Cosmetics

16 pages, 1286 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Limonene Orange Peel Essential Oil as a Natural Antibacterial Agent in Hand Sanitizer Gels

by Marcos A. Coronado, José R. Ayala, Beatriz E. Jaramillo-Colorado, Daniela G. Montes, Ernesto Beltrán-Partida, Benjamín A. Rojano, Andrés Felipe Alzate-Arbeláez and Ana M. Vázquez

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060288 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Orange peel waste has potential to be valorized from agro-industrial and food sectors to formulate products for personal hygiene and public health. This study presents the formulation of alcohol-based antibacterial gels incorporating essential oils extracted from Citrus sinensis orange peel waste and its [...] Read more.

Orange peel waste has potential to be valorized from agro-industrial and food sectors to formulate products for personal hygiene and public health. This study presents the formulation of alcohol-based antibacterial gels incorporating essential oils extracted from Citrus sinensis orange peel waste and its sensory evaluation among 770 participants in a holistic approach. The orange essential oil, obtained via hydrodistillation, demonstrated a high limonene content of 96.5% by GC-MS. Antibacterial activity assessed by agar diffusion assays showed orange essential oil efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones of 25.9 mm and 23.62 mm, respectively. Two gel prototypes, GSA and GSB, were developed and sensorily evaluated. GSA was preferred for its superior appearance, spreadability, absorption, and smell, with 99% acceptability. Appearance and spread sensory parameters were the differentiators between both formulations according to user preferences. Thus, 93% of respondents are willing to use either GSA or GSB as a daily hygiene product over commercial ones. Although the gels exhibited reduced antibacterial activity relative to essential oil, with inhibition zones measuring 8.3 mm for E. coli and 9.0 mm for S. aureus, they retained satisfactory user acceptability. These findings support the use of citrus biowaste-derived essential oils in sustainable personal hygiene products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fine Chemicals from Natural Sources with Potential Application in the Cosmetic/Pharmaceutical Industry—Volume 2)

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24 pages, 866 KB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Agents for Alopecia: Trends and Future Perspectives

by Eunmiri Roh

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060287 - 16 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1865

Abstract

Alopecia is a multifactorial disorder in which immune, endocrine, metabolic, and microbial systems converge within the follicular microenvironment. In alopecia areata (AA), loss of immune privilege, together with interferon-γ- and interleukin-15-driven activation of the JAK/STAT cascade, promotes cytotoxic infiltration, whereas selective inhibitors, including [...] Read more.

Alopecia is a multifactorial disorder in which immune, endocrine, metabolic, and microbial systems converge within the follicular microenvironment. In alopecia areata (AA), loss of immune privilege, together with interferon-γ- and interleukin-15-driven activation of the JAK/STAT cascade, promotes cytotoxic infiltration, whereas selective inhibitors, including baricitinib, ritlecitinib, and durvalumab, restore immune balance and permit anagen reentry. In androgenetic alopecia (AGA), excess dihydrotestosterone and androgen receptor signaling increase DKK1 and prostaglandin D2, suppress Wnt and β-catenin activity, and drive follicular miniaturization. Combination approaches utilizing low-dose oral minoxidil, platelet-rich plasma, exosome formulations, and low-level light therapy enhance vascularization, improve mitochondrial function, and reactivate metabolism, collectively supporting sustained regrowth. Elucidation of intracellular axes such as JAK/STAT, Wnt/BMP, AMPK/mTOR, and mitochondrial redox regulation provides a mechanistic basis for rational, multimodal intervention. Advances in stem cell organoids, biomaterial scaffolds, and exosome-based therapeutics extend treatment from suppression toward structural follicle reconstruction. Recognition of microbiome and mitochondria crosstalk underscores the need to maintain microbial homeostasis and redox stability for durable regeneration. This review synthesizes molecular and preclinical advances in AA and AGA, outlining intersecting signaling networks and regenerative interfaces that define a framework for precision and sustained follicular regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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18 pages, 723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hemp Seed Extract-Enriched Oxygenating Facial Mask: Effects on Skin Hydration, Sebum Control, and Erythema Reduction

by Oraphan Anurukvorakun and Suekanya Jarupinthusophon

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060286 - 15 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1067

Abstract

This study introduces a novel oxygenating facial mask enriched with hemp seed extract, which uniquely combines advanced bubble-generating technology with botanically derived antioxidants for enhanced skin care. The innovative mask forms microbubbles that simulate targeted oxygen delivery, accelerating cell renewal and improving active [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel oxygenating facial mask enriched with hemp seed extract, which uniquely combines advanced bubble-generating technology with botanically derived antioxidants for enhanced skin care. The innovative mask forms microbubbles that simulate targeted oxygen delivery, accelerating cell renewal and improving active ingredient absorption. In a randomized, controlled trial, forty participants used either the hemp seed extract mask (F1) or a placebo (F2) over eight weeks. Both formulations demonstrated excellent physical stability for 60 days, maintaining consistent pH, color, fragrance, viscosity, and foaming properties. Notably, F1 demonstrated superior foam persistence and product stability. Clinically, the hemp mask significantly increased skin hydration (up to 65.7%, p < 0.05), reduced sebum levels (32.9%), and lowered erythema (up to 46.9 AU or 12.9%, p < 0.01), without altering skin color or causing adverse effects. Consumer satisfaction with F1 exceeded F2 by 10.7%. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of oxygenating bubble technology and hemp seed extract—demonstrating synergistic effects on skin barrier function, hydration, sebum control, and erythema reduction. These findings highlight the mask’s potential as a next-generation cosmeceutical with meaningful clinical and commercial value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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15 pages, 1629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photoprotective Effects of Oral Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Seed Oil Supplementation Against UV-Induced Skin Damage: Evidence from Two Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials

by Vincenzo Nobile, Stéphanie Dudonné, Catherine Kern, Gloria Roveda, Silvana Giardina and Christine Garcia

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060285 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1237

Abstract

Skin is constantly exposed to UV radiation. While topical sunscreens are the main preventative measure, oral photoprotective agents are emerging as promising systemic adjuncts, offering uniform, continuous protection. This study presents the results of two clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Skin is constantly exposed to UV radiation. While topical sunscreens are the main preventative measure, oral photoprotective agents are emerging as promising systemic adjuncts, offering uniform, continuous protection. This study presents the results of two clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of supplementation with a standardized coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed oil (CSO) in mitigating UV-induced skin damage, in comparison with a placebo. The first trial investigated the effects of CSO supplementation on women with reactive skin, assessing UVA+B-induced skin erythema and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release. The second trial included women of all skin types and, in addition to the outcomes mentioned above, examined UVA-induced lipoperoxidation. Measurements were taken before and after 56 days of supplementation. CSO supplementation led to a significant reduction in UV-induced skin erythema and associated TNF-α levels in both cohorts, with decreases of 11.8% and 24.1% in the reactive skin group and 18.1% and 18.7% in the cohort with all skin types, respectively. In women of all skin types, UV-induced skin lipoperoxidation was reduced by 31.9% at 4 h and by 69.9% at 24 h post-exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the photoprotective efficacy of CSO. This finding is attributed to CSO’s high petroselinic acid content and its known anti-inflammatory properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sunscreen Advances and Photoprotection Strategies in Cosmetics)

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31 pages, 1953 KB

Open AccessReview

A Multifaceted View on Ageing of the Hair and Scalp

by Yi Shan Lim, Carine Nizard, Karl Pays, Cecilia Brun and Robin Kurfurst

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060284 - 12 Dec 2025

Viewed by 3265

Abstract

Like with skin, both men and women—regardless of ethnicity—gradually lose satisfaction with changes in hair brought about by ageing. Especially when such transition is apparent by others, and that the hair condition has a significant role in an individual’s overall physical appearance and [...] Read more.

