Cosmetics

19 pages, 2417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Discovery of Zeylenone from Piper griffithii (Piperaceae) as a Potential Anti-Acne Bacterial Agent and Its Mechanism of Action Against Acne-Causing Bacteria

by Churapa Teerapatsakul, Arthittaya Laisantad, Theerachart Leepasert and Chalermpol Suwanphakdee

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020087 - 6 Apr 2026

Viewed by 30

Abstract

An abnormal increase in acne-causing bacteria is the main cause of acne. This study aimed to investigate Piper griffithii C.DC. as a new source of compounds for inhibiting acne-causing bacteria and to provide the first elucidation of the mechanism of action against these [...] Read more.

An abnormal increase in acne-causing bacteria is the main cause of acne. This study aimed to investigate Piper griffithii C.DC. as a new source of compounds for inhibiting acne-causing bacteria and to provide the first elucidation of the mechanism of action against these bacteria. The antibacterial efficacy of 27 Piper species was examined against acne-causing clindamycin-resistant bacterial strains. Antibacterial activity of various crude extracts derived from leaves or stems extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate, or ethanol was evaluated. Ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. griffithii exhibited the greatest antibacterial effect against all tested bacteria. Zeylenone, an antibacterial substance isolated, purified, and characterized from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of P. griffithii, disrupts cell walls and membranes. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were 1.25, 2.5, and 7.5 mg/mL for Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis, respectively. Zeylenone derived from P. griffithii leaves was nontoxic to human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT). A formulated anti-acne gel with zeylenone was effective in controlling acne-causing bacteria. These results suggest that zeylenone isolated from P. griffithii leaves can be further developed as a natural ingredient in anti-acne products. This is the first report of the use of zeylenone from P. griffithii for eliminating acne-causing bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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23 pages, 2240 KB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation Development and Optimization of Glycolic Acid-Loaded Ethanol-Based Niosomes for Enhanced Dermal Delivery and Stability

by Nuntawat Khat-udomkiri, Worakamon Aranchot, Onnapa Panarkas, Nanthanat Nonthaman and Pavittra Theprak

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020086 - 2 Apr 2026

Viewed by 351

Abstract

Glycolic acid (GA), a widely used alpha-hydroxy acid in cosmetic formulations, promotes exfoliation and stimulates fibroblasts in the dermis to synthesize collagen. However, its hydrophilic nature limits penetration through the stratum corneum, reducing its overall efficacy. This study aimed to develop and optimize [...] Read more.

Glycolic acid (GA), a widely used alpha-hydroxy acid in cosmetic formulations, promotes exfoliation and stimulates fibroblasts in the dermis to synthesize collagen. However, its hydrophilic nature limits penetration through the stratum corneum, reducing its overall efficacy. This study aimed to develop and optimize an ethanol-based niosomal system to enhance GA skin delivery and formulation stability for cosmetic applications. Brij 97 combined with cholesterol at a 1:1 ratio and 10% ethanol produced the optimal formulation. Blank vesicles exhibited a mean vesicle size of 170.53 ± 5.05 nm and a zeta potential of −37.77 ± 2.21 mV, indicating favorable colloidal stability. Incorporation of 10% GA resulted in vesicles with a mean size of 176.93 ± 1.51 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.12 ± 0.02, and an entrapment efficiency of 75.48 ± 0.21%. In vitro permeation studies using Strat-M^® membranes demonstrated significantly higher cumulative skin penetration (49.56 ± 8.95 mg/cm²) and sustained release over 24 h compared with a conventional GA solution. Stability testing under heating–cooling cycles and storage at 4 °C showed slight increases in vesicle size while maintaining homogeneity (polydispersity index (PDI) < 0.3). These findings highlight ethanol-based niosomes as an effective strategy for enhancing GA cosmetic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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20 pages, 2583 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organoleptic Evaluation, User Acceptability, and Cosmetic Safety of Physiorelax Forte Plus Formulations in a Pediatric Population

by Jordi Bertrán Novella, David Asensio-Torres, Sonia Palenzuela-Larrarte and Mónica Giménez

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020085 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Massage relieves stress and anxiety, but also helps to reduce musculoskeletal problems, decreasing tension, in all stages of life. For pediatric use, organoleptic properties, cosmetic safety and user acceptability of topical products are important given the higher frequency of irritative or allergic episodes [...] Read more.

Massage relieves stress and anxiety, but also helps to reduce musculoskeletal problems, decreasing tension, in all stages of life. For pediatric use, organoleptic properties, cosmetic safety and user acceptability of topical products are important given the higher frequency of irritative or allergic episodes in young skin. We evaluate for the first time the comprehensive cosmetic performance of Physiorelax Forte Plus natural formulation in cream, spray and roll-on applied regularly in healthy and active children/adolescents. 210 healthy volunteers were included (150 adults with sensitive skin and 60 children and adolescents [6–16 years]). This three-part, sequential, observational, non-comparative pilot design monitored user experience under real-world conditions: (I) Open-label testing to assess skin compatibility in adults (N = 60); (II) In-use testing in adults for cosmetic acceptability and safety over 14 days (N = 90); (III) In-use testing in children/adolescents for 14 days (N = 60). Outcomes were dermatological assessments for tolerability and user (and/or parents/caregiver(s)-reported) satisfaction/acceptability and perceived benefits. No control group or objective efficacy measures were included. Among pediatric participants, no cutaneous reactions were observed at application sites after 14 days of use. Proxy reporting about consumer satisfaction and acceptability for the range were generally high. Principal component analysis revealed a clear three-cluster structure (sensory, functional, practicality), with roll-on driving the strongest differentiation across items and spray aligning most closely with sensory attributes, while cream showed an intermediate functional profile. The Physiorelax Forte Plus range demonstrated a favorable cosmetic safety profile and consumer acceptability in pediatric use under real-world conditions. Findings are limited by the observational, unblinded design, absence of a control group, and reliance on subjectively reported outcomes; no clinical or pharmaceutical claims are implied. Future controlled studies incorporating objective dermatologic endpoints, benchmark products, and direct child/adolescent reporting are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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26 pages, 618 KB

Open AccessReview

Market Transformation in Dandruff Control: Recent Developments on Anti-Dandruff Active Ingredients

by Peter Mayser, Florian Genrich, Sascha Gebhardt, Laura Meunier and Steffen Nordzieke

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020084 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 446

Abstract

After the European Union’s ban of zinc pyrithione from cosmetic use, piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid have become the most common anti-dandruff active ingredients used in cosmetics today. Other conventional chemistries and less frequently used active ingredients, like hexamidine diisethionate and selenium [...] Read more.

After the European Union’s ban of zinc pyrithione from cosmetic use, piroctone olamine, climbazole, and salicylic acid have become the most common anti-dandruff active ingredients used in cosmetics today. Other conventional chemistries and less frequently used active ingredients, like hexamidine diisethionate and selenium sulfide, have also seen a recent upward trend. Entirely new technologies, like propanediol caprylate and propanediol undecylenate, are only in their initial stages but are ready to change the industry. The aim of the following study is to holistically characterize these compounds, regarding their chemical data, mode of action, and study results, where available, to shed light on the pros and cons and to take a detailed look at environmental considerations, market situation and regulatory aspects. In addition, many commercially available anti-dandruff consumer products combine multiple active ingredients to address the multifaceted nature of the condition, often targeting both fungal activity and scalp inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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14 pages, 2023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 20% Ferulic Acid Facial Peels on Skin Barrier Function and Elasticity: A Pilot Instrumental Study

by Marta Wacewicz-Muczyńska, Bogumiła Redlarska, Julia Lendzioszek and Agnieszka Dylewska

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020083 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 371

Abstract

Ferulic acid, a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid, is a potent antioxidant used in dermatology for its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species and stabilize vitamins C and E. Its multidirectional action includes photoprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of melanogenesis. The study aimed to [...] Read more.

