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Volume 15
Issue 18
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 18 (September-2 2025) – 76 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Room-temperature gas sensors for NO2 detection face challenges with high operating temperatures and inefficient charge carrier utilization under UV activation. A p-n nano-heterojunction sensor was engineered by integrating NiO nanoparticles onto ZnO nanorods. UV-driven carrier generation and interfacial electric fields suppress recombination, enabling enhanced room-temperature performance. Optimized thermal annealing resulted in a well-defined heterojunction with a uniform NiO distribution on ZnO nanorods, as validated by electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sensor shows a 5.4-fold higher normalized response to 50 ppm NO2 under 365 nm UV illumination, with rapid recovery, stable cyclability, and promising potential for environmental monitoring. View this paper
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15 pages, 1938 KB  
Article
Low-Loss and Stable Light Transmission in Nano-Core Plus Node-Free Anti-Resonant Hollow-Core Fiber
by Yuyi Yin, Tingwu Ge, Tong Zhang and Zhiyong Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181458 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 569
Abstract
Anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) are emerging as highly promising candidates for high-power laser transmission and low-loss optical communication. Despite their advantages, issues such as scattering loss and core-mode instability remain significant obstacles for their practical implementation. In this study, we propose a novel [...] Read more.
Anti-resonant hollow-core fibers (AR-HCFs) are emerging as highly promising candidates for high-power laser transmission and low-loss optical communication. Despite their advantages, issues such as scattering loss and core-mode instability remain significant obstacles for their practical implementation. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid fiber structure, the nano-core plus node-free anti-resonant hollow-core fiber (NPNANF), which integrates a solid, high-index nano-core within a six-tube node-free anti-resonant cladding. This hybrid design effectively enhances optical confinement while minimizing scattering losses, without relying solely on anti-resonant guidance. Numerical simulations employing the beam propagation method (BPM) and finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrate that an optimal nano-core diameter of 600 nm leads to a remarkable reduction in transmission loss to 0.025 dB/km at 1550 nm, representing a 99.8% decrease compared to conventional NANF designs. A comprehensive loss model is developed, incorporating contributions from confinement, scattering, and absorption losses in both the hollow cladding and the solid core. Parametric studies further illustrate the tunability of the fiber’s design for various high-performance applications. The proposed NPNANF achieves an ultra-low transmission loss of 0.025 dB/km, representing a >99.8% reduction compared to conventional NANF, while confining more than 92% of optical power within the nano-core. Its resistance to bending loss, strong modal stability, and balance between hollow-core and solid-core guidance highlight the advantages of NPNANF for long-haul optical communication and high-power photonics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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11 pages, 1473 KB  
Article
Carbon Quantum Dots Interactions with Pyrogallol, Benzoic Acid, and Gallic Acid: A Study on Their Non-Covalent Nature
by Laura Andria, Giancarlo Capitani, Barbara La Ferla, Heiko Lange, Melissa Saibene, Luca Zoia and Barbara Vercelli
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181457 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between carbon quantum dots (CDs) and promising food preservatives (FPs), like pyrogallol (PG), benzoic acid (BA), and gallic acid (GA), is highly relevant. This knowledge is crucial for designing CD [...] Read more.
Understanding the interactions between carbon quantum dots (CDs) and promising food preservatives (FPs), like pyrogallol (PG), benzoic acid (BA), and gallic acid (GA), is highly relevant. This knowledge is crucial for designing CD-based sensors capable of determining the safe levels of these molecules in food and beverages. Additionally, such sensors could be exploited in the development of sustainable, intelligent packaging that controls food shelf life. Based on those considerations, in this study, we post-functionalized blue-emitting CDs, prepared according to a synthetic approach previously developed, with the FP molecules PG, BA, and GA to obtain CD-(FP) systems. UV-vis absorption and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the FP molecules on the CD surface. The appearance of a new vibrational band at 1196 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra of all CD-(FP) systems suggested that the three FP molecules interact with the CD surface via electronic interactions between the aromatic and delocalized electron systems. Further electrochemical analyses of the CD-(PG) and CD-(GA) systems show that the interactions between PG and GA benzene rings and CDs prevent their oxidation to the corresponding quinone forms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Sensing Devices: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications (2nd Edition))
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13 pages, 2449 KB  
Article
High Transmission Efficiency Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Metasurfaces for Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
by Amr Soliman, Calum Williams and Timothy D. Wilkinson
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181456 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy enables non-invasive identification of chemical species by probing absorption spectra associated with molecular vibrational modes, where spectral filters play a central role. Conventional plasmonic metasurfaces have been explored for MIR filtering in reflection and transmission modes but typically suffer from [...] Read more.
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy enables non-invasive identification of chemical species by probing absorption spectra associated with molecular vibrational modes, where spectral filters play a central role. Conventional plasmonic metasurfaces have been explored for MIR filtering in reflection and transmission modes but typically suffer from broad spectral profiles and low efficiencies. All-dielectric metasurfaces, although characterized by low intrinsic losses, are largely limited to reflection mode operation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a hybrid metal-dielectric metasurface that combines the advantages of both platforms while simplifying fabrication compared to conventional Fabry–Pérot filters. The proposed filter consists of silicon (Si) crosses atop gold (Au) square patches and demonstrates a transmission efficiency of 87% at the operating wavelength of 4.28 µm, with a full width half maximum (FWHM) as narrow as 43 nm and a quality factor of approximately 99.5 at λ = 4.28 μm. Numerical simulations attribute this performance to hybridization of Mie lattice resonances in both the gold patches and silicon crosses. By providing narrowband, high-transmission filtering in the MIR, the hybrid metasurface offers a compact and versatile platform for selective gas detection and imaging. This work establishes hybrid metal–dielectric metasurfaces as a promising direction for next-generation MIR spectroscopy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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21 pages, 1435 KB  
Article
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in a GaAs Coupled Quantum Dot-Ring
by R. V. H. Hahn, A. S. Giraldo-Neira, J. A. Vinasco, J. A. Gil-Corrales, A. L. Morales and C. A. Duque
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181455 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 571
Abstract
In this work, the ground and low-lying excited states in a GaAs coupled quantum dot-ring embedded in an AlGaAs cylindrical matrix are computed under the assumption of a finite confinement potential and an axisymmetric model by means of the finite element method and [...] Read more.