Like with skin, both men and women—regardless of ethnicity—gradually lose satisfaction with changes in hair brought about by ageing. Especially when such transition is apparent by others, and that the hair condition has a significant role in an individual’s overall physical appearance and self-perception. Beyond the familiar age-related signs such as hair greying, hair loss, and hair fragility, this review includes current knowledge of biological processes underlying hair pigmentation and hair growth, highlights variations in gender and ethnicity, as well as delineates hair fibre diameter, ellipticity, and elasticity properties that collectively contribute to the characteristics of aged hair. Additionally, in view of the rising importance of enhancing scalp skin health to promote healthy hair growth, the latter part of the review focuses on age-associated alterations to the scalp skin and its microbiome. Consideration of the morphological changes in the hair fibre, biological processes occurring within the hair follicle and its enveloping scalp environment provide a unique, holistic overview of hair and scalp changes during ageing. Finally, after acknowledging the impact caused by chronological ageing and environmental stresses, it is important to recognise that healthy tresses are largely influenced by scalp skin care, and this stimulates the advancement of appropriate cosmetic solutions that help delay or improve the appearance of aged hair. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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23 pages, 3477 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of a Pequi Oil Formulation for Skin: A Clinical Study Using Instrumental Measurements and Sensorial Perception

by Letícia Kakuda, Wanderley Pereira Oliveira and Patricia Maria Berardo Gonçalves Maia Campos

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060283 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) oil is a lipid-rich natural ingredient with potential cosmetic applications, but its time-dependent clinical effects on skin remain underexplored. This study aimed to characterize pequi oil using GC-MS, develop a minimalist serum formulation containing the oil, and evaluate [...] Read more.

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) oil is a lipid-rich natural ingredient with potential cosmetic applications, but its time-dependent clinical effects on skin remain underexplored. This study aimed to characterize pequi oil using GC-MS, develop a minimalist serum formulation containing the oil, and evaluate its immediate, short-term, and long-term clinical efficacy, as well as perceived efficacy. A serum with 3% pequi oil (SPO) and a vehicle control (SV) were developed and tested in twenty healthy female participants (22–30 years). Stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and sebum content were measured on the malar region at baseline (t0) and after 2 h (t2h), 7 days (t7d), and 28 days (t28d) of application. Porphyrin count and sebaceous gland activity were assessed at t7d and t28d and skin microrelief at t28d. GC-MS revealed oleic acid (55.89%) and palmitic acid (34.90%) as the oil’s main constituents. SPO reduced TEWL and increased skin hydration at t2h and t28d compared to baseline values (p < 0.05). At t28d, SPO significantly reduced oily spots and porphyrin scores and improved skin microrelief. Long-term perceived efficacy indicated better hydration, oil control, and skin feel compared with SV. These findings suggest that pequi oil reduced sebum content and sebaceous gland activity, thereby enhancing skin barrier function, hydration, microrelief, and hydrolipidic balance, supporting its potential as an effective cosmetic ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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14 pages, 4497 KB

Open AccessArticle

Birch Sap Attenuates Inflammatory Cytokines and Improves Skin Parameters in Cellular and Animal Models of Skin Irritation

by Chao-Hsien Sung, Chien-Fen Huang, Yu-Jou Hsu, Chi-Ming Pu, Chia-Chi Kung, Thomas W. Chu and Chi-Feng Hung

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060282 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1302

Abstract

Natural ingredients with soothing and skin-protecting effects are becoming increasingly popular in cosmetic science. Great interest has been directed to birch sap, a nutrient-rich fluid from Betula species. This study aimed to investigate whether birch sap can modulate inflammatory responses and maintain skin [...] Read more.

Natural ingredients with soothing and skin-protecting effects are becoming increasingly popular in cosmetic science. Great interest has been directed to birch sap, a nutrient-rich fluid from Betula species. This study aimed to investigate whether birch sap can modulate inflammatory responses and maintain skin barrier functions in both cell and animal models. The polysaccharide composition of birch sap was characterized. TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes were used to assess the effects of birch sap on inflammatory cytokine expression and activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. An in vivo model of chemically induced skin irritation was further used to examine the effects of oral birch sap administration on skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, histological features, and cutaneous blood flow. Birch sap significantly reduced IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 expression and attenuated MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation. In vivo, birch sap improved hydration, reduced transepidermal water loss, epidermal thickening and erythema, and decreased elevated skin blood flow associated with inflammation. These results demonstrate that birch sap provides modulatory effects on inflammation and barrier-supportive effects in both cellular and animal models, suggesting its potential as a naturally derived cosmetic ingredient for promoting skin comfort and maintaining epidermal barrier integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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15 pages, 3446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Micronized Prinsepia utilis Royle Seed Powder as a Natural, Antioxidant-Enriched Pickering Stabilizer for Green Cosmetic Emulsions

by Chuanjun Ye, Kangfu Zhou, Zhicheng Ye, Yazhuo Shang and Feifei Wang

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060281 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 661

Abstract

The valorization of agricultural byproducts into functional cosmetic ingredients is a promising strategy for sustainable formulation development. In this work, raw Prinsepia utilis Royle seed residue powder (RPURSRP) which was discarded after oil pressing was upcycled and micronized Prinsepia utilis Royle seed powder [...] Read more.

The valorization of agricultural byproducts into functional cosmetic ingredients is a promising strategy for sustainable formulation development. In this work, raw Prinsepia utilis Royle seed residue powder (RPURSRP) which was discarded after oil pressing was upcycled and micronized Prinsepia utilis Royle seed powder (MPURSRP) was obtained by micronization as an eco-friendly Pickering stabilizer. The physicochemical properties of MPURSRP have been studied comprehensively. The results have shown that the MPURSRP (20.28 ± 0.00 μm) exhibited a spherical shape, which is significantly smaller than the RPURSRP (61.49 ± 2.28 μm). The MPURSRP particles tend to reside at the interface between oil and water, allowing them to function as emulsifiers that promote the formation of Pickering emulsions. The emulsifying properties of MPURSRP were investigated systematically. The results revealed that the MPURSRP displayed a better emulsifying performance for non-polar oils. Meanwhile, the existence of polyphenols—an endogenous substance of the Prinsepia utilis Royle seed, endows the prepared Pickering emulsion with good antioxidant activity. As the MPURSRP concentration increased from 0% to 3.0 wt%, more MPURSRP adsorbed at the oil–water interface, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate of the emulsion increased from 9.99 ± 0.63% to 91.71 ± 4.22% (p < 0.001). By upcycling agricultural waste into amphiphilic particles with interfacial properties, we establish a green strategy for stabilizing Pickering emulsions with endogenous antioxidant functionality, offering meaningful guidance toward sustainable colloid systems. This work aligns with the growing demand for natural, bioactive ingredients in green cosmetic formulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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14 pages, 2873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Imaging to Detect the Effects of Topical N-Butanoyl Glutathione (GSH-C4) and Hyaluronic Acid in Inflammatory Eczematous Dermatitis

by Maria Elisabetta Greco, Antonio Di Guardo, Annunziata Dattola, Silvana Ciardo, Elena Campione, Domenico Marrapodi, Camilla Chello, Carmen Cantisani, Simone Michelini, Terenzio Cosio, Simone Amato, Enrico Garaci, Raimondo Crimi, Steven Paul Nisticò and Giovanni Pellacani

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060280 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 675

Abstract

Background: Eczematous dermatitis refers to a group of inflammatory skin disorders—including seborrheic, atopic, and contact dermatitis—characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Disrupting the itch–scratch cycle and reversing microscopic skin changes are key to improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Aims: [...] Read more.