Ferulic acid, a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid, is a potent antioxidant used in dermatology for its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species and stabilize vitamins C and E. Its multidirectional action includes photoprotection, anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of melanogenesis. The study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of 20% ferulic acid peels on skin barrier function, sebum level, pH, and biomechanical properties (elasticity). A group of 18 subjects underwent a series of three treatments. Objective skin parameters were measured. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 14 days post-treatment. A statistically significant increase in stratum corneum hydration was observed on the cheek. Barrier function improved significantly, with transepidermal water loss (TEWL) decreasing in both analyzed areas. Biomechanical analysis revealed a statistically significant improvement in elasticity (R2 parameter) on the cheek and forehead (p < 0.05). Ferulic acid has the potential to improve epidermal hydration and support the skin’s permeability barrier, as evidenced by reduced TEWL. The stability of skin pH suggests high tolerability, confirming ferulic acid as an effective therapeutic agent for mature and sensitive skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Compounds for Skin Rejuvenation: Advances in Cosmetic Science)

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18 pages, 2693 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rubus fruticosus Fruit Extract Enhances the Pro-Adipogenic Program During Adipocyte Differentiation

by Emilio Rubio, Silvia Benito-Martínez, Manuel Reina, Claudia Müller-Sánchez, Jordi Bosch, David Manzano and Miguel Perez-Aso

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020082 - 1 Apr 2026

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Although blackberries are associated with health benefits, their impact on adipocyte biology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of a blackberry extract (Rubus fruticosus fruit extract, RFE) on adipogenesis and lipolysis in the 3T3-L1 cell model and characterized its transcriptomic [...] Read more.

Although blackberries are associated with health benefits, their impact on adipocyte biology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of a blackberry extract (Rubus fruticosus fruit extract, RFE) on adipogenesis and lipolysis in the 3T3-L1 cell model and characterized its transcriptomic response. Adipogenesis and lipolysis were assessed by Oil Red O and AdipoRed™ staining and glycerol release, respectively. RNA-Seq analysis was processed with the PIGx pipeline, and differential gene expression was evaluated with edgeR. RFE strongly promoted adipogenesis, increasing Oil Red O staining by 29% (n = 3, p < 0.01), and showed anti-lipolytic activity, reducing glycerol release by 51% (n = 3, p < 0.05). Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed that RFE significantly regulated 4904 genes, enhancing the adipogenic program. Functional profiling identified metabolic pathways influenced by RFE, including those related to lipid biosynthesis. Notably, RFE also modulated extracellular matrix (ECM) pathways, suggesting a shift toward a less fibrotic microenvironment. These findings indicate that RFE promotes subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion while supporting ECM remodeling, favoring healthy adipose growth and reduced fibrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that RFE simultaneously stimulates adipocyte differentiation and ECM remodeling. Overall, RFE emerges as a promising active ingredient for lipofilling cosmetic applications aimed at improving adipose tissue volume and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fine Chemicals from Natural Sources with Potential Application in the Cosmetic/Pharmaceutical Industry—Volume 2)

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17 pages, 5698 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transtemporal Endoscopic Subcutaneous Face-and-Neck Lift with SMAS Plication

by Alexey E. Avdeev, Valentin I. Sharobaro, Anastasiya S. Borisenko and Anna S. Bairamova

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020081 - 24 Mar 2026

Viewed by 388

Abstract

Introduction: Facial aging is characterized by progressive soft-tissue descent, affecting all anatomical layers—from bone structures to the skin envelope. Early manifestations include downward displacement of the midface soft tissues, deepening of the nasolacrimal and nasolabial folds, and the appearance of soft-tissue “puckering” in [...] Read more.

Introduction: Facial aging is characterized by progressive soft-tissue descent, affecting all anatomical layers—from bone structures to the skin envelope. Early manifestations include downward displacement of the midface soft tissues, deepening of the nasolacrimal and nasolabial folds, and the appearance of soft-tissue “puckering” in the lower third of the face. At this stage, patients typically seek aesthetic correction to restore youthful facial contours with minimal or no visible signs of surgical intervention. Methods: This study is an observational analysis of a prospectively maintained surgical database including 201 female patients who underwent TESL between 2006 and 2024. Patient demographic data, surgical technique specifics, and postoperative outcomes were collected. A total of 612 procedures were performed. The cohort was stratified into two age groups: 30–35 years (n = 72) and 36–45 years (n = 129). Results: No cases of facial nerve injury or neurological complications were observed. Complications included 13 cases of localized cicatricial alopecia (6.47%) and four postoperative hematomas (1.99%). Eleven patients (5.47%) required minor secondary revision to address preauricular skin pleating. The technique demonstrated consistent and favorable outcomes in restoring soft-tissue volume and positioning, eliminating early lower-face “puckering,” and improving the cervicomental and mandibular contours. Conclusions: For patients under 45 years of age presenting with early signs of facial soft-tissue ptosis, endoscopic subcutaneous midface elevation with vertical SMAS plication is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive approach to rejuvenating the mid and lower face. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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24 pages, 7556 KB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Electrospinning Surface Functionalization of PCL Nanofibrous Membranes with Sisal Extracts: Extract-Dependent Cytocompatibility and Bioactivity

by Felipe Romici Zane Lordelo Nogueira, Julia Amanda Rodrigues Fracasso, Luisa Taynara Silvério da Costa, Wellington Ricardo Pereira Martins, Amanda Letícia Santos Costa, Ligia Maria Manzine Costa and Lucinéia dos Santos

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020080 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 434

Abstract

Chronic wounds are frequently associated with persistent inflammation, motivating the development of biofunctional materials capable of modulating cellular responses. In this proof-of-concept study, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanomembranes were surface-functionalized by post-electrospinning drop coating with extracts derived from Agave sisalana agroindustrial residue obtained through [...] Read more.

Chronic wounds are frequently associated with persistent inflammation, motivating the development of biofunctional materials capable of modulating cellular responses. In this proof-of-concept study, electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanomembranes were surface-functionalized by post-electrospinning drop coating with extracts derived from Agave sisalana agroindustrial residue obtained through two distinct routes: a saponin-rich fraction (EDP) and an acid-hydrolyzed sapogenin-enriched fraction (EAH). The study aimed to investigate how the extract phytochemical profile influences cytocompatibility and bioactivity when incorporated onto electrospun platforms. Phytochemical analysis revealed high total saponin content in EDP (33.83 ± 2.93 g/100 g) and significant sapogenin content in EAH (11.56 ± 0.60 g/100 g). SEM and FTIR-ATR analyses confirmed preservation of the fibrous architecture and polymer backbone, indicating predominantly physical surface incorporation. Biological evaluation demonstrated extract-dependent responses: PCL+EDP 5% exhibited marked cytotoxicity, consistent with the known membrane-disruptive properties of glycosylated saponins, whereas PCL+EAH 5% maintained high cell viability and showed anti-inflammatory activity (75% inhibition of phagocytosis; 56% protection against hemolysis) along with enhanced fibroblast migration (100% wound closure at 72 h). These findings highlight the critical role of extract chemical composition in determining the biological performance of surface-functionalized nanofibrous systems and support sapogenin-enriched fractions as safer bioactive modifiers for electrospun biomaterial platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Development of Sustainable Cosmetic Products With Nanotechnology)

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27 pages, 585 KB

Open AccessReview

Progress in the Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Cosmetic Analysis: From Component Detection to Transdermal Mechanism Research

by Li Li, Ji-Shuang Wang, Lin-Nan Ke, Ning-Yi Wei, Hai-Yan Wang and Gang-Li Wang

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020079 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Assessing cosmetic quality, safety, and effectiveness demands advanced in situ, real-time, and multi-dimensional analytical technologies, while conventional methods suffer from complex sample preparation and incomplete analysis. Raman spectroscopy, with its non-invasiveness, specific molecular fingerprint, and micron-level spatial resolution, has become a key tool [...] Read more.