In this work, the ground and low-lying excited states in a GaAs coupled quantum dot-ring embedded in an AlGaAs cylindrical matrix are computed under the assumption of a finite confinement potential and an axisymmetric model by means of the finite element method and the effective mass approximation. The electron energy levels are studied as functions of the intensity of externally applied electric and magnetic fields. Electromagnetically induced transparency in the ladder configuration and linear optical absorption coefficient are calculated thereupon. Our results suggest that magnetic fields are more suitable than electric fields for controlling the optical properties of this nanostructure. Also, we found that the system’s response, however, exhibits a striking asymmetry: while the electromagnetically induced transparency is unexpectedly quenched under positive electric fields due to vanishing dipole transition matrix elements, this limitation is completely overcome by a magnetic field. Its application not only restores optical transparency across the full range of electric field values but also drives substantially larger energy level shifts and clear Aharonov–Bohm oscillations, making it a far more robust tool for controlling the optical properties of confined electrons in dot-ring coupled heterostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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23 pages, 5544 KB  
Article
Strain-Tunable Gas Sensing Properties of Ag- and Au-Doped SnSe2 Monolayers for the Detection of NO, NO2, SO2, H2S and HCN
by Yulin Ma, Danyi Zhang, Zhao Ding and Kui Ma
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181454 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 408
Abstract
In this work, the gas sensing properties and adsorption mechanisms of Ag- and Au-doped SnSe2 monolayers toward NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, and HCN were systematically investigated via first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that NO2 exhibits [...] Read more.
In this work, the gas sensing properties and adsorption mechanisms of Ag- and Au-doped SnSe2 monolayers toward NO, NO2, SO2, H2S, and HCN were systematically investigated via first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that NO2 exhibits the strongest interaction and the highest charge transfer in both doped systems, indicating superior sensing selectivity. Biaxial strain (ranging from −8% to 6%) was further applied to modulate adsorption behavior. By evaluating changes in equilibrium height, adsorption energy, charge transfer, and recovery time across ten representative adsorption systems, it was found that both compressive and tensile strains enhance the interaction between gas molecules and doped SnSe2 monolayers. Specifically, H2S/Au–SnSe2 and HCN/Au–SnSe2 are highly sensitive to tensile strain, while NO/Au–SnSe2, H2S/Ag–SnSe2, NO/Ag–SnSe2, and NO2/Ag–SnSe2 respond more strongly to compressive strain. Systems such as NO2/Au–SnSe2, SO2/Au–SnSe2, and SO2/Ag–SnSe2 respond to both types of strain, whereas HCN/Ag–SnSe2 shows relatively low sensitivity in charge transfer. Recovery time analysis indicates that NO2 exhibits the slowest desorption kinetics and is most affected by strain modulation. Nevertheless, increasing the operating temperature or applying appropriate strain can significantly shorten recovery times. While other gas systems show smaller variations, strain engineering remains an effective strategy to tune desorption behavior and enhance overall sensor performance. These findings offer valuable insights into strain-tunable gas sensing behavior and provide theoretical guidance for the design of high-performance gas sensors based on two-dimensional SnSe2 materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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23 pages, 4239 KB  
Article
Iron–Integrated Nitrogen–Rich Nanocarriers Boost Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Growth in Soybean (Glycine max)
by Taiming Zhang, Weichen Zhao, Muhammed Nadeem, Usama Zaheer and Yukui Rui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181453 - 21 Sep 2025
Viewed by 596
Abstract
Global food security is challenged by population growth and the environmental toll of conventional fertilizers. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes like soybean (Glycine max) is a sustainable fertilization alternative. This study investigates a graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide (Fe2 [...] Read more.
Global food security is challenged by population growth and the environmental toll of conventional fertilizers. Enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes like soybean (Glycine max) is a sustainable fertilization alternative. This study investigates a graphitic carbon nitride/iron oxide (Fe2O3/g–C3N4 or FC) nanocomposite as a dual–functional fertilizer to improve iron (Fe) nutrition and BNF in soybeans. A pot experiment was conducted using different FC concentrations (10, 100, and 200 mg kg−1), alongside controls. Results showed that the 100 mg kg−1 FC treatment (FC2) was most effective, significantly increasing soybean biomass, nodule number, and nodule fresh weight. The FC2 treatment also enhanced photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll content (SPAD values) while reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, indicating improved water–use efficiency. Furthermore, FC application bolstered the plant’s antioxidant system by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). Elemental analysis confirmed that FC treatments significantly increased the uptake and translocation of Fe and nitrogen (N) in plant tissues. These findings demonstrate that the FC nanocomposite acts as a highly effective nanofertilizer, simultaneously addressing iron deficiency and boosting nitrogen fixation to promote soybean growth. This work highlights its potential as a sustainable solution to enhance crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in modern agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposite Materials)
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18 pages, 3811 KB  
Article
Jet Splitting Enabled One-Step Fabrication of Hierarchically Structured PLA Membranes for High-Performance PM0.3 Filtration
by Yintao Zhao, Ying Chen and Xin Ning
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181452 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 427
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) suspended in the air has posed significant potential threats to human health. However, current air filters designed to intercept PM are confronted with several challenges, including a complicated preparation process, monotonous protective performance, and uncomfortable wearability. Herein, a novel jet-splitting [...] Read more.
Particulate matter (PM) suspended in the air has posed significant potential threats to human health. However, current air filters designed to intercept PM are confronted with several challenges, including a complicated preparation process, monotonous protective performance, and uncomfortable wearability. Herein, a novel jet-splitting electrospinning strategy was demonstrated to simply fabricate a hierarchically structured PLA membrane with a high filtration performance, antibacterial performance, and rapid heat dissipation for effective and comfortable air filtering. Formulating a cationic antibacterial surfactant in the PLA solution to tailor the splitting of charged jets enables the simultaneous formation of nanofibers, submicron-fibers, and beads in the hierarchical filtration network by the single-jet electrospinning. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of multi-scale fibers and beads, the hierarchically structured filter exhibited an excellent filtration efficiency of 99.979% and high quality factor of 0.45 Pa−1 against PM0.3, with a remarkably low pressure drop of 18.7 Pa. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure endowed the filter with excellent stability in filtration performance, even under 20-cyclic and 480 min long-term tests, high-humidity tests with sodium chloride aerosol particles, and the 20-cycle PM2.5 smoke tests. Simultaneously, the filter also demonstrated remarkable antibacterial performance and an excellent heat dissipation property—all achieved due to its PLA formulation and the hierarchical structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental and Biomedical Applications)
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9 pages, 3185 KB  
Article
Magnetic Purcell Enhancement by Plasmon-Induced Magnetic Anapole Mode in the Gap of Oblate Nano-Ellipsoid on Metal Mirror Structure
by Yafei Li, Jiani Li, Zhuangzhuang Xu, Xiufei Li, Songda Gu, Ze Li and Meng Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181451 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 474
Abstract
Magnetic anapole states associated with the destructive interference between magnetic dipole and magnetic toroidal moments result in suppressed scattering accompanied by strongly enhanced near fields. Here, we demonstrate the existence of such modes in the gap of a gold oblate nano-ellipsoid on gold [...] Read more.
