048 - 29 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1902

Abstract

In this study, an investigation was conducted into the types of attitudes that parents may have of gifted students and gifted education, and the predictors of these attitudes. Using data collected from 331 parents of students enrolled in a Christian faith-based school system in one of the eight states/territories of Australia, multiple analyses, including exploratory factor analysis and latent profile analysis, were performed. The results revealed three subgroups of parents, each representing distinct attitude profiles (i.e., “strong”, “moderate” and “weak” supporters of gifted students and gifted education). Furthermore, we found nine variables to be potential predictors of parent attitudes, including perceptions of the giftedness of one’s child, and the anticipated socio-emotional and academic impacts of giftedness and gifted education. Some of the important contributions of the study to the research literature included the distinction made by parents between attitudes toward gifted education adaptations and attitudes toward special gifted education settings, and the comparatively large number of parents who are moderately (rather than strongly or weakly) supportive of gifted students and gifted education. Full article

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15 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thinking about Believing: Can Metacognitive Reflection Encourage Belief Updating?

by Allison P. O’Leary and Wesley Fletcher

J. Intell. 2024, 12(5), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12050047 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1674

Abstract

People often cling to their beliefs even in the face of counterevidence. The current study explored metacognitive reflection as a potential driver for belief updating. In a randomized controlled experiment (n = 155), participants rated their degree of agreement with a statement regarding genetic modification in humans. Following this, participants were presented with a passage containing an argument counter to their indicated belief. Participants in the metacognition condition were asked to deeply reflect on the ways in which the passage was similar to or different from their current beliefs. Participants in the control condition were asked to engage in more shallow reflection on the composition of the passage. After reflecting on the counterevidence, participants were asked to again rate their agreement with the statement regarding human gene modification. Both groups updated their initial beliefs to be more consistent with the presented counterevidence. Although greater belief updating was observed in those who metacognitively reflected on the passage, this effect did not reach significance (p = .055). These findings suggest that reflecting on counterevidence has the potential to encourage belief updating, regardless of whether that reflection is metacognitive in nature, and provide promise for future work investigating the role of metacognition in belief updating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intersection of Metacognition and Intelligence)

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