Techniques and Instruments for Assessing and Reducing Risk of Exposure to Nanomaterials in Construction, Focusing on Fire-Resistant Insulation Panels Containing Nanoclay
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Acute toxicity—A study in Sprague-Dawley rats found that nanosilicate platelets (TNS) from natural montmorillonite clay have low toxicity (LD50 > 5700 mg/kg body weight) [32].
- Irritability and sensitization—Lack of information in the literature.
- Repeated Dose Toxicity—We did not find any studies on repeated dose inhalation. In [33], the toxicity of sepiolite nanoclay was studied in male rats through intratracheal instillation. The results showed that the substance could cause temporary neutrophilic reactions 24 h after exposure, as well as the occasional formation of multinucleate giant cells at 1 week, 5 weeks, and 3 months after exposure. Furthermore, there was inflammation in the centroacinar areas 24 h after exposure, but the severity of the effects lessened as time passed.
- Genotoxicity—There was no mutation observed in the Ames assay or ROS production in an acellular test system after exposure to unmodified nanoclay (Cloisite Na + R) and organically modified nanoclay (CloisiteR 30B) [34]. Nonetheless, both unfiltered and filtered CloisiteR 30B particles (with larger nanometer particles eliminated) caused DNA strand breaks in Caco-2 (human colon cancer) cells in a dose-dependent manner 24 h post-exposure. The study’s finding was that the organo-modifier, not the particles, was responsible for the observed DNA damage. In [35], it was mentioned that incorporating 2.5% or 5% fetal calf serum (FCS) in an unaltered nanoclay (Cloisite Na + R) dispersion medium can impact toxicity study outcomes. It was observed that the medium with 2.5% FCS or without FCS notably hindered cell growth in human U937 monocyte cells, whereas the medium containing 5% FCS had minimal impact on cell growth. The genotoxicity of PNS from natural montmorillonite clay was examined in vitro and in vivo, revealing no DNA damage in CHO cells and no significant micronucleus induction in ICR mice or mutations in the gene mutation assay [32].
- Carcinogenic effects—No data found in the literature.
- Reproductive toxicity—No data found in the literature.
- Cytotoxicity—Nanoclay has been employed in making bio-nanocomposites with chitin-based polyurethane (PU) by utilizing chitin, Delite HPS bentonite nanoclay with montmorillonite, 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and polycaprolactone polyol CAPA 231. The impact of nanoclay content relating to mechanical properties and in vitro biocompatibility was studied. L-929 testing showed that the optimal PU bio-nanocomposite included 2% Delite HPS nanoclay with bentonite. Higher nanoclay concentrations led to elevated cytotoxicity in fibroblasts [36]. Researchers examined how unaltered nanoclay (Cloisite Na + R) and modified nanoclay (Cloisite 93AR) affected human HepG2 hepatoma cells in vitro and found both types to be extremely toxic, with Cloisite Na + R specifically triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [37].
2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Nanoclay as Nanomaterial Ingredient
2.2. Theoretical Simulation of the Nano Exposure at Working Place
2.3. Manufacture of Fire-Resistant Panels in Real Conditions
- Storage and mass dimensioning of raw materials: gypsum (IM 99, Adeplast SRL, Corlatesti, Romania), activated bentonite nanoclay (Bentoflux SA, Satu Mare, Romania), water, fiberglass mesh (Etex Building Performance SA, Bucharest, Romania); Preparation of compositions (gypsum + activated bentonite nanoclay + water). The composition preparation requires dosage of raw materials and mixing/homogenization of raw materials, Figure 5;
- Manufacture of fire-resistant panels (real dimension: 2300 × 1000 × 15 mm). Manufacture of panels requires lubrication of framework, casting of panels (applying the 1st layer of composition and leveling, applying the reinforcement layer of fiberglass mesh, applying the 2nd layer of composition and finishing), drying/hardening of panels, and de-molding of panels, as in Figure 6.
- Casting and finishing of panel; Storage of panels and aging—Racks/storage room, Figure 7.
2.4. Experimental Measurements for Assessment of Inhalation Exposure to Nanopowders
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Inhalation Exposure Analysis
3.2. Dermal Exposure Analysis
3.3. Limitation of the Study and Perspectives
3.4. Safeguard Scenarios for Improving the Workers’ Safety
- Nano 0: (1) No engineering control systems against nano hazards; (2) No respiratory equipment against nano hazards; (3) No dermal protection equipment against nano hazards.
- Nano 3: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters OR natural ventilation by windows, doors, holes in walls; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask if powder state; (3) Safety glasses, lab. coat, one pair of nitrile gloves.
- Nano 4: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters OR natural ventilation by windows, doors, holes in walls; (2) No mask; if closed environment (reactor) -FFP3 filtering half mask, if open environment; Best fitted mask with powered filtering device incorporating a TH2 hood/full face mask with particle filter P3, if no collective protection, AND open environment; (3) Safety glasses, lab. coat, one pair of nitrile gloves.
- Safety glasses, chemical protecting clothing cat. 3, one pair of nitrile gloves, if accidental fire.
- Nano 5: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters AND fume cupboard; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask if no collective protection; (3) Safety glasses, lab coat, two pairs of nitrile gloves. Addition of safety sleeves if there is no collective protection.
- Nano 6: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters OR natural ventilation by windows, doors, holes in walls; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask in all cases; (3) Safety glasses, lab. coat, one pair of bi-colour rubber gloves.