Background: Eczematous dermatitis refers to a group of inflammatory skin disorders—including seborrheic, atopic, and contact dermatitis—characterized by epidermal barrier dysfunction and chronic inflammation. Disrupting the itch–scratch cycle and reversing microscopic skin changes are key to improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Aims: This study aimed to assess the clinical and microscopic effects of a topical medical device containing N-butanoyl glutathione (GSH-C4) and hyaluronic acid in patients with inflammatory eczematous dermatitis, combining clinical scores with in vivo confocal and OCT imaging. Methods: A prospective clinical trial enrolled 30 patients with active eczematous lesions. Participants applied a GSH-C4/hyaluronic acid-based product (GSEBA^®) for 28 days. Clinical improvement was evaluated at baseline, day 14, and day 28 using the Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA), a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for itching, and a self-reported index of disease impact on quality of life (IDL). Microscopic changes were assessed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Results: After 28 days, the mean IGA score improved from 2.48 to 0.18 (p < 0.001), VAS itching score decreased from 4.52 to 0.32 (p < 0.001), and IDL dropped from 4.86 to 0.79 (p < 0.001). RCM analysis showed significant reductions in key inflammatory features such as spongiosis, vesiculation, and inflammatory infiltrate. OCT revealed a significant decrease in vascularization at 150 μm depth, with no change in collagen density. Conclusions: The GSH-C4/hyaluronic acid-based mousse (GSEBA^®) demonstrated strong clinical efficacy and excellent tolerability in managing eczematous dermatitis. It effectively reduced both symptoms and microscopic markers of inflammation without compromising dermal structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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15 pages, 2312 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ex Vivo Human Skin as a Platform to Study Cosmetic Modulation of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators

by Michele Massironi, Lorenzo Zanella, Francesca Benato, Camila Paz Quezada Meza, Chiara Rompietti, Sandro Rosa, Dominik Stuhlmann, Martina Herrmann and Marco Massironi

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060279 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 684

Abstract

Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress induced by the exposome represent key drivers of skin aging and related imperfections. The development of experimental models suitable for studying these metabolic processes is therefore of primary importance for the cosmetic industry. In recent years, the [...] Read more.

Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress induced by the exposome represent key drivers of skin aging and related imperfections. The development of experimental models suitable for studying these metabolic processes is therefore of primary importance for the cosmetic industry. In recent years, the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in the resolution of inflammation has been highlighted; however, in vitro skin models to investigate them are still lacking. In this work, we developed an ex vivo human skin culture model that allows the quantification of maresin 1 (MaR1) production by measuring its concentration in the conditioned culture medium using an ELISA-based assay. The presence and survival of MaR1-synthesizing immune cells, namely Langerhans cells and leukocytes, were quantified during the first days of culture. The model’s ability to modulate MaR1 production was assessed in response to treatment with its precursor, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and with a DHA-rich cosmetic ingredient named Isochrysis Galbana Extract. Results demonstrated that the model produces MaR1 even in the absence of stimulation and responds to treatments with a further increase in MaR1 production. Furthermore, the tissue-to-medium ratio required to obtain MaR1 concentrations suitable for effective ELISA quantification was optimized. This model establishes a reproducible and scalable experimental platform for quantifying SPMs and evaluating DHA-based formulations, supporting both cosmetic research and mechanistic investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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15 pages, 1967 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Mesotherapy-Inspired Cosmetic Serum vs. Meso-Injections: Proteomic Insights and Clinical Results

by Nadège Durand, Sayantani Goswami, Roxane Henry, Aaron Cohen, Jin Namkoong, Joanna Wu, Karima Bourougaa and Lysianne Sanchez-Manoilov

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060278 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 888

Abstract

Aesthetic mesotherapy—the subcutaneous injection of key ingredients for cellular function—has gained popularity as a skin rejuvenation treatment. We developed a cosmetic serum, incorporating 11 ingredients frequently used in meso-injections that are partially encapsulated in multilamellar vesicles. We evaluated the ingredients, and their formulation [...] Read more.

Aesthetic mesotherapy—the subcutaneous injection of key ingredients for cellular function—has gained popularity as a skin rejuvenation treatment. We developed a cosmetic serum, incorporating 11 ingredients frequently used in meso-injections that are partially encapsulated in multilamellar vesicles. We evaluated the ingredients, and their formulation into a topical serum and in mesotherapy injections, for their efficacy at modulating skin rejuvenation in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Proteomic profiling of skin explants subjected to a meso-injection identified 47 differentially regulated proteins, whereas topical ingredient applications modulated 149 proteins, predominantly by upregulating them. These proteins mapped to gene ontology pathways relating to ER-Golgi transport, protein trafficking, energy metabolism, integrin signalling, extracellular matrix organisation, and regulation of cell proliferation. The impact of some ingredient classes appeared pathway-specific, while broader responses possibly reflected synergistic interactions. Consistently, topical ingredient application increased ATP levels in reconstructed skin, suggesting enhanced metabolic activity. Clinically, twice-daily serum applications over 63 days yielded improvements in skin smoothness, complexion radiance and complexion homogeneity comparable to those observed after three meso-injections. However, results appeared to vary with age, and the combination of serum application with meso-injection may offer benefits, particularly for skin firmness, acting in combination with mesotherapy to improve skin quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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30 pages, 3069 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Aging Evaluation of Cosmetics on a Tri-Layered Chitosan Membrane: An Alternative to Animal Testing

by Rocío Guerle-Cavero and Albert Balfagón-Costa

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060277 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 730

Abstract

The search for alternatives to animal testing in cosmetics has encouraged the development of in vitro systems capable of evaluating formulation-driven biophysical parameters assessed on human skin. This study presents a cell-free tri-layered chitosan membrane as a material-based model for characterizing the physicochemical [...] Read more.

