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Biomolecules
Volume 10
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10.3390/biom10030393
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Article

Homocysteine Induces Inflammation in Retina and Brain

by
Nehal M. Elsherbiny
1,2,3,
Isha Sharma
1,2,
Dina Kira
1,2,
Suhib Alhusban
1,2,
Yara A. Samra
1,2,3,
Ravirajsinh Jadeja
2,4,
Pamela Martin
2,4,5,
Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
1,2,5,6,7 and
Amany Tawfik
1,2,5,6,*
1
Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
2
James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
3
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
4
Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
5
Department of Ophthalmology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
6
Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
7
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2020, 10(3), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030393
Submission received: 6 December 2019 / Revised: 23 February 2020 / Accepted: 29 February 2020 / Published: 3 March 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Homocysteine: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Role in Disease)
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Abstract

Homocysteine (Hcy) is an amino acid that requires vitamins B12 and folic acid for its metabolism. Vitamins B12 and folic acid deficiencies lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy, elevated Hcy), which is linked to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The goal of the current study was to explore inflammation as an underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced pathology in age related diseases such as AMD, DR, and AD. Mice with HHcy due to a lack of the enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and wild-type mice were evaluated for microglia activation and inflammatory markers using immuno-fluorescence (IF). Tissue lysates isolated from the brain hippocampal area from mice with HHcy were evaluated for inflammatory cytokines using the multiplex assay. Human retinal endothelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and monocyte cell lines treated with/without Hcy were evaluated for inflammatory cytokines and NFκB activation using the multiplex assay, western blot analysis, and IF. HHcy induced inflammatory responses in mouse brain, retina, cultured retinal, and microglial cells. NFκB was activated and cytokine array analysis showed marked increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and downregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, elimination of excess Hcy or reduction of inflammation is a promising intervention for mitigating damage associated with HHcy in aging diseases such as DR, AMD, and AD.
Keywords: homocysteine; inflammation; diabetic retinopathy; age-related macular degeneration; Alzheimer’s disease homocysteine; inflammation; diabetic retinopathy; age-related macular degeneration; Alzheimer’s disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Elsherbiny, N.M.; Sharma, I.; Kira, D.; Alhusban, S.; Samra, Y.A.; Jadeja, R.; Martin, P.; Al-Shabrawey, M.; Tawfik, A. Homocysteine Induces Inflammation in Retina and Brain. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030393

AMA Style

Elsherbiny NM, Sharma I, Kira D, Alhusban S, Samra YA, Jadeja R, Martin P, Al-Shabrawey M, Tawfik A. Homocysteine Induces Inflammation in Retina and Brain. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(3):393. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030393

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elsherbiny, Nehal M., Isha Sharma, Dina Kira, Suhib Alhusban, Yara A. Samra, Ravirajsinh Jadeja, Pamela Martin, Mohamed Al-Shabrawey, and Amany Tawfik. 2020. "Homocysteine Induces Inflammation in Retina and Brain" Biomolecules 10, no. 3: 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030393

APA Style

Elsherbiny, N. M., Sharma, I., Kira, D., Alhusban, S., Samra, Y. A., Jadeja, R., Martin, P., Al-Shabrawey, M., & Tawfik, A. (2020). Homocysteine Induces Inflammation in Retina and Brain. Biomolecules, 10(3), 393. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030393

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