Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. From a Pig Perspective
2.1. Therapeutic Use of Antibiotics
2.2. Use of Antibiotics in Animal Rearing
2.2.1. Microorganisms to Control in Pigs
2.2.2. Non-Infectious Factors Influencing Pig Infections
2.2.3. Antibiotic Usage in Pig Production
2.2.4. Impact of Viral Infections
2.2.5. The Future of Antibiotics in Animal Production
2.3. The Pig Microbiome
3. From Pig to Environment
4. From Pig to Humans
5. From Pig to Meat
6. Alternatives to Antibiotics
7. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pathogenic Agent | |
---|---|
Bacteria | Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
Actinobacillus suis | |
Bordetella bronchiseptica | |
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae | |
Pasteurella multocida | |
Salmonella spp. | |
Streptococcus suis | |
Virus | Swine influenza |
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) | |
Herpesvirus/Pseudorabies | |
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) |
Year | Farm | Abattoir | Retail | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | NBb | % | NB | % | NB | |
2002 | 97 | 38/39 | ||||
2003 | 98 | 153/155 | 50 | 151/301 | ||
2004 | 99 | 142/143 | 54 | 321/593 | ||
2005 | 99 | 163/164 | 40 | 316/797 | ||
2006 | 99 | 459/462 | 98 | 115/117 | 38 | 288/763 |
2007 | 100 | 612/612 | 98 | 93/95 | 36 | 310/871 |
2008 | 99 | 481/486 | 100 | 150/150 | 32 | 317/979 |
2009 | 99 | 695/701 | 98 | 160/263 | 29 | 323/1097 |
2010 | 84 | 1402/1673 | 83 | 165/199 | 47 | 118/250 |
2011 | 83 | 1389/1667 | 85 | 161/190 | 54 | 231/431 |
2012 | 86 | 1333/1553 | 89 | 164/184 | 50 | 97/193 |
2013 | 83 | 1313/1573 | 84 | 143/171 | 41 | 91/221 |
2014 | 81 | 1351/1672 | 88 | 141/161 | 54 | 176/323 |
2015 | 77 | 385/500 | 79 | 152/192 | 57 | 102/179 |
2016 | 79 | 428/544 | 84 | 152/182 | 44 | 62/140 |
2017 | 77 | 374/484 | 80 | 132/164 | 44 | 51/115 |
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Monger, X.C.; Gilbert, A.-A.; Saucier, L.; Vincent, A.T. Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101209
Monger XC, Gilbert A-A, Saucier L, Vincent AT. Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(10):1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101209
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonger, Xavier C., Alex-An Gilbert, Linda Saucier, and Antony T. Vincent. 2021. "Antibiotic Resistance: From Pig to Meat" Antibiotics 10, no. 10: 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101209