The search for alternatives to animal testing in cosmetics has encouraged the development of in vitro systems capable of evaluating formulation-driven biophysical parameters assessed on human skin. This study presents a cell-free tri-layered chitosan membrane as a material-based model for characterizing the physicochemical anti-aging performance of topical formulations. Three cosmetic products were incorporated either in the top layer (1L_(t)) or across all layers (3L), and key parameters—including pore area, water permeation, firmness, elasticity, swelling and moisture retention—were quantified. VitCOil produced consistent effects across configurations, reducing pore area by 52–56% and decreasing water permeation by 54–61%, while increasing moisture retention by 36–38%. OilSerum showed a marked layer-dependent response, enhancing swelling by +70% in 3L and +35% in 1L_(t), and increasing water permeation by 16% (3L) and 4% (1L_(t)). EyeCr improved firmness and elasticity at low concentration, with stronger elastic response in the top layer (+27% in 3L; +34% in 1L_(t)). Overall, this novel platform strengthens early-stage physicochemical screening by linking formulation-dependent mechanisms with directional biophysical trends observed clinically. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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16 pages, 2450 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Degree of Melasma Reduction After Application of a Chemical Skin Stimulation Product in Combination with a Lightening Serum—Preliminary Observations

by Anna Deda, Magdalena Hartman-Petrycka, Dominika Wcisło-Dziadecka, Agnieszka Lubczyńska and Sławomir Wilczyński

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060276 - 8 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2060

Abstract

Background: Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation disorder, often therapy-resistant. Minimally invasive combinations of chemical stimulators and serums show promise. This study evaluated trichloroacetic acid stabilized with hydrogen peroxide and kojic acid, plus a serum with niacinamide, tranexamic acid, lactoferrin, ferulic acid, alpha-lipoic acid, [...] Read more.

Background: Melasma is a chronic hyperpigmentation disorder, often therapy-resistant. Minimally invasive combinations of chemical stimulators and serums show promise. This study evaluated trichloroacetic acid stabilized with hydrogen peroxide and kojic acid, plus a serum with niacinamide, tranexamic acid, lactoferrin, ferulic acid, alpha-lipoic acid, and physic acid. Methods: Ten female volunteers with clinically diagnosed melasma underwent six treatment sessions. Each procedure involved application of the chemical stimulator followed by the serum, with strict photoprotection advised. Clinical improvement was assessed using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) by three independent experts. Objective analysis of pigmentation and texture was performed with photographic documentation processed by the Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM), measuring contrast and homogeneity in selected facial regions. Results: After six treatments, significant improvement was observed. Mean mMASI scores decreased by 62.3% after 2 weeks and 62.9% after 8 weeks. GLCM confirmed pigmentation reduction, showing decreased contrast and increased homogeneity across all regions, with the chin responding best. Correlation analysis indicated a positive trend between mMASI reduction and contrast changes. No serious adverse events or post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation were reported. Conclusions: The combined protocol significantly reduced melasma hyperpigmentation both clinically and objectively. GLCM analysis complements traditional scales and may provide a valuable quantitative tool for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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13 pages, 1735 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Safety and Tissue Integration of PEGDE-Based Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Severe Nasolabial Folds: A Prospective Observational Study with Biophysical and Ultrasound Evaluation

by Nicola Zerbinati, Andrea Carugno, Stefania Guida, Roberto Mocchi, Sabrina Sommatis, Giovanna Cipolla, Raffaele Rauso, Hassan Galadari, Zeno Fratton, Enzo Errichetti, Carlo Alberto Maronese, Mariateresa Rossi, Luca Bettolini and Stefano Bighetti

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060275 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 995

Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers represent the most frequently performed minimally invasive procedures for facial rejuvenation, yet their overall safety profile is critically influenced by the cross-linking technology employed. Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has recently been introduced as an alternative to 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl [...] Read more.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers represent the most frequently performed minimally invasive procedures for facial rejuvenation, yet their overall safety profile is critically influenced by the cross-linking technology employed. Polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has recently been introduced as an alternative to 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE). The present prospective observational study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of a PEGDE-crosslinked HA filler for the correction of severe nasolabial folds. A total of 60 patients received bilateral injections of 1 mL per side and were monitored over a six-month period. Safety assessment included systematic documentation of adverse events and non-invasive biophysical and imaging techniques, specifically corneometry, sebumetry, and high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS). The treatment was well tolerated: 15% of patients reported only mild and transient adverse events, such as pain, swelling, bruising, or discomfort, while no serious adverse events, vascular compromise, or ocular complications were observed. Corneometry demonstrated a statistically significant increase in cutaneous hydration, sebumetry confirmed stability of sebaceous activity, and HFUS documented correct placement, homogeneous distribution, and progressive integration of the filler without nodules or granulomatous reactions. These findings support the favorable short-term safety and local tolerance of PEGDE-crosslinked HA fillers in the treatment of severe nasolabial folds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives in Cosmetics and Dermatology: Mechanisms and Therapies)

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16 pages, 1536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Biomarker for Alopecia Areata

by Ángel Aguado-García, Francisco Huertas-López, David Martínez-Moreno, Emilio Manuel Serrano-López, María Martínez-Villaescusa, Carmen Carazo-Díaz and Vicente Navarro-López

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060274 - 5 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1013

Abstract

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss, where pathogenesis is closely linked to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege and dysregulated T-cell responses. Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to systemic immune alterations relevant [...] Read more.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss, where pathogenesis is closely linked to the collapse of hair follicle immune privilege and dysregulated T-cell responses. Increasing evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis may contribute to systemic immune alterations relevant to autoimmune disorders, yet its role in AA remains largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to characterize the gut microbiota composition of AA patients and evaluate its potential as a biomarker for disease discrimination. Fecal samples from patients with AA and healthy controls were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and processed through QIIME2 and MicrobiomeAnalyst platforms. Diversity metrics, differential abundance, and microbial network correlations were assessed, and supervised machine learning models were developed to classify AA versus control profiles. Our results revealed distinct microbial signatures in AA, with enrichment of pro-inflammatory genera such as Methanobrevibacter, Collinsella, and Ruminococcus gnavus, and depletion of immunoregulatory commensals, including Faecalibacterium and Eubacterium eligens group. Network analyses showed more complex microbial interactions in AA, and Random Forest models achieved 92% accuracy in discriminating AA from controls. These findings indicate that gut dysbiosis may play a role in AA pathogenesis, providing potential diagnostic biomarkers and supporting microbiota-targeted interventions as future therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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15 pages, 2100 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Efficacy and Tolerability of a New Intradermal Biorejuvenation with Free Hyaluronic Acid and Glycerol in Photoaging: A Retrospective Pilot Study

by Trovato Federica, Vespasiani Giordano, Antonio Di Guardo, Michelini Simone and Pellacani Giovanni

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060273 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1114

Abstract

Background: Photoaging results from cumulative ultraviolet-induced damage, mainly affecting sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck, and forearms. It manifests with textural roughness, irregular pigmentation, and wrinkles, reflecting structural degeneration across cutaneous layers. Objectives: This retrospective, uncontrolled, pilot study evaluated the efficacy of [...] Read more.