Assessing cosmetic quality, safety, and effectiveness demands advanced in situ, real-time, and multi-dimensional analytical technologies, while conventional methods suffer from complex sample preparation and incomplete analysis. Raman spectroscopy, with its non-invasiveness, specific molecular fingerprint, and micron-level spatial resolution, has become a key tool for cosmetic analysis. Based on a comprehensive review of the literature from 2000 to 2025, this article systematically examined the application of Raman spectroscopy in cosmetic analysis. The systematic search and screening process ensured the comprehensiveness and rigor of the review’s research foundation, as the 69 high-quality studies covered all core application areas of Raman spectroscopy in cosmetic analysis, providing solid literature support for subsequent technical summaries and trend analysis. This article systematically reviews the application of Raman spectroscopy in the cosmetic industry for ingredient detection (approved ingredients and hazardous substances), quality control (authenticity verification and production traceability), transdermal mechanism analysis (penetration pathways and interaction with skin barriers), and efficacy assessment. Combined with typical research cases, this study examined the technical principles and practical value, as well as the limitations and shortcomings of Raman technology applications. It ultimately provides suggestions for future developments in terms of portability, intelligence, and standardization, offering references for researchers to enable technological innovation and regulatory improvements in the cosmetics industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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26 pages, 1843 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Physicochemical Characterization of an Argan–Castor Oil O/W Emulsion for Cosmetic Applications

by Carmen-Elisabeta Manea, Carmen-Marinela Mihăilescu, Mirela Antonela Mihăilă, Roxana Colette Sandulovici, Daniel Cord, Mirela Claudia Rîmbu, Florin Adrian Marin, Adina Boldeiu, Vasilica Țucureanu, Adina Turcu-Știolică, Manuel Ovidiu Amzoiu, Elena Truță and Mona Luciana Gălățanu

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020078 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 682

Abstract

The incorporation of plant-derived oils into cosmetic formulations has attracted increasing interest due to their natural origin, skin compatibility, and multifunctional formulation roles. Argan and castor oils are widely used in cosmetic products as emollient lipid components with intrinsic antioxidant properties. However, limited [...] Read more.

The incorporation of plant-derived oils into cosmetic formulations has attracted increasing interest due to their natural origin, skin compatibility, and multifunctional formulation roles. Argan and castor oils are widely used in cosmetic products as emollient lipid components with intrinsic antioxidant properties. However, limited studies have systematically evaluated the physicochemical stability and antioxidant performance of emulsions combining these two oils. The aim of this study was to develop and comprehensively characterize a stable oil-in-water (O/W) cosmetic emulsion based on argan and castor oils using a natural non-ionic emulsifier (C14–22 Alcohol (and) C12–20 Alkyl Glucoside). Particular emphasis was placed on formulation stability, as it represents a critical prerequisite for further product evaluation. Stability was investigated through thermal stress testing (4–37 °C), centrifugation assays, droplet size analysis, and zeta potential measurements. Complementary physicochemical and structural characterization was performed using rheological analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The formulated emulsion exhibited good physical stability with no phase separation under the tested conditions, a skin-compatible pH, a uniform droplet size distribution (4.15 ± 0.68 µm), and pseudoplastic, moderately thixotropic rheological behavior. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, yielding an IC₅₀ value of 19.21 ± 1.02 mg/mL. Overall, this study provides a formulation-oriented framework for the development and evaluation of stable natural oil-based O/W emulsions intended for cosmetic applications, supporting future optimization and biological validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipids in Cosmetics)

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16 pages, 4180 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safflower Seed Oil and Fermented Artemisia annua Oil Restore UVB-Induced Skin Barrier Dysfunction by Attenuating Inflammation and Promoting Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

by Jinjin Liu, Qian Wang, Jialin Zhong, Xiaoqing Wang, Mei Zhang, Yushu Wang, Ya Zhao, Le Zhu, Runshuang Lu, Haidong Jia and Gang Ma

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020077 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 426

Abstract

Background: As the body’s first line of defense against environmental stressors, the skin is highly susceptible to UVB-induced damage, which triggers inflammation and impairs barrier function. This study investigates the protective effects of safflower seed oil (SSO) and fermented Artemisia annua oil (FAAO) [...] Read more.

Background: As the body’s first line of defense against environmental stressors, the skin is highly susceptible to UVB-induced damage, which triggers inflammation and impairs barrier function. This study investigates the protective effects of safflower seed oil (SSO) and fermented Artemisia annua oil (FAAO) against UVB-induced skin injury. Methods: The protective effects of SSO and FAO against UVB irradiation was first tested in HaCaT keratinocyte. Subsequently, a UVB-irradiated SKH-1 mouse model was established to evaluate these two oils. RNA-seq analysis was employed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms by which SSO and FAO repair the skin barrier. Results: In vitro experiments demonstrated that SSO (0.25%) and FAAO (0.1%) significantly enhanced HaCaT keratinocyte viability following UVB exposure while selectively modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In a UVB-irradiated SKH-1 mouse model, standalone SSO or FAAO treatment partially ameliorated epidermal hyperplasia and restored UV-reduced collagen content, while the 1:1 SSO/FAAO combination exhibited superior efficacy in restoring skin architecture, reducing erythema and edema, and suppressing immune cell infiltration. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that the combined treatment promoted structural repair by attenuating inflammatory responses and preserving extracellular matrix homeostasis. Conclusions: Together, these findings underscore the potential of SSO/FAAO as a multifunctional botanical intervention for mitigating UVB-induced cutaneous damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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12 pages, 644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat-Treated Strains of Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum Skinbac™ SB01 and Bifidobacterium animalis spp. Lactis Skinbac™ SB05 Visibly Fight Aging Signs Both In Vitro and In Vivo

by Giovanni Deusebio, Annalisa Visciglia, Angela Amoruso and Marco Pane

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020076 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Background: The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining barrier function and preventing inflammaging. Heat-treated probiotics offer stability advantages for topical formulations while potentially maintaining bioactive properties. Objective: To evaluate the safety, molecular mechanisms, and clinical efficacy of heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum [...] Read more.