Magnetic anapole states associated with the destructive interference between magnetic dipole and magnetic toroidal moments result in suppressed scattering accompanied by strongly enhanced near fields. Here, we demonstrate the existence of such modes in the gap of a gold oblate nano-ellipsoid on gold mirror (ONEOM) structures and observe a pronounced Purcell factor enhancement for magnetic dipole radiation upon introducing magnetic dipoles into the gap. We systematically investigate the dependence of the magnetic radiation Purcell factor on gap size and structural parameters. Notably, a 230-fold Purcell factor enhancement is achieved for the ONEOM configuration. This result highlights the potential of ONEOM structures in applications requiring efficient magnetic dipole emission, including nonlinear frequency conversion, plasmonic sensing, and single-photon sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical Calculation Study of Nanomaterials: 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 8905 KB  
Article
Giant Modulation of Microstructure and Ferroelectric/Piezoelectric Responses in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ultrathin Films via Single-Pulse Femtosecond Laser
by Bin Wang, Mingchen Du, Hu Wang, Mengmeng Wang and Dawei Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181450 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Ferroelectric oxides, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), have been shown to maintain stable ferroelectricity even in ultrathin film configurations. However, achieving controllable modulation of microstructure and physical responses in these ultrathin films remains challenging, limiting their potential applications in modern nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. [...] Read more.
Ferroelectric oxides, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), have been shown to maintain stable ferroelectricity even in ultrathin film configurations. However, achieving controllable modulation of microstructure and physical responses in these ultrathin films remains challenging, limiting their potential applications in modern nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. Here, we propose a single-pulse femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining technique for high-precision engineering of microstructure and ferroelectric/piezoelectric responses in ultrathin PZT films. The results show that various microstructures can be selectively fabricated through precise control of fs laser fluence. Specifically, nano-concave arrays are formed via low-fluence laser irradiation, which is mainly attributed to the fs laser peening effect. In contrast, nano-volcano (nano-cave) structures are generated when the laser fluence is close to or reaches the ablation threshold. Additionally, applying an fs laser pulse with fluence exceeding a critical threshold enables the formation of nano-cave structures with controlled depth and width in PZT/Pt/SiO2 multilayers. Piezoresponse force microscopy measurements demonstrate that the laser peening process significantly enhances the piezoelectric response while exerting minimal influence on the coercive field of PZT thin films. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced electromechanical energy transfer and concentrated compressive stresses distribution in PZT thin films resulting from the laser peening effect. Our study not only offers an effective strategy for microstructure and property engineering in ferroelectric materials at the nanoscale but also provides new insights into the underlying mechanism of ultrafast laser processing in ferroelectric thin films. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Optics in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials (Second Edition))
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15 pages, 3751 KB  
Article
Local Structural Changes in High-Alumina, Low-Lithium Glass-Ceramics During Crystallization
by Minghan Li, Yan Pan, Shuguang Wei, Yanping Ma, Chuang Dong, Hongxun Hao and Hong Jiang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181449 - 20 Sep 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the phase transition process during high-alumina, low-lithium glass-ceramics (ZnO-MgO-Li2O-SiO2-Al2O3) crystallization. The differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature X-ray diffraction results show that approximately 10 wt.% of (Zn, Mg)Al2O4 [...] Read more.
In this study, we investigate the phase transition process during high-alumina, low-lithium glass-ceramics (ZnO-MgO-Li2O-SiO2-Al2O3) crystallization. The differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature X-ray diffraction results show that approximately 10 wt.% of (Zn, Mg)Al2O4 crystals precipitated when the heat treatment temperature reached 850 °C, indicating that a large number of nuclei had already formed during the earlier stages of heat treatment. Field emission transmission electron microscopy used to observe the microstructure of glass-ceramics after staged heat treatment revealed that cation migration occurred during the nucleation process. Zn and Mg aggregated around Al to form (Zn, Mg)Al2O4 nuclei, which provided sites for crystal growth. Moreover, high-valence Zr aggregated outside the glass network, leading to the formation of nanocrystals. Raman spectroscopy analysis of samples at different stages of crystallization revealed that during spinel precipitation, the Q3 and Q4 structural units in the glass network increased significantly, along with an increase in the number of bridging oxygens. Highly coordinated Al originally present in the network mainly participated in spinel nucleation, effectively suppressing the subsequent formation of LixAlxSi1−xO2, which eventually resulted in the successful preparation of glass-ceramics with (Zn, Mg)Al2O4 and ZrO2 as the main crystalline phases. The grains in this glass-ceramic are all nanocrystals. Its Vickers hardness and flexural strength can reach up to 875 Hv and 350 MPa, respectively, while the visible light transmittance of the glass-ceramic reaches 81.5%. This material shows potential for applications in touchscreen protection, aircraft and high-speed train windshields, and related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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15 pages, 3639 KB  
Article
Research on the Generation of High-Purity Vortex Beams Aided by Genetic Algorithms
by Xinyu Ma, Wenjie Guo, Qing’an Sun, Xuesong Deng, Hang Yu and Lixia Yang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181448 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 356
Abstract
Vortex beams (VBs) generated by plasmonic metasurfaces hold great potential in the field of information transmission due to their unique helical phase wavefronts and infinite eigenstates. However, achieving perfect multiplexing and superposition of VBs with different orders remains a challenging issue in nanophotonics [...] Read more.