Background: Photoaging results from cumulative ultraviolet-induced damage, mainly affecting sun-exposed areas such as the face, neck, and forearms. It manifests with textural roughness, irregular pigmentation, and wrinkles, reflecting structural degeneration across cutaneous layers. Objectives: This retrospective, uncontrolled, pilot study evaluated the efficacy of a biorejuvenating intradermal treatment combining free hyaluronic acid (HA) and glycerol in improving skin quality assessed by VISIA^® CR. Secondary objectives included morphological and structural evaluation with PRIMOS 3D and LC-OCT, and exploratory clustering of post-treatment topography. Methods: Seventeen Caucasian women (45–67 years; mean 54, Fitzpatrick I–III) received HA-glycerol (CROMA Revitalis) via three-session picotage (n = 10) or two-session four-point injection (n = 7). VISIA^® CR5 (spots, wrinkles, texture, pores, UV spots, porphyrins), PRIMOS 3D (roughness, volumetric parameters), and LC-OCT (stratum corneum and epidermal thickness, DEJ undulation) were analyzed. Results: VISIA^® CR5 showed significant reductions in visible spots and porphyrins, with trends toward improvement in wrinkles and UV spots. PRIMOS 3D demonstrated qualitative improvement in most patients, and LC-OCT documented a significant increase in stratum corneum thickness with positive remodeling trends. Conclusions: This retrospective uncontrolled pilot study suggests that HA–glycerol intradermal biorejuvenation may improve multiple markers of photoaging, although conclusions are limited by sample size and short follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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10 pages, 246 KB

Open AccessReview

Hydro Deluxe Skin Boosters and the Cutaneous Microbiome: A Narrative Review

by Carlos José Téllez-Castillo, Leticia Amselem Albuixech and Raquel Fernández de Castro Isalguez

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060272 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 2738

Abstract

Background/Objective: The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in barrier function, immune regulation, and overall skin health. Age-related changes and environmental stressors disrupt microbial homeostasis, contributing to inflammaging and esthetic concerns. This narrative review aims to explore the potential interactions between the Hydro [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: The skin microbiome plays a pivotal role in barrier function, immune regulation, and overall skin health. Age-related changes and environmental stressors disrupt microbial homeostasis, contributing to inflammaging and esthetic concerns. This narrative review aims to explore the potential interactions between the Hydro Deluxe Skin Booster and the cutaneous microbiome, with emphasis on barrier integrity, hydration, and molecular pathways relevant to skin aging. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus up to September 2025. Keywords included skin microbiome, cutaneous dysbiosis, hyaluronic acid (HA), calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), amino acids, skin boosters, skin aging, barrier function, and inflammation. Eligible articles included in vitro ex vivo, and clinical studies addressing microbiome-related mechanisms in skin health and esthetic interventions. Results: The literature indicates that HA and skin boosters enhance hydration and reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL), indirectly supporting microbial balance. Aging is associated with sebaceous decline, altered pH, reduced levels of commensals (Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis), and increased opportunists (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus). Hydro Deluxe, a formulation combining HA, CaHA, and amino acids, may synergistically stabilize the cutaneous environment by restoring hydration, reducing inflammatory mediators, and promoting dermal remodeling. Current evidence, however, is largely limited to in vitro and ex vivo data. Conclusions: Hydro Deluxe appears to be a promising esthetic intervention with potential to support cutaneous microbial homeostasis and mitigate age-associated inflammatory changes. Further well-designed clinical trials are warranted to validate its microbiome-related effects and to clarify its role in evidence-based esthetic medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

12 pages, 1214 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Anti-Wrinkle Effect on the Outer Corners of the Eyes of a Cosmetic Cream Containing Various Bioactive Ingredients of Kampo Medicines: A Preliminary Clinical Trial with the Split-Face Method

by Kenji Kikushima, Mariko Yamaguchi, Kimitaka Kiyohara, Miyako Nagai, Saki Hajima, Naoya Yamaguchi and Koichiro Ohnuki

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060271 - 3 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1250

Abstract

Since the causes of aging are diverse, anti-aging requires a wide range of strategies. Kampo, a traditional medicine of Japan, which has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine, is generally prepared by combining several natural compounds to produce a multiple pharmacological effect, which [...] Read more.

Since the causes of aging are diverse, anti-aging requires a wide range of strategies. Kampo, a traditional medicine of Japan, which has its roots in traditional Chinese medicine, is generally prepared by combining several natural compounds to produce a multiple pharmacological effect, which is considered useful against aging with various changes. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a medical cosmetic Kampo cream on 14 healthy female subjects aged 31 to 59 years with dry skin and shallow wrinkles at the corners of the eyes using the split-face method. The subjects applied the test cream to only one side of their faces twice a day for 4 weeks. Their wrinkles around the eyes on both sides of their faces were evaluated from photographs taken by expert examiners who were blinded to the subjects. The effects on skin condition were also assessed using a questionnaire given to the subjects. Judgments made by the experts from the photos suggest that the wrinkles on the side of the face where the cream was used were improved, while those on the other side were not. The reduction in wrinkles was more pronounced in elder subjects. This reduction in wrinkles on the test side of the face was also supported by the results of the questionnaire administered to the subjects. In addition to wrinkles, many other aging-related parameters such as skin softness, makeup adhesion, smoothness, tightness after washing the face, and moisture were suggested to be improved with the use of the test cream. These results indicate that the application of the Kampo cream for 4 weeks showed an anti-wrinkle effect and the preservation of the facial skin in a healthy condition, which may be due to the combined effects of the natural ingredients used in Kampo medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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19 pages, 2783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cosmetic Foams: The Rheo-Tribological and Microstructural Effects of Hard Water

by Richa Mehta and Ratnadeep Paul Choudhury

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060270 - 2 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1383

Abstract

The generation and stability of foam are critical attributes influencing the perceived efficacy and sensory experience of cleansing products like face cleansers and hair shampoos. This study rigorously investigated the influence of water hardness on the foam characteristics of a face cleanser and [...] Read more.

The generation and stability of foam are critical attributes influencing the perceived efficacy and sensory experience of cleansing products like face cleansers and hair shampoos. This study rigorously investigated the influence of water hardness on the foam characteristics of a face cleanser and hair shampoo through integrated macroscopic, microscopic, and rheological analyses. Hard water consistently induced severe foam destabilization, evidenced by significantly increased foam decay and shortened drainage half-lives. Microstructural analysis revealed pronounced bubble coalescence, manifested as reduced bubble counts and elevated mean bubble areas. Rheologically, hard water compromised foam viscoelasticity, leading to diminished complex moduli (G*), earlier G″/G′ crossovers, and heightened phase angles (δ), signifying a rapid transition to a predominantly viscous, unstable state. Conversely, soft water consistently yielded highly elastic foams with robust G* values, maintained G′ dominance, and low δ, indicative of superior structural integrity and temporal stability. Notably, controlled rate viscosity profiles remained unaffected by water hardness. These findings collectively demonstrate that divalent cations fundamentally undermine foam lamellar film stability, inducing profound structural and mechanical degradation. Concurrently, tribological measurements revealed that the face cleanser consistently exhibited higher coefficients of friction in hard water across varying sliding speeds, whereas the hair shampoo displayed a more complex, speed-dependent frictional profile that was comparatively less sensitive to water hardness. This underscores the critical necessity for formulation chemists to mitigate water hardness effects to ensure consistent product performance and sensory attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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13 pages, 502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Clinical Practice Through Better Evidence: A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of the Reporting Quality in Contact Dermatitis Randomized Controlled Trial Abstracts

by Mia Šušak Crnčević, Toni Durdov, Doris Rušić, Lara Ramić, Ana Ćosić and Josipa Bukić

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060269 - 1 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Contact dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the skin with substantial impact on patients’ quality of life and occupational function. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence for treatment evaluation, previous research has shown that the reporting [...] Read more.