Background: The skin microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining barrier function and preventing inflammaging. Heat-treated probiotics offer stability advantages for topical formulations while potentially maintaining bioactive properties. Objective: To evaluate the safety, molecular mechanisms, and clinical efficacy of heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Skinbac™ SB01 and Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis Skinbac™ SB05 in reducing visible signs of skin aging. Methods: In vitro studies assessed cytotoxicity (MTT/LDH assays), Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK). A 30-day open-label clinical study (n = 20 females, 18–70 years) evaluated three formulations (face cream, serum, and eye contour) using instrumental measurements of hydration, elasticity, density, and roughness parameters. Results: In vitro testing showed a significant increase in AQP3 expression (+22% ± 3%, p = 0.03) and a non-significant reduction in ROS levels (−33% ± 9%, p = 0.06) at 10⁷ TFU/well, with no cytotoxicity observed. Clinical evaluation demonstrated statistically significant improvements: eye contour formulation achieved +10.5% deep skin hydration (p < 0.0001) and −11% average roughness (p < 0.0001); serum showed +28.7% immediate hydration (p < 0.0001); and face cream improved gross skin elasticity by +6.3% (p < 0.01). No adverse events were reported. An independent and methodologically distinct placebo-controlled study was included for contextual support and was not directly compared with the present trial; this study evaluated a related 1% postbiotic formulation and reported statistically significant improvements over placebo in roughness, wrinkle depth, hydration, and biomechanical parameters. Conclusions: This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that heat-treated L. plantarum SB01 and B. animalis spp. lactis SB05 formulations could safely improve skin hydration and reduce roughness parameters. While in vitro results show a significant increase in AQP3 expression and an exploratory (non-significant) reduction in ROS levels, larger controlled trials are warranted to confirm clinical efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Aging and Dermatosis)

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22 pages, 2725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Cork Boiling Wastewater for Cosmetic Application

by Sandra Mota, Sara Cravo, Joana Rocha e Silva, Agostinho Almeida, Clara Quintas, Helena N. Ferreira, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Honorina Cidade and Isabel Martins de Almeida

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020075 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Global water scarcity, intensified by population growth, economic development, and climate change, presents a significant challenge, with the cosmetics industry contributing heavily to water demand. Simultaneously, the cork industry generates substantial amounts of cork boiling wastewater (CBW), an acidic effluent with environmental hazards. [...] Read more.

Global water scarcity, intensified by population growth, economic development, and climate change, presents a significant challenge, with the cosmetics industry contributing heavily to water demand. Simultaneously, the cork industry generates substantial amounts of cork boiling wastewater (CBW), an acidic effluent with environmental hazards. This study explored CBW’s potential for cosmetic application, focusing on safety, physicochemical properties, and suitability for incorporation in cosmetic formulations. Three CBW samples (A, B and C) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, turbidity, density, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and total phenolic content. CBW A displayed suitable physicochemical properties and potential antioxidant activity and was selected for further investigation. Human keratinocyte viability was assessed using CBW A before and after adsorption treatment with silica (TCBW A) to reduce cytotoxicity. CBW A was more toxic to human keratinocytes compared to control water, but treatment improved cell viability. This treatment had minimal impact on physicochemical parameters, aside from reducing phenolic content. Metal concentrations in TCBW A remained within cosmetic safety limits. TCBW A was incorporated into an oil-in-water (O/W) cream, which was further evaluated for pH, droplet size, rheological behavior, textural properties, and stability. The resulting cream was homogeneous, woody-scented, with uniform droplet size and stable after centrifugation. TCBW A incorporation provided suitable rheological behavior and formulation stability after 90 days of storage at 25 °C. These findings indicate that TCBW A has low cytotoxicity, suitable physicochemical properties, and provides stable cosmetic formulations, highlighting its potential as a sustainable ingredient for the cosmetic industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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13 pages, 999 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Proteolytic Enzymes Chymotrypsin and Papain as Adjuvants to Laser Hair Removal: Reducing the Risk of Paradoxical Hypertrichosis in Women with Facial Hirsutism

by Aikaterini Liatsopoulou, Athanasia Varvaresou and Evangelia Protopapa

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020074 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Paradoxical hypertrichosis is an adverse effect of photo-epilation, involving the induction of hair growth within treated or adjacent non-treated areas. Given the significant psychosocial burden associated with facial hair growth in women, effective adjunctive strategies to mitigate this phenomenon are required. Chymotrypsin and [...] Read more.

Paradoxical hypertrichosis is an adverse effect of photo-epilation, involving the induction of hair growth within treated or adjacent non-treated areas. Given the significant psychosocial burden associated with facial hair growth in women, effective adjunctive strategies to mitigate this phenomenon are required. Chymotrypsin and papain are bioactive proteolytic enzymes whose activity has been associated with structural alterations in hair follicle components. This study investigated the effect of combining Alexandrite laser with enzyme-assisted hair removal compared with laser alone on the occurrence of paradoxical hypertrichosis. The outcome was assessed by recording the number of laser pulses performed per treatment session. Fifty-nine adult Greek women with facial hirsutism were allocated into two groups: Group I (Laser + Enzymes, n = 30), treated with Alexandrite laser (755 nm) combined with iontophoretic delivery of aqueous chymotrypsin and papain solutions, and Group II (Laser, n = 29), treated with laser alone. After 10 sessions, the combined intervention resulted in a significantly greater change in laser pulse counts compared with laser alone (−18.53 ± 16.31 vs. +1.68 ± 9.61, p < 0.005). This finding suggests that adjunctive iontophoresis of bioactive proteolytic enzymes is associated with reduced laser pulse requirements, which may be considered in the clinical management of paradoxical hypertrichosis in women with facial hirsutism. Larger studies with extended follow-up are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Molecules as Novel Cosmetic Ingredients, 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1138 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Anticollagenase Activities of Fermented Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Juice

by Faizatun Faizatun, Nur Miftahurrohmah and Rosmawati Rosmawati

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020073 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Skin aging is driven by intrinsic factors, such as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and extrinsic factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which accelerate oxidative stress and extracellular matrix degradation. Strategies to mitigate skin aging often focus on antioxidant and anticollagenase activities. Several [...] Read more.

Skin aging is driven by intrinsic factors, such as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and extrinsic factors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which accelerate oxidative stress and extracellular matrix degradation. Strategies to mitigate skin aging often focus on antioxidant and anticollagenase activities. Several studies have shown that Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is an underutilized by-product rich in ellagitannins, which can be hydrolyzed into ellagic acid, a compound with well-documented bioactivity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of microbial fermentation using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of pomegranate peel juice. Non-fermented juice (NFJ), L. plantarum-fermented juice (LFJ), and S. cerevisiae-fermented juice (SFJ) were used for comparative evaluation. The results showed that fermentation (LFJ and SFJ) led to decreased pH and sugar content, along with significant increases in ellagic acid concentration, antioxidant activity, and collagenase inhibition compared to NFJ. After 168 h, ellagic acid levels increased to 329.87 µg/mL in LFJ and 341.41 µg/mL in SFJ, compared to 263.86 µg/mL in NFJ. Antioxidant activity also increased to 73.82%, 83.25%, and 82.70% for NFJ, LFJ, and SFJ, respectively. Meanwhile, collagenase inhibition was 67.43%, 71.81%, and 73.66% for NFJ, LFJ, and SFJ, respectively. These results provide scientific evidence that microbial fermentation enhances the bioactivity of pomegranate peel juice, showing its potential as a sustainable source of natural ingredients for future cosmetic applications. Further studies on formulation, stability, and safety are needed to translate the results into practical skincare products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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16 pages, 1311 KB

Open AccessReview

Bioactive Nutritional Macromolecules Supporting Hair Structure, Density, and Growth: A Comprehensive Review

by Johannes-Paul Fladerer-Grollitsch and Selina Fladerer-Grollitsch

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020072 - 17 Mar 2026

Viewed by 821

Abstract

Hair loss affects over half of adults by age 70 and represents a major determinant of overall hair health, imposing significant psychosocial burden across genders. Nutritional factors play a critical role in follicle biology, yet targeted strategies remain underexplored. This comprehensive review examines [...] Read more.