Vortex beams (VBs) generated by plasmonic metasurfaces hold great potential in the field of information transmission due to their unique helical phase wavefronts and infinite eigenstates. However, achieving perfect multiplexing and superposition of VBs with different orders remains a challenging issue in nanophotonics research. In this paper, based on a single-layer metallic porous metasurface structure applicable to the infrared spectrum, VBs with orders 2, 4, 6, and 8 are realized through the arrangement of annular elliptical apertures. Moreover, perfect VBs are achieved by optimizing key structural parameters using a genetic algorithm. The optimization of key structural parameters via genetic-based optimization algorithms to attain the desired effects can significantly reduce the workload of manual parameter adjustment. In addition, leveraging the orthogonality between VBs of different orders, concentric circular multi-channel VBs array (l = 2, 6) and (l = 4, 8) are realized. High-purity multiplexing architectures (>90%) are achieved via rational optimization of critical structural parameters using a genetic optimization algorithm, which further mitigates information crosstalk in optical communication transmission. The introduction of the genetic algorithm not only reduces the workload of manual arrangement of unit arrays but also enables the generation of more perfect VBs, providing a new research direction for optical communication transmission and optical communication encryption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonics and Plasmonics of Low-Dimensional Materials)
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18 pages, 2110 KB  
Article
Wettability Effect on Nanoconfined Water’s Spontaneous Imbibition: Interfacial Molecule–Surface Action Mechanism Based on the Integration of Profession and Innovation
by Yanglu Wan, Wei Lu, Yang Jiao, Fulong Li, Mingfang Zhan, Zichen Wang and Zheng Sun
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181447 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 380
Abstract
The effect of molecule–surface interaction strength on water becomes pronounced when pore size shrinks to the nanoscale, leading to the spatially varying viscosity and water slip phenomena that break the theoretical basis of the classic Lucas–Washburn (L-W) equation for the spontaneous imbibition of [...] Read more.
The effect of molecule–surface interaction strength on water becomes pronounced when pore size shrinks to the nanoscale, leading to the spatially varying viscosity and water slip phenomena that break the theoretical basis of the classic Lucas–Washburn (L-W) equation for the spontaneous imbibition of water. With the purpose of fulfilling the knowledge gap, the viscosity of nanoconfined water is investigated in relation to surface contact angle, a critical parameter manifesting microscopic molecule–surface interaction strength. Then, the water slip length at the nanoscale is determined in accordance with the mechanical balance of the first-layer water molecules, which enlarges gradually with increasing contact angle, indicating a weaker surface–molecule interaction. After that, a novel model for the spontaneous imbibition of nanoconfined water incorporating spatially inhomogeneous water viscosity and water slip is developed for the first time, demonstrating that the conventional model yields overestimations of 16.7–103.2%. Hydrodynamics affected by pore geometry are considered as well. The results indicate the following: (a) Enhanced viscosity resulting from the nanopore surface action reduces the water imbibition distance, the absolute magnitude of which could be 3 times greater than the positive impact of water slip. (b) With increasing pore size, the impact of water slip declines much faster than the enhanced viscosity, leading to the ratio of the nanoconfined water imbibition distance to the result of the L-W equation dropping rapidly at first and then approaching unity. (c) Water imbibition performance in slit nanopores is superior to that in nanoscale capillaries, stemming from the fact that the effective water viscosity in nano-capillaries is greater than that in slit nanopores by 5.1–22.1%, suggesting stronger hydrodynamic resistance. This research is able to provide an accurate prediction of spontaneous imbibition of nanoconfined water with microscopic mechanisms well captured, sharing broad application potential in hydraulic fracturing water analysis and water-flooding-enhanced oil/gas recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Nanomaterials in Gas Capture, Adsorption, Separation and Storage)
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24 pages, 5835 KB  
Article
Study on the Structure-Luminescence Relationship and Anti-Counterfeiting Application of (Ca,Sr)-Al-O Composite Fluorescent Materials
by Jianhui Lv, Jigang Wang, Yuansheng Qi, Jindi Hu, Haiming Li, Chuanming Wang, Xiaohan Cheng, Deyu Pan, Zhenjun Li and Junming Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181446 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 366
Abstract
A novel long-lasting luminescent composite material based on the (Ca,Sr)-Al-O system was synthesized using a solution combustion method. (Ca,Sr)3Al2O6 is the primary phase, with SrAl2O4 as a controllable secondary phase. Compared to conventional single-phase SrAl [...] Read more.
A novel long-lasting luminescent composite material based on the (Ca,Sr)-Al-O system was synthesized using a solution combustion method. (Ca,Sr)3Al2O6 is the primary phase, with SrAl2O4 as a controllable secondary phase. Compared to conventional single-phase SrAl2O4 phosphors, the introduction of a calcium-rich hexaaluminate matrix creates additional defects and a specific trap distribution at the composite interface, significantly improving carrier storage and release efficiency. Eu2+ + Nd3+ synergistic doping enables precise control of the trap depth and number. Under 365 nm excitation, Eu2+ emission is located at ~515 nm, with Nd3+ acting as an effective trap center. Under optimal firing conditions at 700 °C (Eu2+ = 0.02, Nd3+ = 0.003), the afterglow lifetime exceeds 30 s. Furthermore, The (Ca,Sr)3Al2O6 host stabilizes the lattice and optimizes defect states, while synergizing with the SrAl2O4 secondary phase to improve the afterglow performance. This composite phosphor exhibits excellent dual-mode anti-counterfeiting properties: long-lasting green emission under 365 nm excitation and transient blue-violet emission under 254 nm excitation. Based on this, a screen-printing ink was prepared using the phosphor and ethanol + PVB, enabling high-resolution QR code printing. Pattern recognition and code verification can be performed both in the UV on and off states, demonstrating its great potential in high-security anti-counterfeiting applications. Compared to traditional single-phase SrAl2O4 systems, this study for the first time constructed a composite trap engineering of the (Ca,Sr)3Al2O6 primary phase and the SrAl2O4 secondary phase, achieving the integration of dual-mode anti-counterfeiting functionality with a high-resolution QR code fluorescent ink. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials: Cross-Scale Innovations from Molecular Design to Macroscopic Applications)
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19 pages, 7603 KB  
Article
Comparative Efficiencies of TiO2 Photocatalysts on β-Blocker Metoprolol Degradation by Solar Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
by Irma C. Torrecillas-Rodríguez, Francisco Rodríguez-González, Daniel Tapia-Maruri, Héctor J. Dorantes-Rosales, José L. Molina-González, Cynthia M. Núñez-Núñez and José B. Proal-Nájera
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181445 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 460
Abstract
The degradation of metoprolol (MET) has become a topic of interest due to its persistence in the environment. TiO2 is a catalyst commonly used for the degradation of emergent pollutants through photocatalysis due to its physicochemical properties, and it has been pointed [...] Read more.