Contact dermatitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the skin with substantial impact on patients’ quality of life and occupational function. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide the highest level of evidence for treatment evaluation, previous research has shown that the reporting quality of RCT abstracts is often suboptimal. This study aimed to assess the completeness of reporting of RCT abstracts on contact dermatitis according to the CONSORT extension for abstracts (CONSORT-A). A cross-sectional analysis of 304 abstracts indexed in PubMed between 1975 and 2024 was conducted. Each abstract was independently evaluated by two reviewers using the 17-item CONSORT-A checklist, with inter-rater agreement calculated by Cohen’s κ. The median adherence score was 5 out of 17 items (29.4%), with a range from 1 (5.9%) to 14 (82.4%). The reporting of study aims (82.9%), interventions (82.2%), and conclusions (91.1%) was frequent, whereas critical methodological elements such as participant criteria (4.6%), randomization (2.0%), trial registration (3.0%), and funding (0.7%) were rarely reported. Structured abstracts, hospital settings, significant study results, and more than seven authors were independent predictors of higher adherence in multivariate analysis. Abstracts published after 2008, when CONSORT-A was introduced, showed modest but significant improvement. These findings indicate that reporting quality of contact dermatitis RCT abstracts remains inadequate, underscoring the need for stricter journal requirements, structured abstract formats, and broader dissemination of CONSORT-A guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Cosmetology: Bridging Scientific Evidence and Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 1568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Synthesis of a Novel in Chemico Reactivity Probe N,N-dimethyl N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-l-cysteine (NNDNAC) for Rapid Skin Sensitization Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients

by Akanksha Singh, D. G. S. Sudhakar and Ratnadeep Paul Choudhury

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060268 - 1 Dec 2025

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Skin sensitization is a critical endpoint in cosmetic safety assessment, necessitating reliable animal-free testing alternatives. Current established in chemico assays, such as the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay and Amino acid Derivative Reactivity Assay, are limited by prolonged 24 h incubation periods and their [...] Read more.

Skin sensitization is a critical endpoint in cosmetic safety assessment, necessitating reliable animal-free testing alternatives. Current established in chemico assays, such as the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay and Amino acid Derivative Reactivity Assay, are limited by prolonged 24 h incubation periods and their inability to distinguish between direct electrophilic sensitizers and pro-electrophiles requiring metabolic activation or spontaneous oxidation. This study presents the design, synthesis, and validation of NNDNAC (N,N-dimethyl N-(2-(1-naphthyl)acetyl)-l-cysteine), a novel nucleophilic reactivity probe synthesized via a seven-step pathway. A modified naphthalene structure featuring N,N-dimethylamino substituent enhances nucleophilicity of the cysteine sulfur atom, enabling rapid reactivity assessment within an hour incubation using LC-DAD quantification. Comparative validation studies demonstrated that NNDNAC rapidly identified strong electrophilic sensitizers, achieving 100% and 98% depletion rates for p-benzoquinone and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, respectively, within 1 h. Critically, the NNDNAC assay successfully differentiated pro-electrophiles like p-phenylenediamine and 4-aminophenol, which showed negligible depletion at 1 h but significant depletion after 24 h due to auto-oxidation. Furthermore, NNDNAC classified farnesal as a weak sensitizer, aligning with established KeratinoSens™ and LLNA data. The NNDNAC probe represents a significant advancement in skin sensitization assessment, offering a time-efficient, high-throughput platform that not only accelerates screening processes but also provides crucial mechanistic insights through electrophile/pro-electrophile differentiation, significantly improving animal-free toxicological evaluations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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19 pages, 2010 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Functional Investigation and AI-Driven Target Interaction Prediction of Chrono Control Penta as a Plant Multifunctional Dermo Cosmetic Peptide

by Carmen Lammi, Raffaele Pugliese, Lorenza d’Adduzio, Umberto Maria Musazzi, Gilda Aiello, Melissa Fanzaga, Maria Silvia Musco and Carlotta Bollati

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060267 - 27 Nov 2025

Viewed by 832

Abstract

Skin aging is influenced by both internal and external factors, resulting in wrinkles, decreased elasticity and irregular pigmentation. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of the extracellular matrix, is essential for skin hydration and structural support. Peptides, short amino acid chains, have gained [...] Read more.

Skin aging is influenced by both internal and external factors, resulting in wrinkles, decreased elasticity and irregular pigmentation. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of the extracellular matrix, is essential for skin hydration and structural support. Peptides, short amino acid chains, have gained attention in cosmetics due to their multifunctional biological activities. This study explored the moisturizing and metal-chelating properties of Chrono Control Penta (S-Cannabis Sativa-pentapeptide-1), a novel plant-derived peptide whose sequence is WVSPL. In vitro, it chelated iron ions up to 17.86 ± 2.50% and copper ions up to 47.08 ± 1.49% at 10 mM and 3 mM, respectively. Western blot and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analysis showed that, under H₂O₂-induced stress, Chrono Control Penta increased hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) production by 81.72% in BJ-5ta fibroblasts and enhanced HA secretion by 20.11% compared to simulated aging conditions alone, respectively. Furthermore, experiments carried out with the Franz diffusion cell and human full thickness skin demonstrated the peptide’s ability to penetrate the skin layers and even diffuse laterally with a quantified peptide skin biodistribution accounting for 0.095/0.06 nM/mg in 6 h. Advanced AI-based modeling (AlphaFold2, RosettaFold) and docking analysis revealed stable peptide-peptide transporter 2 (PEPT2) interactions, supporting carrier-mediated skin permeation and linking computational predictions with experimental diffusion data. Hence, this study extends previous evidence on the cosmetic efficacy of Chrono Control Penta by (i) adding mechanistic insights into metal chelation and HAS2/HA modulation, (ii) rigorously quantifying local skin penetration and lateral diffusion with HPLC-MS/MS, and (iii) providing a plausible mechanistic link between skin biodistribution and PEPT2-mediated transport based on deep learning structural models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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16 pages, 1857 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and Ex Vivo Investigations on the Tolerance and Safety of a 3 kDa Sodium Hyaluronate for Topical Application

by Morgane De Tollenaere, Anne Corriou, Anaïs Durduret, Moencopi Bernheim-Dennery, Tina Haupt, Andreas Natsch, Jean Tiguemounine, Karine Jaillardon, Muriel Merkamm, Daniel Auriol, Amandine Scandolera, Dominique Louis and Romain Reynaud

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060266 - 21 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1679