Hair loss affects over half of adults by age 70 and represents a major determinant of overall hair health, imposing significant psychosocial burden across genders. Nutritional factors play a critical role in follicle biology, yet targeted strategies remain underexplored. This comprehensive review examines five key hair-constituent macromolecules—type I collagen, elastin, keratin, ceramides, and melanin—and their physiological and clinical impacts on hair structure, density, shining, and growth. We conducted a structured literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar through January 2025, selecting in vitro studies, animal experiments, and human clinical trials that evaluated each macromolecule’s effects on follicular function and hair fiber integrity. Type I collagen enhances dermal papilla cell proliferation, upregulates Wnt/β-catenin and growth factors, and improves hair thickness and breakage resistance in randomized controlled trials. Keratin hydrolysates replenish cortical protein, reinforce disulfide cross-links, and reduce telogen shedding, with clinical studies demonstrating 30–50% decreases in hair loss and gains in tensile strength. Oral ceramide formulations restore the cuticular lipid barrier, shift follicles toward anagen, and increase hair density in double-blind trials. Although direct clinical data on melanin supplementation are lacking, ex vivo and animal models confirm its role as a UV-protective pigment, preserving keratin integrity and color fastness. Together, these macromolecules constitute a coherent framework for hair health, and clinical studies increasingly provide evidence that their combined or parallel application can meaningfully enhance hair density, strength, shine, and resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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22 pages, 2824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Hydroxyapatite Derived from Fish Bone and Tinosorb^® S on the UV Protection Performance of Sunscreen

by Pornsatit Sookchoo, Soottawat Benjakul, Thummanoon Prodpran, Thanaporn Amnuaikit and Supranee Lao-ubol

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020071 - 16 Mar 2026

Viewed by 612

Abstract

Sunscreens are essential for photoprotection, but conventional inorganic UV filters raise concerns regarding marine toxicity. This study investigated hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from skipjack, tongol, and salmon bone waste as a potential synergistic booster for Tinosorb^® S (TS). HAp powders were prepared via [...] Read more.

Sunscreens are essential for photoprotection, but conventional inorganic UV filters raise concerns regarding marine toxicity. This study investigated hydroxyapatite (HAp) derived from skipjack, tongol, and salmon bone waste as a potential synergistic booster for Tinosorb^® S (TS). HAp powders were prepared via alkaline treatment and calcination at 900 °C. XRD and XRF results confirmed highly crystalline HAp as the dominant phase. While 10% HAp alone provided negligible UV protection, a pronounced synergistic effect was observed in 1:1 hybrid formulations (5% HAp:5% TS), significantly enhancing Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and Ultraviolet A Protection Factor (UVAPF). Notably, particle-size refinement of salmon-derived HAp (SM–HAp) yielded an SPF of approximately 35, comparable to a commercial HAp counterpart. This improvement was suggested to be associated with enhanced dispersion, film uniformity, and particle–matrix interactions, which might contribute to achieving PA++++ protection. All formulations complied with microbiological and heavy metal safety standards. These results indicated that fish bone-derived HAp could potentially serve as a viable and sustainable functional additive derived from marine biowaste for the development of high-performance hybrid sunscreens, promoting biomaterial valorization in the cosmetic industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sunscreen Advances and Photoprotection Strategies in Cosmetics)

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19 pages, 1363 KB

Open AccessReview

Genomic and Epigenetic Landscapes of Keloid Scarring: Ancestry–Dependent Insights and Therapeutic Implications—A Narrative Review

by José Fernando Llanos-Rodríguez, Alan David De La Fuente Malvaez, Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio, Luz Berenice López-Hernández, Jacqueline Solares-Tlapechco, Gerardo Marín, Carlos Castillo-Rangel, Cristofer Zarate-Calderon and Martha Eunice Rodríguez-Arellano

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020070 - 16 Mar 2026

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Background: Keloid scarring is a fibroproliferative disorder driven by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, resulting in significant cosmetic and functional impairment. Despite its high prevalence in African, Asian, and Hispanic populations, the molecular mechanisms underlying ancestry-dependent susceptibility remain incompletely [...] Read more.

Background: Keloid scarring is a fibroproliferative disorder driven by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, resulting in significant cosmetic and functional impairment. Despite its high prevalence in African, Asian, and Hispanic populations, the molecular mechanisms underlying ancestry-dependent susceptibility remain incompletely understood. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes current genomic, epigenetic, and multi-omic evidence related to keloid scarring. Relevant literature was identified through a targeted, structured, non-systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, and Google Scholar up to August 2025, focusing on genetic susceptibility loci, epigenetic regulation, and ancestry-related differences. PRISMA-ScR guidelines were used as a reporting framework to enhance transparency, without implying a formal systematic review methodology. Results: This synthesis identifies recurrent susceptibility loci at 1q41, 3q22.3, and 15q21.3 across multiple populations. Variants in NEDD4 and regulatory regions near BMP2 emerge as key modulators of profibrotic signaling pathways, including TGF-β/SMAD and NF-κB. Additionally, epigenetic reprogramming and long non-coding RNA networks, such as CACNA1G-AS1, appear to sustain fibroblast hyperactivation. A persistent limitation is the marked underrepresentation of Latin American populations in current genomic studies. Conclusions: Integrating ancestry-specific genomic variation with epigenetic markers is essential for advancing precision diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in keloid scarring. Future research should prioritize diverse, multicenter cohorts and integrative multi-omics approaches to improve risk stratification and enable targeted interventions for this disfiguring condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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20 pages, 1838 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New, Cost-Effective Facial Skin Care Serum, Rich in Bioactive Ingredients Isolated from Centaurea cyanus L. Flower Petals

by Wiktoria Orzechowicz, Tomasz Wasilewski, Zofia Hordyjewicz-Baran, Natalia Stanek-Wandzel, Joanna Fleszer and Katarzyna Malorna

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020069 - 14 Mar 2026

Viewed by 609

Abstract

This study developed a facial skin care serum based on extracts from cornflower petals (Centaurea cyanus L.). The study applied the concept of loan extraction, in which the ingredients of the final cosmetic product were used as the extraction medium. The extracts [...] Read more.

This study developed a facial skin care serum based on extracts from cornflower petals (Centaurea cyanus L.). The study applied the concept of loan extraction, in which the ingredients of the final cosmetic product were used as the extraction medium. The extracts obtained were analyzed for stability and physicochemical parameters, as well as phytochemical composition, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. Among the tested solvents, the extract prepared with 1,3-propanediol aqueous solution exhibited the highest TPC (13.5 mg GAE/g) and demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity measured by ABTS (20.12 d ± 0.07 mgTE/g). HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the extract obtained using this medium showed the most complex profile of bioactive compounds among all the studied samples. After the extraction process the borrowed ingredients were returned together with the extracted ingredients to prepare cosmetic preparations—facial skin care serums. The finished model cosmetic products were evaluated for physicochemical parameters (stability, viscosity, color) and irritation potential, considering the extract used, which varied depending on the extraction agent borrowed from the formulated composition. The preparation obtained on the basis of an aqueous solution of 1,3-propanediol as an extraction agent showed the most favorable properties in terms of irritation, determined on the basis of the zein number (15 ± 4 mgN/100 mL), compared to facial skin face serum without extract addition (21 ± 1 mg N/100 mL). This extract was also characterized by the highest values of TPC and antioxidant activity, hence the observed reduction in irritation potential can be attributed to the beneficial effects of bioactive compounds derived from Centaurea cyanus L. extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

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6 pages, 182 KB

Open AccessCommentary

Chiral Bioactive Molecules in Cosmetics: Advantages and Opportunities

by Bingxue Liu, Xingting Fan and Jing Wang

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020068 - 13 Mar 2026

Viewed by 501

Abstract

Continuous exposure to environmental stressors necessitates the development of novel, effective, and safe cosmetic active ingredients to preserve the skin’s structural integrity and physiological function. In this context, chiral cosmetic actives have emerged as particularly promising candidates owing to their diverse skincare properties. [...] Read more.