The degradation of metoprolol (MET) has become a topic of interest due to its persistence in the environment. TiO2 is a catalyst commonly used for the degradation of emergent pollutants through photocatalysis due to its physicochemical properties, and it has been pointed out that its crystallite structure and size affect the photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, three brands of TiO2 (Evonik P25, Fermont and Sigma Aldrich) were characterized to evaluate their crystallographic and morphological properties. Then, their photocatalytic capacity was tested in solar heterogeneous photocatalysis experiments when degrading MET under various experimental conditions. The TiO2 catalysts tested yielded different results when degrading MET in photocatalytic experiments, indicating that presence of a rutile phase in the catalyst and the crystal size are important factors for the success of this semiconductor. Results from solar heterogeneous photocatalysis for MET degradation indicate efficiencies as P25 > Sigma-Aldrich > Fermont, but demonstrate that, even lower-priced TiO2 catalysts yield good results for contaminant degradation (90% MET degradation for P25 against 63% when using Sigma Aldrich TiO2). This study highlights the potential of solar photocatalysis with lower-priced TiO2 catalysts as a viable and sustainable solution for the decontamination of pharmaceutical wastewater in large scale photocatalytic applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanocatalysts in the Transformation and Degradation of Organic Pollutants)
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13 pages, 4248 KB  
Article
Luminescence Properties of Eu3+, Ba2+, and Bi3+ Co-Doped YVO4 for Wide-Spectrum Excitation
by Jianhua Huang, Cong Dong, Ping Huang, Wei Zhong, Yinqi Luo, Jianmin Li, Yibiao Hu, Wenjie Duan, Lingjia Qiu, Wenzhen Qin and Yu Xie
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181444 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
YVO4 based phosphors have aroused extensive interest in the field of optoelectronics due to their good chemical stability and unique luminescence properties. However, commercialization of YVO4 phosphors requires high luminescence intensity, enhanced conversion efficiency, and a wide excitation spectrum. In this [...] Read more.
YVO4 based phosphors have aroused extensive interest in the field of optoelectronics due to their good chemical stability and unique luminescence properties. However, commercialization of YVO4 phosphors requires high luminescence intensity, enhanced conversion efficiency, and a wide excitation spectrum. In this work, Eu3+, Ba2+, Bi3+ co-doped YVO4 was prepared by the sol–gel method. The XRD of YVO4: 5%Eu3+, 5%Ba2+, 0.5%Bi3+ phosphor analysis confirms the pure tetragonal phase, with a fairly large size of approximately 100 nm for the optimal composition. And the SEM and TEM revealed well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles with sizes of 100–120 nm. The introduction of Ba2+ ions enhanced the luminescence intensity, while the incorporation of Bi3+ ions improved the excitation width of the phosphor. The resulting YVO4: 5%Eu3+, 5%Ba2+, 0.5%Bi3+ phosphor exhibited a 1.39-times broader excitation bandwidth and a 2.72-times greater luminescence intensity at 618 nm compared to the benchmark YVO4: 5% Eu3+ sample. Additionally, the transmittance of the films in the 350 nm to 800 nm region exceeded 85%. The YVO4: 5%Eu3+, 5%Ba2+, 0.5%Bi3+ film effectively absorbed ultraviolet light and converted it to red emission, enabling potential applications in solar cell window layers, dye-sensitized cell luminescence layers, and solar cell packaging glass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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14 pages, 6034 KB  
Article
Tuning Ag Loading and Particle Size in Ag@g-C3N4 Photocatalysts for Selective CO2 Conversion to CO and CH4
by Shicheng Liu, Na Li and Qulan Zhou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181443 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms of CO2 photocatalytic conversion systems is crucial for tackling the challenges of carbon neutrality. In this study, a series of Ag@g-C3N4 photocatalysts were constructed with metal particle size modulation as the core strategy to systematically reveal [...] Read more.
Elucidating the mechanisms of CO2 photocatalytic conversion systems is crucial for tackling the challenges of carbon neutrality. In this study, a series of Ag@g-C3N4 photocatalysts were constructed with metal particle size modulation as the core strategy to systematically reveal the modulation mechanism of Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) size variation on the selectivity of CO2 photoreduction products. Systematic characterizations revealed that increasing Ag size enhanced visible light absorption, promoted charge separation, and improved CH4 selectivity. Photocatalytic tests showed Ag3.0%@CN achieved optimal activity and electron utilization. Energy band analyses indicated that Ag modification preserved favorable conduction band positions while increasing donor capacity. Further density-functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Ag NPs size variations significantly affect the adsorption stability and conversion energy barriers of intermediates such as *COOH, CO and CHO, with small-sized Ag7 NPs favoring the CO pathway, while large-sized Ag NPs stabilize the key intermediates and drive the reaction towards the CH4 pathway evolution. The experimental and theoretical results corroborate each other and clarify the dominant role of Ag NPs size in regulating the reaction path between CO and CH4. This study provides mechanistic guidance for the selective regulation of the multi-electron reduction pathway, which is of great significance for the construction of efficient and highly selective CO2 photocatalytic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Catalysts for Energy Conversion and Environmental Applications)
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1 pages, 133 KB  
Correction
Correction: Chen et al. Enhancing the Efficacy of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Medicinal Plants through Nanoformulations: A Promising Field. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1598
by Yuhao Chen, Yuying Tang, Yuanbo Li, Yukui Rui and Peng Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181442 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
8 pages, 1224 KB  
Communication
Nanomechanics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Growth Coupled with Morphological Dynamics of Catalyst Particles
by Shuze Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181441 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 335
Abstract
Low-dimensional carbon nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanocones, and nanofibers can be grown in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis using catalyst nanoparticles. It is commonly observed that the morphology of solid catalyst nanoparticles continuously fluctuates during multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth. Interestingly, when the [...] Read more.
Low-dimensional carbon nanostructures such as nanotubes, nanocones, and nanofibers can be grown in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis using catalyst nanoparticles. It is commonly observed that the morphology of solid catalyst nanoparticles continuously fluctuates during multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth. Interestingly, when the diameter of the inner tube of the growing MWCNT reduces below a threshold value, the catalyst nanoparticle snaps out of the MWCNT and recovers its spherical shape. If the MWCNT is tapered, the catalyst nanoparticle may also break. In this study, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and nanomechanical modeling are employed to elucidate the complete process of MWCNT growth coupled with morphological change in the catalytic nanoparticles. It is shown that the tendency to decrease the surface energy of the catalyst nanoparticle is the major underlying driving force for the variation in morphology under the mechanical constraint of the growing MWCNT. Importantly, the predicted critical inner CNT radius at the onset of the shape recovery is in excellent agreement with experimental observations. The combination of molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical modeling offer an alternative perspective on co-evolution of catalyst nanoparticles and the growth of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics and Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials and Structures)
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16 pages, 903 KB  
Article
Enhancing Nutraceutical Quality and Antioxidant Activity in Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit by Foliar Application of Green-Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
by Daniela Monserrat Sánchez-Pérez, Jolanta E. Marszalek, Jorge Armando Meza-Velázquez, David Francisco Lafuente-Rincon, Maria Teresa Salazar-Ramírez, Selenne Yuridia Márquez-Guerrero, Maria Guadalupe Pineda-Escareño, Agustina Ramírez Moreno and Erika Flores-Loyola
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181440 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
The application of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by green synthesis (GS-ZnONPs) has demonstrated essential benefits in boosting the clean and sustainable production of agricultural crops worldwide. In this part of the study we evaluate the effect of GS-ZnONPs foliar spraying on the yield, [...] Read more.