- Nano 7: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters AND local exhaust system OR natural ventilation by windows, doors, holes in walls; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask if collective protection. Best fitted mask with powered filtering device incorporating a TH2 hood/full face mask with particle filter P3 (as in [48]) if no collective protection exists; (3) Safety glasses, lab. coat, two pairs of adapted nitrile gloves. Addition of a chemical protective clothing cat. 3, if no collective protection.
- Nano 8: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters AND fume cupboard; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask if collective protection. Best fitted mask with a powered filtering device incorporating a TH2 hood/full face mask with particle filter P3 if no collective protection; (3) Safety glasses, lab-coat, two pairs of adapted nitrile gloves.
- Nano 9: (1) General mechanical ventilation system with F7 + H14 air filters AND local exhaust ventilation; (2) FFP3 filtering half mask if collective protection. Best fitted mask with powered filtering device incorporating a TH2 hood/full face mask with particle filter P3 if no collective protection; (3) Safety glasses, two pairs of adapted nitrile gloves and chemical protective clothing cat. 3 in all cases.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formula | Z | Concentration | Stature | Line 1 | Error. | LLD | Laser Analysis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | 14 | 74.81% | XRF 1 | Si KA1-HR-Tr | 0.348% | 222.3 PPM | 13.8 μm |
Al2O3 | 13 | 12.62% | XRF 1 | AlKA1-HR-Tr | 0.778% | 224.1 PPM | 11.1 μm |
K2O | 19 | 3.21% | XRF 1 | K KA1-HR-Tr | 1.06% | 55.9 PPM | 34 μm |
Na2O | 11 | 2.69% | XRF 1 | Na KA1-HR-Tr | 2.40% | 444.5 PPM | 4.7 μm |
CaO | 20 | 2.51% | XRF 1 | Ca KA1-HR-Tr | 1.25% | 73.8 PPM | 42 μm |
MgO | 12 | 2.29% | XRF 1 | Mg KA1-HR-Tr | 1.78% | 365.0 PPM | 7.4 μm |
Fe2O3 | 26 | 1.58% | XRF 1 | Fe KA1-HR-Tr | 0.626% | 31.0 PPM | 181 μm |
TiO2 | 22 | 0.25% | XRF 1 | Ti KA1-HR-Tr | 3.59% | 53.6 PPM | 68 μm |
MnO | 25 | 0.04% | XRF 1 | Mn KA1-HR-Tr | 5.25% | 32.2 PPM | 143 μm |
Measured Parameter | Equipment | Domain |
---|---|---|
Number Surface area | AeroTrak-Plus Portable Particle Counter A100 (TSI Incorporated, Shoreview, MN, USA) | 10–1000 nm |
Mass Dimension | Dekati Low Pressure Impactor DLPI (Dekati Ltd., Kangasala, Finland) | 30 nm–10 μm |
Scenario | Mean Value | St. Dev. | Max Value | Min Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No activity | 5.96 × 106 | 8.91 × 105 | 6.95 × 106 | 4.74 × 106 |
Dusting | 2.89 × 1010 | 1.56 × 1010 | 4.28 × 1010 | 1.16 × 1010 |
Mixing | 9.89 × 1010 | 4.56 × 109 | 1.04 × 1011 | 9.49 × 1010 |
Setting | 4.58 × 108 | 9.72 × 107 | 5.02 × 108 | 3.16 × 108 |
Fire | 7.66 × 109 | 3.84 × 109 | 1.24 × 1010 | 4.79 × 109 |
Drilling | 4.42 × 1011 | 1.54 × 1011 | 6.23 × 1011 | 3.15 × 1011 |
Grinding | 9.62 × 1010 | 2.99 × 109 | 1.01 × 1011 | 9.55 × 1010 |
Point | Mean Value without Ventilation | Mean Value with Ventilation |
---|---|---|
1 | 2.24 × 109 | 1.34 × 108 |
2 | 2.11 × 109 | 1.21 × 108 |
3 | 2.02 × 109 | 1.11 × 108 |
4 | 2.08 × 109 | 1.18 × 108 |
5 | 1.77 × 109 | 1.01 × 108 |
6 | 1.92 × 109 | 1.02 × 108 |
The Situation | Average Air Speed | Air Flow |
---|---|---|
m/s | m3/h | |
Ventilation off and door open | 0.05 | 68.75 |
Ventilation on and door open | 1.30 | 1787.50 |
Ventilation on and door closed | 1.20 | 1650 |
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Ciobanu, R.C.; Aradoaei, M. Techniques and Instruments for Assessing and Reducing Risk of Exposure to Nanomaterials in Construction, Focusing on Fire-Resistant Insulation Panels Containing Nanoclay. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181470
Ciobanu RC, Aradoaei M. Techniques and Instruments for Assessing and Reducing Risk of Exposure to Nanomaterials in Construction, Focusing on Fire-Resistant Insulation Panels Containing Nanoclay. Nanomaterials. 2024; 14(18):1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181470
Chicago/Turabian StyleCiobanu, Romeo Cristian, and Mihaela Aradoaei. 2024. "Techniques and Instruments for Assessing and Reducing Risk of Exposure to Nanomaterials in Construction, Focusing on Fire-Resistant Insulation Panels Containing Nanoclay" Nanomaterials 14, no. 18: 1470. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181470