Continuous exposure to environmental stressors necessitates the development of novel, effective, and safe cosmetic active ingredients to preserve the skin’s structural integrity and physiological function. In this context, chiral cosmetic actives have emerged as particularly promising candidates owing to their diverse skincare properties. Notably, stereochemistry can markedly influence biological activity, producing enantiomer- or diastereomer-specific differences in efficacy and safety. Herein, we summarize recent advances in the application of chiral bioactive molecules as cosmetic actives, organizing them according to biological activity. We provide a comprehensive discussion of their mechanistic biological activities, the activity differences arising from distinct stereochemical configurations, current limitations, and future prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Formulations)

15 pages, 527 KB

Open AccessReview

Physiological Bio-Regeneration in Aesthetic Medicine: A Conceptual Framework and Narrative Review of PEGDE-HA and CaHA-Based Formulations

by Maurizio Cavallini, Raquel Fernández de Castro Isalguez, Francesco Marchetti, Izumrud Ramazanova Kurbankadieva, Ricardo Augusto Sandoval Vásquez, Diogo Pereira Forjaz, Silvia Zimbres and Dissapong Panithaporn

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020067 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 717

Abstract

Aesthetic medicine has progressed from the early 2000s fascination with bio-stimulation to the current dominance of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, prized for immediate, predictable, and reversible volumizing effects. Recently, demand for more natural results, stronger emphasis on skin quality, and increased post-pandemic self-scrutiny [...] Read more.

Aesthetic medicine has progressed from the early 2000s fascination with bio-stimulation to the current dominance of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, prized for immediate, predictable, and reversible volumizing effects. Recently, demand for more natural results, stronger emphasis on skin quality, and increased post-pandemic self-scrutiny have renewed interest in regenerative strategies, sometimes called the “second wave of bio-stimulation.” This trend highlights the need for clearer terminology and a cautious, evidence-based reading of proposed biological mechanisms. This narrative review proposes a framework in which bio-regeneration denotes a hypothesized, controlled induction of physiological processes, fibroblast activation, collagen and elastin synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and immune modulation, potentially producing sustained improvements in dermal structure and function beyond simple filling. Among emerging technologies, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) cross-linking is reported to create a stable, flexible HA scaffold with homogeneous tissue integration, favorable rheology, thermal stability, and a reduced inflammatory profile, supporting safer multimodal use with energy-based devices. The framework is illustrated with PEGDE-crosslinked HA combined with low-concentration calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), exemplified by a PEGDE-HA filler containing CaHA microspheres plus glycine and L-proline. These formulations aim to deliver immediate correction via HA and delayed stimulatory effects possibly driven by gradual CaHA exposure and macrophage-associated signaling. Available clinical, imaging, and histological observations, including prospective ultrasound and biopsy assessments, suggest progressive dermal thickening and predominant type I collagen expression, without pathological inflammation or granuloma formation. Although evidence remains preliminary and largely non-comparative, findings are compatible with controlled remodeling and resolving inflammation; however, the underlying mechanism and any ‘regenerative’ versus ‘reparative’ classification require controlled comparative studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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17 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Italian Expert Consensus on Poly(ethylene glycol) Diglycidyl Ether-Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Facial Aesthetics: Product Selection, Injection Techniques, and Safety

by Roberto Dell’Avanzato, Matteo Basso, Emanuela Di Lella, Luciano Lanfranchi, Francesco Marchetti, Fabio Marini, Mauro Rana, Nicola Zerbinati and Claudia Rita Mazzarella

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020066 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 430

Abstract

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels are the most widely used injectable fillers for facial rejuvenation. A new generation of HA fillers crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has been developed to enhance cohesiveness, tissue integration, stability, and longevity while minimizing swelling and [...] Read more.

Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels are the most widely used injectable fillers for facial rejuvenation. A new generation of HA fillers crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has been developed to enhance cohesiveness, tissue integration, stability, and longevity while minimizing swelling and immunogenicity. Owing to their distinct viscoelastic properties, PEGDE-crosslinked HA fillers may require product-specific selection and adapted injection techniques. Objective: The objective of this study is to provide practical, expert-based recommendations for the safe and effective use of PEGDE-crosslinked HA hydrogels in facial aesthetic treatments. Methods: A multidisciplinary panel of nine Italian experts in aesthetic medicine, each with more than 15 years of experience using HA fillers, developed consensus recommendations based on clinical practice and available evidence. A pre-meeting questionnaire informed structured discussions during a face-to-face meeting held in Paris in January 2024. The nominal group technique was applied, with consensus defined as agreement by at least 80% of panel members. Results: Consensus was reached on product selection, injection planes, delivery devices, techniques, and typical treatment volumes for PEGDE-HA hydrogels across multiple facial regions, including the forehead, temples, midface, nasolabial folds, chin, jawline, and lips. Recommended injection techniques included microbolus, macrobolus, and retrograde linear threading, with placement ranging from superficial subcutaneous to supraperiosteal planes depending on the anatomical area and clinical indication. Typical injection volumes generally ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 mL per side. Optional ultrasound mapping was considered beneficial in selected high-risk or superficial procedures to improve anatomical safety. Conclusions: These expert consensus recommendations provide practical guidance for clinicians using PEGDE-crosslinked HA hydrogels in facial rejuvenation. Tailoring product characteristics to injection depth, technique, and regional anatomy may help optimize clinical outcomes and procedural safety. Future research priorities include prospective comparative studies with other crosslinking technologies, standardized reporting of adverse events, long-term outcome registries, and further evaluation of ultrasound-guided injection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

10 pages, 2936 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Modified Midface Repositioning Using PLLA/PCL Barbed Threads: An Anatomically Guided Fixed-Anchorage Technical Report with Illustrative Cases

by Luiz Tonon, Renata Viana, Alessandra Haddad and Luiz Eduardo Avelar

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020065 - 12 Mar 2026

Viewed by 389

Abstract

Background: Floating barbed threads are commonly used for minimally invasive midface lifting and rely on mobile subcutaneous tissue for support, which may limit stability. Fixation is primarily achieved by barb engagement within the subcutaneous fat and fibrous septa of the retinacula cutis. Objectives: [...] Read more.