The application of zinc oxide nanoparticles prepared by green synthesis (GS-ZnONPs) has demonstrated essential benefits in boosting the clean and sustainable production of agricultural crops worldwide. In this part of the study we evaluate the effect of GS-ZnONPs foliar spraying on the yield, nutraceutical quality, capsaicin concentration, and antioxidant metabolism of chili fruit (Capsicum annuum L., CHISER-522 variety) grown under greenhouse conditions. GS-ZnONPs treatments were applied at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm every 15 days post-transplant, with the control group treated only with distilled water. The results indicated that treatments with 40 and 50 ppm of GS-ZnONPs significantly improved fruit yield, length, and fruit amount. At the same time, the concentrations of 30 and 40 ppm significantly increased the levels of vitamin C, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity, indicating a better nutraceutical quality of the fruit. In addition, an increase in the catalase activity and the content of macro and micro-minerals in the fruit treated with GS-ZnONPs was observed. Our results suggest that the foliar application of GS-ZnONPs acts as a nanobioestimulant, offering an excellent biotechnological tool for developing agroecological strategies to increase the nutraceutical and antioxidant quality of chili pepper fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Nanomaterials and Plants)
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28 pages, 4839 KB  
Review
Advancing Zinc–Manganese Oxide Batteries: Mechanistic Insights, Anode Engineering, and Cathode Regulation
by Chuang Zhao, Yiheng Zhou, Yudong Liu, Bo Li, Zhaoqiang Li, Yu Zhang, Deqiang Wang, Ruilin Qiu, Qilin Shuai, Yuan Xue, Haoqi Wang, Xiaojuan Shen, Wu Wen, Di Wu and Qingsong Hua
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181439 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 733
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries are positioned as a highly promising candidate for next-generation energy storage, owing to their compelling combination of economic viability, inherent safety, exceptional capacity (with a theoretical value of ≈308 mAh·g−1), and eco-sustainability. However, this system still [...] Read more.
Rechargeable aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries are positioned as a highly promising candidate for next-generation energy storage, owing to their compelling combination of economic viability, inherent safety, exceptional capacity (with a theoretical value of ≈308 mAh·g−1), and eco-sustainability. However, this system still faces multiple critical challenges that hinder its practical application, primarily including the ambiguous energy storage reaction mechanism (e.g., unresolved debates on core issues such as ion transport pathways and phase transition kinetics), dendrite growth and side reactions (e.g., the hydrogen evolution reaction and corrosion reaction) on the metallic Zn anode, inadequate intrinsic electrical conductivity of MnO2 cathodes (≈10−5 S·cm−1), active material dissolution, and structural collapse. This review begins by systematically summarizing the prevailing theoretical models that describe the energy storage reactions in Zn-Mn batteries, categorizing them into the Zn2+ insertion/extraction model, the conversion reaction involving MnOx dissolution–deposition, and the hybrid mechanism of H+/Zn2+ co-intercalation. Subsequently, we present a comprehensive discussion on Zn anode protection strategies, such as surface protective layer construction, 3D structure design, and electrolyte additive regulation. Furthermore, we focus on analyzing the performance optimization strategies for MnO2 cathodes, covering key pathways including metal ion doping (e.g., introduction of heteroions such as Al3+ and Ni2+), defect engineering (oxygen vacancy/cation vacancy regulation), structural topology optimization (layered/tunnel-type structure design), and composite modification with high-conductivity substrates (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene). Therefore, this review aims to establish a theoretical foundation and offer practical guidance for advancing both fundamental research and practical engineering of Zn-manganese oxide secondary batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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7 pages, 627 KB  
Communication
SERS Response of Graphene Oxide on Magnetron-Sputtered Gold Films
by Grazia Giuseppina Politano
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181438 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with interesting optical properties, widely studied for its potential in ultrasensitive detection of substances and prospective optoelectronic properties. In this study, GO thin films were deposited onto gold layers obtained by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) is a two-dimensional material with interesting optical properties, widely studied for its potential in ultrasensitive detection of substances and prospective optoelectronic properties. In this study, GO thin films were deposited onto gold layers obtained by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering, and their Raman scattering response was evaluated. While most Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) applications rely on gold nanoparticles, the use of magnetron-sputtered gold films remains relatively underexplored. GO layers were deposited by dip-coating and characterized by micro-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Raman spectra of GO on Au samples show a clear enhancement of signal intensity compared to GO on glass, with well-preserved D and G bands and no evident structural degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetron Sputtering-Obtained Nanomaterials: From Synthesis to Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications)
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13 pages, 6593 KB  
Article
Block Magnets with Uniform Core–Shell Microstructure Regenerated from NdFeB Grain Boundary Diffusion Sheet Magnets
by Xiangheng Zhuge, Shuhan Dong, Yuxin Jin, Qiong Wu, Ming Yue, Weiqiang Liu, Yuqing Li, Zhanjia Wang, Qingmei Lu, Yiming Qiu and Yanjie Tong
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181437 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 436
Abstract
The grain boundary diffusion (GBD) process is currently the relatively effective method for utilizing heavy rare earth (HRE) elements in NdFeB magnets, especially for magnetic sheets. However, due to a highly uneven microstructure, the recovery of GBD magnets was considered difficult. In this [...] Read more.