Abstract

(1) Background: Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid displays moisturizing and anti-aging properties and reduces UV-induced inflammation when applied topically. A 3 kDa sodium hyaluronate oligosaccharide (Extra-Low HA) was designed, and studies were performed to evaluate its safety for cosmetic applications. (2) Methods: The ability of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid displays moisturizing and anti-aging properties and reduces UV-induced inflammation when applied topically. A 3 kDa sodium hyaluronate oligosaccharide (Extra-Low HA) was designed, and studies were performed to evaluate its safety for cosmetic applications. (2) Methods: The ability of the Extra-Low HA (ExLMW-HA) to penetrate skin was evaluated. Then, pro-inflammatory cytokines were quantified in the culture medium of skin explants following ExLMW-HA application with or without inflammation inducer (PMA). Finally, four predictive in vitro tests (Keratinosens^™, kDPRA, Ames’ test, micronucleus test) were conducted to assess the safety of ExLMW-HA. (3) Results: The molecule permeates skin down to the living epidermis and possibly interacts with the dermal compartment. The oligosaccharide did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1α, CXCL2, CCL3, or IL-15, neither in basal nor in stressed conditions. ExLMW-HA is not predicted to be a skin sensitizer or a mutagenic or genotoxic substance. (4) Conclusions: This 3 kDA HA is considered safe for use in topical application at the tested dosage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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23 pages, 1410 KB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Hydrogels and the Use of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels in Pharmaceutical Transdermal Delivery Systems and Topical Cosmetic Skin Applications

by Fatimah Rashid, Paul Carter and Stephen Childs

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060265 - 20 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3147

Abstract

Hydrogels have gained significant attention as effective vehicles for transdermal applications offering significant advantages in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Their unique polymeric network structure enables efficient encapsulation and controlled release of active ingredients, making them ideal for therapeutic drug delivery systems (TDDs) and [...] Read more.

Hydrogels have gained significant attention as effective vehicles for transdermal applications offering significant advantages in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Their unique polymeric network structure enables efficient encapsulation and controlled release of active ingredients, making them ideal for therapeutic drug delivery systems (TDDs) and topical skincare formulations. In pharmaceutical approaches, hydrogels facilitate the transdermal transport of therapeutic agents into systemic circulation, improving bioavailability and patient compliance. In cosmetics, they enhance skin hydration and support the delivery of bioactive compounds, contributing to improved product performance and user satisfaction. Among various hydrogel-forming polymers, Hyaluronic Acid (HA) stands out as the most often used polymer in this field due to its biocompatibility, moisture-retention properties, and ability to penetrate the skin. This review explores the dual role of HA-based hydrogels in pharmaceutical and cosmetic application, detailing their structural characteristics, preparation methods, and mechanisms of active ingredient loading and release. Furthermore, the review presents the details on hydrogels and how they are used as TDDs. Special attention is given to hyaluronic acid (HA) in this field, and this review discusses the properties, preparation methods, and applications of HA-based hydrogels as a delivery system, including methods of loading the actives and the releasing of these actives from them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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14 pages, 1534 KB

Open AccessReview

Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid (PLLA-SCA™) as a Versatile Treatment in Current Aesthetic Medicine: Expert Recommendations Based on Italian Clinical Experience

by Alessandro Innocenti, Tommaso Battistella, Carlo Di Gregorio, Massimiliano Leporati, Massimo Luni and Leonardo Rossati

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060264 - 18 Nov 2025

Viewed by 5530

Abstract

Increasing experience in the use of PLLA-SCA™ suggests that a brief overview of recent studies and a standardization of treatment protocols based on new clinical data should be beneficial. The aim of this article is to provide guidance on the use of PLLA-SCA™ [...] Read more.

Increasing experience in the use of PLLA-SCA™ suggests that a brief overview of recent studies and a standardization of treatment protocols based on new clinical data should be beneficial. The aim of this article is to provide guidance on the use of PLLA-SCA™ based on data from the literature and the experience of five plastic surgeons and one aesthetic physician, with a focus on Italian patients. To this effect, the authors convened online to discuss various aspects related to PLLA-SCA™ treatment of both the face and non-facial body areas. For each topic, the authors developed recommendations, addressing patient selection, product preparation and injection protocols. Suggestions regarding the combination of PLLA-SCA™ with other aesthetic treatments and the prevention of adverse events were also included. The authors suggest using dilution volumes of 8 mL of sterile water for injection (SWFI) plus 1 mL lidocaine for the face and 17 mL SWFI plus 1 mL lidocaine for body areas and immediate use after product reconstitution. By adhering to the latest instructions about product reconstitution, the occurrence of complications is minimized. In the Authors’ experience, PLLA-SCA™ can be used safely and effectively for cosmetic enhancement of multiple body areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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15 pages, 357 KB

Open AccessReview

Aquaporins in the Skin: Molecular Regulators of Hydration and Potential Targets for Cosmetic Applications

by Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060263 - 17 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

Skin hydration is fundamental for maintaining epidermal barrier integrity and overall skin homeostasis. Beyond traditional moisturizing agents, recent research has highlighted the role of aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water channels, in regulating epidermal hydration, barrier function, and cellular signalling. Among them, aquaporin-3 (AQP3), predominantly [...] Read more.

Skin hydration is fundamental for maintaining epidermal barrier integrity and overall skin homeostasis. Beyond traditional moisturizing agents, recent research has highlighted the role of aquaporins (AQPs), transmembrane water channels, in regulating epidermal hydration, barrier function, and cellular signalling. Among them, aquaporin-3 (AQP3), predominantly expressed in keratinocytes, has attracted particular attention due to its involvement in water and glycerol transport. Dysregulation of AQP expression has been associated with impaired barrier function, inflammatory skin disorders, and ageing. Growing evidence suggests that specific cosmetic ingredients and bioactive compounds, including glycerol, glyceryl glucoside, isosorbide dicaprylate, urea, retinoids, bakuchiol, peptides, plant extracts, and bacterial ferments, can modulate AQP3 expression, thereby improving skin hydration and resilience. Despite promising in vitro data, clinical evidence remains limited, mainly due to methodological and ethical constraints associated with assessing aquaporin expression in vivo. Nonetheless, aquaporins represent promising molecular targets for innovative cosmetic strategies aimed at enhancing hydration, promoting regeneration, and counteracting photoageing. Furthermore, AQP modulation may improve dermal delivery of active substances, providing new perspectives for advanced skincare formulation design. While the available evidence supports their cosmetic potential, emerging discussions on the safety of long-term AQP upregulation highlight the need for continued research and careful evaluation of such ingredients. Future studies should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying AQP regulation and validating these findings in human clinical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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26 pages, 523 KB

Open AccessReview

Ingredients of Trichological Shampoos with Alleged Beneficial Effects on Hair—What Is Really Known About Their Efficacy? A Scoping Review of an Area with More Unknowns than Knowns

by Radoslaw Spiewak and Ewelina Szendzielorz

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060262 - 17 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 8099

Abstract

Numerous ingredients in trichological shampoos are advertised as “active against hair loss”; however, the body of evidence behind such claims seems very limited or, in many cases, nonexistent. The aim of this study was to compile an inventory of substances advertised by shampoo [...] Read more.