Background: Floating barbed threads are commonly used for minimally invasive midface lifting and rely on mobile subcutaneous tissue for support, which may limit stability. Fixation is primarily achieved by barb engagement within the subcutaneous fat and fibrous septa of the retinacula cutis. Objectives: To describe an anatomically guided modification of the APTOS Excellence Visage Soft (PLLA/PCL) thread technique, positioning the terminal segment posterior to the zygomatic retaining ligament line with the aim to enhancing mechanical stability. This technical report presents the anatomical rationale, procedural steps, and illustrative clinical cases demonstrating feasibility. Methods: The modified technique uses a single-entry point at the superior zygomatic margin, with five threads per hemiface. After linear insertion, the cannula is rotated laterally and inferiorly to position the terminal barbs posterior to the zygomatic retaining ligament line, thereby transferring tensile load toward a more fixed anatomical structure. Representative cases were documented and are presented. Results: Illustrative cases showed immediate midface elevation with improved malar projection and softening of the nasolabial and mentolabial folds. Standardized 3D imaging and vector analysis demonstrated a superolateral pattern of soft tissue displacement along the intended vectors, consistent with the proposed fixed-anchorage concept. The procedure was well tolerated, with only mild and transient local effects observed. One illustrative case included photographic follow-up at 12 months, in which preservation of midface contour and malar projection was visually appreciable. Conclusions: Redirecting the terminal thread segment posterior to the zygomatic retaining ligament line is a feasible modification that may contribute to improved vector stability by engaging a fixed fascial structure. Observations—including one case with 12-month follow-up—support the anatomical plausibility of the approach, although controlled studies with objective endpoints are necessary to confirm long-term efficacy and reproducibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Technology)

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17 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Purpose Body and Face Formulation with Synergistic Actives for Thin, Aging, and Dry Skin: A Four-Week Clinical Study

by Remona Gopaul and June Zhang

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020064 - 10 Mar 2026

Viewed by 640

Abstract

Thin, dry skin is characterized by impaired barrier integrity, loss of dermal density, and accelerated aging driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Biomimetic collagen peptides mimic native collagen sequences, stimulating fibroblasts to enhance synthesis while limiting matrix metalloproteinase-mediated degradation. This study evaluated the [...] Read more.

Thin, dry skin is characterized by impaired barrier integrity, loss of dermal density, and accelerated aging driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Biomimetic collagen peptides mimic native collagen sequences, stimulating fibroblasts to enhance synthesis while limiting matrix metalloproteinase-mediated degradation. This study evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of a multi-ingredient cosmetic product for thin, dry, aging skin, formulated as a dual-purpose body and face serum lotion containing 0.1% biomimetic collagen tripeptide (Tripeptide-29) along with Niacinamide, Citrullus lanatus fruit extract, and Selaginella lepidophylla extract. In this prospective, single-center study, 47 healthy women, aged 36–65 years with Fitzpatrick skin types I–IV, applied the formula twice daily to the face and body over four weeks. Objective measurements—including elasticity, wrinkle depth and volume, hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and texture—were collected weekly alongside clinical grading and self-assessments. Significant improvements were observed across all parameters, with facial dryness decreasing immediately (−74.6%) and continuing to week 4 (−93.7%), hydration increasing up to 72.5%, softness improving up to 37.7%, roughness decreasing up to 37.9%, and TEWL reductions indicating strengthened barrier function. Desquamation improved by 75.5% by week 3, and no adverse effects occurred. The serum lotion demonstrated robust, well-tolerated benefits for enhancing multiple markers of thin, dry, aging skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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18 pages, 3179 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cosmetic Efficacy and Sustainability of Beer and Brewing By-Products in Skin Care: A Formulation-Driven In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

by Ela Hoti, Camilla Elena Di Bella, Sabina Hoti, Dolores Vargas Peregrina, Maria Giovanna Sabbieti, Dimitrios Agas, Piera Di Martino, Susi Zara and Maria Rosa Gigliobianco

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020063 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1267

Abstract

The brewing process generates substantial by-products rich in potentially bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and fermentation metabolites), providing a sustainable and appealing source of cosmetic ingredients. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20% (w/w) aqueous extracts from Bionda Triplo Malto beer, wort, [...] Read more.

The brewing process generates substantial by-products rich in potentially bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols and fermentation metabolites), providing a sustainable and appealing source of cosmetic ingredients. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20% (w/w) aqueous extracts from Bionda Triplo Malto beer, wort, and key brewing by-products (hops, yeast, and spent grain) were developed and evaluated using a combined in vitro–in vivo approach. Aqueous extracts were first screened on human immortalized dermal fibroblasts (BJ-5ta) at 0.25–1 mg/mL for cytocompatibility and antioxidant activity. Within this concentration range, no significant changes in cell viability or intracellular antioxidant capacity under UV stress were detected, suggesting cytocompatibility but limited inherent activity. When incorporated into O/W emulsions and tested at an active-equivalent concentration of 10 mg/mL, the formulations increased fibroblast metabolic activity and antioxidant response. In contrast, free extracts at 10 mg/mL showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for some matrices, with beer- and yeast-based emulsions demonstrating the strongest effects. The emulsions exhibited good physicochemical stability (pH ~5.7–6.2; viscosity 4750–5150 mPa·s), passed the ISO 11930:2012 challenge test, and were well tolerated in patch testing. In a double-blind, randomized split-forearm study on 50 healthy volunteers over 30 days, beer, yeast, and spent grain-based formulations improved skin parameters versus baseline. TEWL decreased (e.g., beer: 16.22 ± 5.12 to 10.77 ± 2.22 mg·m⁻²·h⁻¹; yeast: 16.29 ± 5.66 to 10.18 ± 1.08; spent grain: 14.45 ± 4.34 to 11.66 ± 2.28), hydration increased (beer: 35.15 ± 5.93 to 42.26 ± 3.78; yeast: 33.27 ± 4.87 to 42.92 ± 2.48; spent grain: 34.22 ± 5.19 to 41.16 ± 3.17, and elasticity improved for beer and yeast formulations (62.33 ± 3.27 to 70.24 ± 2.12 N/m) and yeast (61.21 ± 4.72 to 72.13 ± 5.55 N/m). Based on these findings, brewing-derived ingredients demonstrate potential as cosmetic actives, with formulation critically determining their clinical efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 1539 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Brewing Waste to Skin Health: Microbiota-Modulating Potential of Humulus lupulus in Atopic Dermatitis

by Ana Rita Gama, Joana Rolo, Íris Amado, Jorge F. B. Pereira, José Martinez-de-Oliveira, Carmen Lisboa, Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira and Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020062 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 377

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with skin microbiota dysbiosis, particularly the overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), which contribute to inflammation and barrier disruption. Humulus lupulus (hop) extracts contain bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential. This study aimed to evaluate, in [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with skin microbiota dysbiosis, particularly the overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), which contribute to inflammation and barrier disruption. Humulus lupulus (hop) extracts contain bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential. This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of hop extract, obtained from brewing industry waste, against SA and SE strains relevant to AD. The extract was produced using a food-grade ethanolic extraction, chemically characterised, and tested for antimicrobial activity and biofilm inhibition using standard in vitro assays. The extract contained humulone, lupulone, and xanthohumol and complied with microbiological quality requirements. The MIC was 0.129% (w/v) for both strains; the MLC was 0.515% for SA and 1.030% for SE. Biofilm inhibition was significant for SA at MIC, whereas SE required 5× MIC (p < 0.05). Humulus lupulus extracts obtained from brewing waste demonstrate effective antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, supporting their potential as sustainable agents for modulating skin microbiota in AD management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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28 pages, 1312 KB

Open AccessReview

Artocarpin: Multi-Targeted Mechanisms Against UV-Induced Skin Aging and Its Skin Penetration Enhancement Strategies

by Pensri Charoensit, Kunlathida Luangpraditkun, Sararat Mahasaranon, Jirapas Jongjitwimol, Gareth M. Ross, Sukunya Ross, Celine Viennet, Yuriko Higuchi and Jarupa Viyoch

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020061 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Artocarpin, a prenylated flavonoid isolated from Artocarpus altilis heartwood, has emerged as a promising multi-targeted bioactive compound for combating UV-induced skin aging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and photoprotective efficacy of artocarpin across in vitro, in vivo and [...] Read more.