The grain boundary diffusion (GBD) process is currently the relatively effective method for utilizing heavy rare earth (HRE) elements in NdFeB magnets, especially for magnetic sheets. However, due to a highly uneven microstructure, the recovery of GBD magnets was considered difficult. In this work, our study prioritized short-loop recycling of GBD NdFeB sheet magnets to prepare block magnets. A comparative investigation was conducted between GBD-processed NdFeB magnets and the conventional sintered magnets, with particular emphasis on their recyclability characteristics. Among them, the Tb content of GBD magnets of 0.4 wt.% was significantly lower than sintered magnets of 1.73 wt.%. When two waste magnets were supplemented with the same amount of rare earth, it was found that the coercivity of the block magnets regenerated from GBD sheet magnets was higher. Microstructural analysis revealed that the core–shell grains originally located in the surface layer of GBD magnets were uniformly mixed and diffused with the ordinary particles originally located inside during the regeneration sintering process. The regenerated GBD magnets exhibited a more uniform core–shell microstructure with submicron shells of Tb elements along with reduced areas of RE-rich phase enrichment which facilitated the formation of a continuous and uniform thin-layer grain boundary, thereby enhancing the magnetic isolation effect. Apart from the significance of recycling, these block magnets regenerated from GBD magnets also provides a new approach to solving the challenge of high coercivity and low HRE elements in bulk magnets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetic Nanomaterials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications)
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19 pages, 5259 KB  
Article
Epitaxial Growth Control of Crystalline Morphology and Electronic Transport in InSb Nanowires: Competition Between Axial and Radial Growth Modes
by Jiebin Zhong, Jian Lin, Miroslav Penchev, Mihrimah Ozkan and Cengiz S. Ozkan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181436 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 467
Abstract
This study investigates the morphological evolution of epitaxial indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires (NWs) grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We systematically explored the influence of key growth parameters—temperature (300 °C to 480 °C), source material composition, gold (Au) nanoparticle catalyst size, and growth [...] Read more.
This study investigates the morphological evolution of epitaxial indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires (NWs) grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We systematically explored the influence of key growth parameters—temperature (300 °C to 480 °C), source material composition, gold (Au) nanoparticle catalyst size, and growth duration—on the resulting NW morphology, specifically focusing on NW length and tapering. Our findings reveal that the competition between axial and radial growth modes, which are governed by different growth mechanisms, dictates the final nanowire shape. An optimal growth condition was identified that yields straight and minimally tapered InSb NWs. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed that these nanowires grow preferentially along the <110> direction, and electrical characterization via field-effect transistor (NW-FET) measurements showed that they are n-type semiconductors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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11 pages, 3570 KB  
Article
Understanding the Magnetic Exchange Pathways of Transition-Metal-Doped Monolayer TiS2 Using First-Principles Calculations
by P. J. Keeney, P. M. Coelho and J. T. Haraldsen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181435 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
The ideal crystal symmetry of the 1T-TiS2 lattice results in a non-magnetic structure. However, recent studies have demonstrated that it may become magnetic upon substitution with transition-metal (TM) atoms. In this study, we examine the mechanisms and interactions that allow magnetic exchange [...] Read more.
The ideal crystal symmetry of the 1T-TiS2 lattice results in a non-magnetic structure. However, recent studies have demonstrated that it may become magnetic upon substitution with transition-metal (TM) atoms. In this study, we examine the mechanisms and interactions that allow magnetic exchange through the TiS2 matrix. Using density functional theory, we model the substitutional TM-doped TiS2 (TM = V, Cr, or Mn) system with varying spatial distances to examine the effects on the magnetic exchange. Since pristine 1T-TiS2 is weakly semiconducting, there is a possibility that the introduction of metallic atoms may induce an RKKY-like interaction. We find that the substitution of vanadium produces a standard exchange through the orbital interactions. However, the introduction of chromium and manganese may generate RKKY interactions with the conduction electrons. Overall, a more comprehensive understanding of how different dopants affect magnetic behavior and communicate through the lattice can enable the design of spintronic devices, which offer the potential for more energy-efficient technologies and a deeper understanding of low-dimensional systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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20 pages, 2932 KB  
Article
Manganese-Based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution: Development and Performance Evaluation
by Giulia Cuatto, Elenia De Meis, Hilmar Guzmán and Simelys Hernández
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181434 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 402
Abstract
Currently, the growing demand for sustainable hydrogen makes the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) increasingly important. To boost the performance of electrochemical cells for water electrolysis, both cathodic and anodic sides need to be optimized. Noble metal catalysts for the OER suffer from high [...] Read more.
Currently, the growing demand for sustainable hydrogen makes the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) increasingly important. To boost the performance of electrochemical cells for water electrolysis, both cathodic and anodic sides need to be optimized. Noble metal catalysts for the OER suffer from high costs and limited availability; therefore, developing efficient, low-cost alternatives is crucial. This work investigates manganese-based materials as potential noble-metal-free catalysts. Mn antimonates, Mn chlorates, and Mn bromates were synthesized using ultrasound-assisted techniques to enhance phase composition and homogeneity. Physicochemical characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and surface area analyses. All samples exhibited a low surface area and inter-particle porosity within mixed crystalline phases. Among the catalysts, Mn7.5O10Br3, synthesized via ultrasound homogenization (30 min at 59 kHz) and calcined at 250 °C, showed the highest OER activity. Drop-casted on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO)-coated Ti mesh, it achieved an overpotential of 153 mV at 10 mA cm−2, with Tafel slopes of 103 mV dec−1 and 160 mV dec−1 at 1, 2, and 4 mA cm−2 and 6, 8, 10, and 11 mA cm−2, respectively. It also demonstrated good short-term stability (1 h) in acidic media, with a strong signal-to-noise ratio. Its short-term stability is comparable to that of the benchmark IrO2, with a potential drift of 15 mV h−1 and a standard deviation of 3 mV for the best-performing electrode. The presence of multiple phases suggests room for further optimization. Overall, this study provides a practical route for designing noble metal-free Mn-based OER catalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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16 pages, 4464 KB  
Article
Cost-Effective Fabrication of Silica–Silver Microspheres with Enhanced Conductivity for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
by Mingzheng Hao, Zhonghua Huang, Wencai Wang, Zhaoxia Lv, Tao Zhang, Wenjin Liang and Yurong Liang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181433 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 472
Abstract
A green and cost-effective method was employed to efficiently synthesize conductive silica–silver (SiO2/PCPA/Ag) core–shell structured microspheres. The SiO2 microspheres were initially functionalized with poly(catechol-polyamine), followed by the in situ reduction of Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles on the surface of [...] Read more.