Numerous ingredients in trichological shampoos are advertised as “active against hair loss”; however, the body of evidence behind such claims seems very limited or, in many cases, nonexistent. The aim of this study was to compile an inventory of substances advertised by shampoo manufacturers as “active” against hair loss and systematically review available evidence from clinical trials that would corroborate such claims. We screened declared compositions of trichological shampoos for ingredients advertised as active against hair loss or promoting hair growth. The second step was a systematic review of clinical trials of these substances used topically in the treatment of hair loss. A query in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science followed PRISMA and PICO guidelines with the strength of evidence assessed according to GRADE guidelines. We identified 43 trichological shampoos in which 112 individual ingredients were advertised as “active”. Of these, 36 ingredients were indicated as “active” in at least two shampoos and were subject to further study. In the search for evidence, 103,639 articles were screened for relevant information. Ultimately, we identified 29 clinical trials that tested 16 of the 36 ingredients for efficacy against hair loss. Only four ingredients were tested individually: adenosine (four trials; highest strength of evidence: moderate), caffeine (four trials; moderate), placental protein (two trials; low), and melatonin (one trial; moderate). Another 12 ingredients of interest were only tested as parts of complex preparations: Achillea millefolium extract, arginine, biotin, hydrolyzed wheat protein, hydrolyzed soy protein, Panax ginseng, panthenol, piroctone olamine, Prunus amygdalus dulcis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Serenoa serrulata, and Urtica dioica. Such a study design made it impossible to attribute the observed effects to any specific ingredient. No clinical trials of efficacy could be found for the remaining 20 (55.6%) substances repeatedly cited as “active”. At the present stage, scientific evidence for efficacy against hair loss is available only for caffeine, adenosine, placental proteins, and melatonin, but the overall strength of evidence is low. Moreover, a substantial majority of topical ingredients promoted as “active against hair loss” were never actually tested in clinical trials to verify such claims. While unsubstantiated claims of supposed beneficial properties often refer to alleged scientific evidence, there are major gaps to be filled in the field of non-prescription treatments for hair loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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14 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Extraction of Passiflora ligularis Pectins: Characterization and Application in Moisturizing Cosmetic Products

by Maria Camila Restrepo-Zapata, Paola Andrea Chacón-Pabón, Estefanía Montoya-Henao, Deysi Tatiana Muñoz-Castiblanco and Juan Camilo Mejía-Giraldo

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060261 - 17 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Passiflora ligularis (granadilla), widely cultivated in Colombia, contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, and pectins. Owing to their strong water-retention capacity, pectins are promising candidates for moisturizing cosmetic formulations. This study optimized pectin extraction from fruit peel and mesocarp using aqueous reflux [...] Read more.

Passiflora ligularis (granadilla), widely cultivated in Colombia, contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenols, and pectins. Owing to their strong water-retention capacity, pectins are promising candidates for moisturizing cosmetic formulations. This study optimized pectin extraction from fruit peel and mesocarp using aqueous reflux at 90 °C and acid extraction with citric or hydrochloric acid (0.25 N and 0.125 N) at 40–60 °C. The effects of solvent, method (reflux or microwave-assisted), time (15–25 min), and temperature (50–60 °C) were investigated. Extracted pectins were dried, lyophilized, and incorporated into eight gel-type cosmetic formulations subjected to seven-day preliminary stability testing (physicochemical and organoleptic evaluation). Optimal extraction was achieved with citric acid under microwave irradiation at 60 °C for 15 min, yielding 45.23%. The pectin exhibited low moisture (0.13%), acidity (0.42%), methoxyl content (9.05%), and degree of esterification (57.6%), along with high swelling capacity (12.46 mL/g) and water-retention capacity (12.26%). The resulting gel formulation was homogeneous and stable. In vitro assays confirmed significant moisturizing activity. These findings highlight P. ligularis pectins as sustainable biopolymers with potential as natural gelling and moisturizing agents in cosmetic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fine Chemicals from Natural Sources with Potential Application in the Cosmetic/Pharmaceutical Industry—Volume 2)

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12 pages, 1880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of New Anti-Wrinkle Peptide Using Cheminformatics-Assisted Peptidomimetic Design

by Soyoon Baek, Sekyoo Jeong, Seokjeong Yoon, Yeonjae Kim, Sungwoo Kim, Hwa-Jee Chung, Hyun-Jung Kim, In Ki Hong and Gaewon Nam

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060260 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2183

Abstract

Peptides are recognized as multifunctional bioactive ingredients in cosmetic science, as they offer diverse beneficial effects such as skin rejuvenation, anti-aging, and skin barrier enhancement. In this study, we applied a cheminformatics-assisted peptidomimetic design platform to design novel peptides targeting heat shock protein [...] Read more.

Peptides are recognized as multifunctional bioactive ingredients in cosmetic science, as they offer diverse beneficial effects such as skin rejuvenation, anti-aging, and skin barrier enhancement. In this study, we applied a cheminformatics-assisted peptidomimetic design platform to design novel peptides targeting heat shock protein 47 (Hsp47), a collagen-specific molecular chaperone that is downregulated during skin aging. Using molecular fingerprint similarity-based peptide design and protein–peptide docking simulations, five candidate peptides were screened, among which ICP-1225 (TY) emerged as a potent stimulator of Hsp47 and collagen (COL1A1 and COL3A1) expression in dermal fibroblasts. To improve stability and skin penetration, fatty acid-conjugated derivatives of ICP-1225 were synthesized, and acetyl-TY (ICP-1236) demonstrated the most consistent upregulation of Hsp47 and collagen in vitro. Restoration of Hsp47 protein expression and dermal collagen levels in UVB-damaged ex vivo human skin explants was also observed. These findings highlight the potential of cheminformatics-assisted peptide design in the development of next-generation cosmetic actives. ICP-1236 represents a promising anti-wrinkle candidate through the modulation of Hsp47 and collagen pathways, warranting further clinical evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Cosmetics in 2025)

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14 pages, 668 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacological Potential of Agave sisalana Plant Residue: Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities

by Luísa Taynara Silvério da Costa, Julia Amanda Rodrigues Fracasso, Ryan Peixoto Gonçalves, Wellington Ricardo Pereira Martins, Fernando Augusto Araújo Donangelo Oliveira, Eduardo Bergamaschi Coelho, Giacomo Odorizzi Barbosa, Natalia Alves Zoppe, Kássia Aiko Asano Miyashiro, Julia Pereira Gomes, Beatriz de Castro Silva, Debora Barros Barbosa, Valdecir Farias Ximenes, Pedro de Oliva Neto and Lucinéia dos Santos

Cosmetics 2025, 12(6), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12060259 - 15 Nov 2025

Viewed by 993

Abstract

Sisal (Agave sisalana) is a plant widely cultivated in Brazil for fiber extraction, generating large volumes of underutilized residues with pharmacological potential. In this study, an aqueous extract and its alcoholic fraction were obtained from the plant’s residual mucilage, aiming to [...] Read more.

Sisal (Agave sisalana) is a plant widely cultivated in Brazil for fiber extraction, generating large volumes of underutilized residues with pharmacological potential. In this study, an aqueous extract and its alcoholic fraction were obtained from the plant’s residual mucilage, aiming to investigate their antifungal activity, antioxidant capacity, and cellular safety. Phytochemical screening revealed high levels of phenols, flavonoids, and saponins, particularly in the aqueous fraction. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and for antifungal activity against the yeasts Candida albicans and Malassezia pachydermatis, as determined by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The aqueous extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity and inhibited 99% of C. albicans and M. pachydermatis growth at concentrations of 87 μg/mL and 1400 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, it showed low cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. These findings indicate that sisal residue contains promising bioactive compounds with relevant pharmacological properties, reinforcing its potential as a sustainable source for the development of antifungal and antioxidant phytotherapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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Cosmetics, Volume 12, Issue 6 (December 2025) – 54 articles

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