Artocarpin, a prenylated flavonoid isolated from Artocarpus altilis heartwood, has emerged as a promising multi-targeted bioactive compound for combating UV-induced skin aging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and photoprotective efficacy of artocarpin across in vitro, in vivo and clinical study, based on the peer-reviewed literature published between 2012 and 2025, retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Delivery strategies designed to overcome the inherent physicochemical limitations of artocarpin on skin penetration are also discussed. Artocarpin demonstrates antioxidant effects through both direct free radical scavenging and activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, providing sustained cellular defense. Its anti-inflammatory properties target multiple signaling cascades, including the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, effectively mitigating UV-induced inflammatory response. The compound maintains dermal matrix homeostasis by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression while preserving collagen synthesis and fibroblast mechanical function. Additionally, artocarpin exhibits selective apoptosis modulation, being cytoprotective in normal keratinocytes while acting as pro-apoptotic in damaged or abnormal cells, thereby supporting tissue homeostasis. It also inhibits melanogenesis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms rather than direct tyrosinase inhibition. Furthermore, artocarpin has been shown to induce autophagic cell death in certain cell lines; however, its role in UV-induced skin damages remains to be clarified. Despite these promising biological activities, the poor water solubility (<0.1 mg/mL) and high lipophilicity (log P ≈ 5) of artocarpin significantly limit its skin penetration. Lipid-based delivery systems, including liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), are presented as effective strategies to enhance transepidermal delivery, with each system offering distinct mechanistic advantages. Further investigations should prioritize the safety of artocarpin within each delivery system, as well as the synergistic co-encapsulation with complementary natural antioxidants to simultaneously target multiple mechanisms involved in UV-induced skin damage, thereby broadening its application in the cosmeceutical industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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26 pages, 2229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Neocollagenesis and Clinical Efficacy of a Novel Regenerative Diluent for Calcium Hydroxyapatite for Facial Rejuvenation: A 90-Day Clinical Trial

by Valéria Dal Col, Cassiano Marchi, Fábio Fernandes Ribas, Bárbara Barquette Silva da Rosa, Delcio Eustaquio de Paula Júnior, Maria Auxiliadora Dinalli Marchi, Maria Claudia Ferreira Cavalcanti Santos, Tarita Moioli Martins Abdala, Danielle Campos Ito Palhari, Maracelle do Nascimento Arruda, Natalia Magalhães Ferreira, Isabella Comério Fiorio, Fernanda Ferreira Dias, Laiza Grecco, Frederico Thiago Pereira Ramos Neves, Alexandre Todorovic Fabro, Andrea Jazel Rodríguez Herrera, Beatriz Domenici de Oliveira and Renata Viana

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020060 - 6 Mar 2026

Viewed by 2521

Abstract

Facial aging is primarily characterized by the loss and disorganization of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen. Injectable biostimulators, such as calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), represent a vital non-surgical strategy to counteract these changes by inducing neocollagenesis. This 90-day clinical trial was designed [...] Read more.

Facial aging is primarily characterized by the loss and disorganization of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen. Injectable biostimulators, such as calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA), represent a vital non-surgical strategy to counteract these changes by inducing neocollagenesis. This 90-day clinical trial was designed to comparatively evaluate the efficacy of a novel regenerative solution (RS) diluent, formulated to potentially enhance the biostimulatory effects of standard CaHA (STIIM product), against a conventional diluent (control) for the treatment of facial laxity. Twenty-one subjects (N = 21) were randomized to receive CaHA diluted with either RS or control formulation. Efficacy was assessed using histological analysis (collagen I area percentage), ultrasound (US) for dermal density, and clinical laxity scoring. Histological analysis, although limited by a small subsample size (N = 3), showed qualitative and exploratory evidence of collagen remodeling in both groups. However, the RS group showed enhanced dermal thickening via US (15% increase vs. 5% control, p-value = 0.012), and improvement in clinical laxity. Furthermore, histological findings, including Picrosirius red staining, indicated that the RS group resulted in qualitatively greater ECM organization and more robust type I collagen fibers compared to the control. The novel regenerative solution is safe and demonstrates enhanced neocollagenesis and clinical efficacy over the conventional formulation, validating its potential as a diluent for CaHA for optimized facial rejuvenation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cosmetic Dermatology)

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26 pages, 1680 KB

Open AccessReview

Innovation and Sustainability in the Cosmetics Industry: A Global Perspective with Local Insights

by Ana Paula Barbosa Cavalcanti, Gleice Paula de Araújo, Káren Gercyane Oliveira Bezerra, Fabíola Carolina Gomes de Almeida, Maria da Glória Conceição da Silva, Alessandra Sarubbo, Rita de Cássia Freire Soares da Silva and Leonie Asfora Sarubbo

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020059 - 4 Mar 2026

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Abstract

The shift toward sustainable cosmetic systems has become a strategic priority in response to rising environmental pressures, biodiversity loss, and regulatory demands for traceability and responsible sourcing. This review critically examines the Brazilian sustainability model in the cosmetics industry, focusing on three key [...] Read more.

The shift toward sustainable cosmetic systems has become a strategic priority in response to rising environmental pressures, biodiversity loss, and regulatory demands for traceability and responsible sourcing. This review critically examines the Brazilian sustainability model in the cosmetics industry, focusing on three key pillars: (i) traceability and certification of origin aligned with international standards; (ii) community partnerships and equitable value sharing; and (iii) technological innovation tailored to local biodiversity contexts. It synthesizes scientific articles, regulatory documents, and industry reports published mainly between 2005 and 2025, including international certification schemes (COSMOS, ECOCERT, NATRUE, IBD) and Brazilian biodiversity laws. Quantitative export data show that Brazil’s cosmetic industry surpassed US$ 300 million in exports to major markets, emphasizing the global importance of sustainability-driven competitiveness. This study presents a conceptual framework combining biodiversity-based innovation, socio-environmental governance, and certification systems as a unique sustainability pathway distinct from traditional green cosmetic strategies. The review highlights technical challenges such as supply chain traceability, harmonization of international standards, regulatory asymmetries, and the scalability of community-based value chains. The findings indicate that Brazil’s model offers a hybrid sustainability architecture that combines biotechnological innovation, fair-benefit sharing mechanisms, and compliance with international standards. Future research should focus on quantitative impact assessment metrics, life-cycle evaluations of biodiversity-derived ingredients, and mechanisms for regulatory convergence to improve industrial scalability and global market integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Innovation in Cosmetics)

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14 pages, 927 KB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Trends in Facial Cosmetics: Innovation, Science, and Sustainable Beauty

by Ricardo Sagastume-Canova and Montserrat Fernández-Guarino

Cosmetics 2026, 13(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics13020058 - 3 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1313

Abstract

Facial cosmetics are undergoing a significant transformation driven by scientific innovation, consumer awareness, and a growing demand for personalized and sustainable solutions. This article explores the latest developments in active ingredients, such as exosomes, growth factors and cosmeceuticals, alongside the rise of smart [...] Read more.

Facial cosmetics are undergoing a significant transformation driven by scientific innovation, consumer awareness, and a growing demand for personalized and sustainable solutions. This article explores the latest developments in active ingredients, such as exosomes, growth factors and cosmeceuticals, alongside the rise of smart skincare technologies, including AI-based diagnostics and connected beauty devices. It also examines evolving consumer preferences, with a focus on transparency, skin health, and environmentally conscious formulations. Together, these trends are shaping a new era in facial cosmetic care, where efficacy, safety, and sustainability converge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Cosmetology: Bridging Scientific Evidence and Clinical Practice)

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Cosmetics, Volume 13, Issue 2 (April 2026) – 39 articles

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