A green and cost-effective method was employed to efficiently synthesize conductive silica–silver (SiO2/PCPA/Ag) core–shell structured microspheres. The SiO2 microspheres were initially functionalized with poly(catechol-polyamine), followed by the in situ reduction of Ag ions to Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the SiO2 microspheres using an electroless plating process. Analysis using scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful formation of a dense and uniform silver layer on the surface of the SiO2 microspheres. The valence state of the silver present on the surface of the SiO2 microspheres was determined to be zero through analyses conducted using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer. Consequently, the SiO2/PCPA/Ag microspheres, upon initial preparation, demonstrated a notable conductivity of 1005 S/cm, which was further enhanced to 1612 S/cm following additional heat treatment aimed at rectifying defects within the silver layer. The resulting rubber composites displayed a low electrical resistivity of 5.4 × 10−3 Ω·cm and exhibited a significant electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness exceeding 100 dB against both X-band and Ku-band frequencies, suggesting promising potential for utilization as a material for conducting and EMI shielding purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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21 pages, 3634 KB  
Article
Nanoscale Pore Refinement and Hydration Control in Anhydrite-Modified Supersulfated Cement: Role of Calcination-Induced Crystal Phase Transition
by Zeyuan Hu, Cheng Zhang, Yi Wan, Rui Ma, Chunping Gu, Xu Yang, Jianjun Dong and Dong Cui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181432 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 347
Abstract
Nanostructural optimization is key to enhancing the performance of low-carbon cements. Supersulfated cement (SSC) is an eco-friendly, low-carbon cement primarily composed of blast furnace slag and calcium sulfate. This study investigates the effects of two types of crystalline anhydrite on the hydration degree [...] Read more.
Nanostructural optimization is key to enhancing the performance of low-carbon cements. Supersulfated cement (SSC) is an eco-friendly, low-carbon cement primarily composed of blast furnace slag and calcium sulfate. This study investigates the effects of two types of crystalline anhydrite on the hydration degree and strength of SSC. The experiment used III CaSO4 (high solubility) and II-U CaSO4 (low solubility) as sulfate activators, evaluating the mechanical properties of anhydrite produced at different calcination temperatures through an analysis of pore structure, phase composition, reaction degree of mineral powder, and hydration heat. The results indicate that II-U anhydrite enhances slag hydration, reduces pore size, and significantly improves the compressive strength of SSC. This improvement is attributed to its impact on slag hydration: it reduces gypsum consumption rate, delays ettringite formation, promotes gel product formation, decreases the volume ratio of ettringite to calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, fills pores, and decreases porosity. This study reveals the influence of calcined dihydrate gypsum phase changes on the macroscopic properties of SSC and the microstructure of hydration, elucidating the hydration mechanism of anhydrite-based SSC. This work provides a nanomaterial-based strategy for SSC design via crystal phase engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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19 pages, 4945 KB  
Article
Covalent Organic Framework-Based Nanomembrane with Co-Immobilized Dual Enzymes for Micropollutant Removal
by Junda Zhao, Guanhua Liu, Xiaobing Zheng, Liya Zhou, Li Ma, Ying He, Xiaoyang Yue and Yanjun Jiang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181431 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 429
Abstract
Biocatalytic nanomembranes have emerged as promising platforms for micropollutant remediation, yet their practical application is hindered by limitations in removal efficiency and operational stability. This study presents an innovative approach for fabricating highly stable and efficient biocatalytic nanomembranes through the co-immobilization of horseradish [...] Read more.
Biocatalytic nanomembranes have emerged as promising platforms for micropollutant remediation, yet their practical application is hindered by limitations in removal efficiency and operational stability. This study presents an innovative approach for fabricating highly stable and efficient biocatalytic nanomembranes through the co-immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and glucose oxidase (GOx) within a covalent organic framework (COF) nanocrystal. Capitalizing on the dynamic covalent chemistry of COFs during their self-healing and self-crystallization processes, we achieved simultaneous enzyme immobilization and framework formation. This unique confinement strategy preserved enzymatic activity while significantly enhancing stability. HRP/GOx@COF biocatalytic membrane was prepared through the loading of immobilized enzymes (HRP/GOx@COF) onto a macroporous polymeric substrate membrane pre-coated with a polydopamine (PDA) adhesive layer. At HRP and GOx dosages of 4 mg and 4.5 mg, respectively, and a glucose concentration of 5 mM, the removal rate of bisphenol A (BPA) reached 99% through the combined functions of catalysis, adsorption, and rejection. The BPA removal rate of the biocatalytic membrane remained high under both acidic and alkaline conditions. Additionally, the removal rate of dyes with different properties exceeded 88%. The removal efficiencies of doxycycline hydrochloride, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline surpassed 95%. In this study, the enzyme was confined in the ordered and stable COF, which endowed the biocatalytic membrane with good stability and reusability over multiple batch cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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14 pages, 2458 KB  
Article
Dual Enhancement of Optoelectronic and Mechanical Performance in Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Nanoplate-Structured FTO Interfaces
by Ruichen Tian, Aldrin D. Calderon, Quanrong Fang and Xiaoyu Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1430; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181430 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 388
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) rarely report, on a single-device platform, concurrent gains in optoelectronic efficiency and buried-interface mechanical robustness—two prerequisites for flexible and roll-to-roll (R2R) integration. We engineered a nanoplate-structured fluorine-doped tin oxide (NP-FTO) front electrode that couples light management with three-dimensional interfacial [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) rarely report, on a single-device platform, concurrent gains in optoelectronic efficiency and buried-interface mechanical robustness—two prerequisites for flexible and roll-to-roll (R2R) integration. We engineered a nanoplate-structured fluorine-doped tin oxide (NP-FTO) front electrode that couples light management with three-dimensional interfacial anchoring, and we quantified both photovoltaic (PV) and nanomechanical metrics on the same device stack. Relative to planar FTO, the NP-FTO PSCs achieved PCE of up to 25.65%, with simultaneous improvements in Voc (to 1.196 V), Jsc (up to 26.35 mA cm−2), and FF (to 82.65%). Nanoindentation revealed a ~28% increase in reduced modulus and >70% higher hardness, accompanied by a ~32% reduction in maximum indentation depth, indicating enhanced load-bearing capacity consistent with the observed FF gains. The low-temperature, solution-compatible NP-FTO interface is amenable to R2R manufacturing and flexible substrates, offering a unified route to bridge high PCE with reinforced interfacial mechanics toward integration-ready perovskite modules. Full article
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5 pages, 2149 KB  
Correction
Correction: Sozarukova et al. Gadolinium Doping Modulates the Enzyme-like Activity and Radical-Scavenging Properties of CeO2 Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 769
by Madina M. Sozarukova, Taisiya O. Kozlova, Tatiana S. Beshkareva, Anton L. Popov, Danil D. Kolmanovich, Darya A. Vinnik, Olga S. Ivanova, Alexey V. Lukashin, Alexander E. Baranchikov and Vladimir K. Ivanov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(18), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15181429 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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