An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Treatment of COVID-19
2.1. Clinical Features and Etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
2.2. Variants of SARS-CoV-2
2.3. Treatment of COVID-19
3. COVID-19 Vaccine Development
3.1. Characteristics of a COVID-19 Vaccine
3.2. Types of COVID-19 Vaccine
3.2.1. Whole Virus Vaccines
3.2.2. Component Viral Vaccines
Protein Subunit Vaccines
DNA Vaccines
mRNA Vaccines
Virus-Like Particles (VLPs)
Viral Vectors
3.3. Mix and Match Concept
3.4. Routes of Vaccination
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Vaccine for Long-Term Protection | Vaccine for Reactive Use |
---|---|---|
Indications | Use in long-term protection of persons at high ongoing risk of COVID-19; Potential for administration with other vaccines. | Reactive use in outbreak settings with rapid onset of immunity; Stand lone administration is acceptable. |
Target population | Adult and children | Adult |
Contraindications | Minor | Contraindications accepted in some conditions |
Safety | Substantial evidence required | Acceptable if it outweighs potential risk |
Dose regimen | Single or double dose along with mix and match options. | Double dose is preferred. |
Durability | At least 1 year before use of another booster dose | Until protection from severe disease. |
Route of administration | Preferably nasal or oral with no use of needle/syringe | Any suitable mode |
Storage | Higher thermostability is preferred with shelf life of preferably 2 months at 2–8 °C. | Stability in deep freezer with shelf life of at least a month at 2–8 °C. |
Number of vaccines approved by WHO (as of August 2023) | 50 (47 administered intramuscularly) | 11 (all administered intramuscularly) |
Type of Vaccine | Clinical Trials | Phase 4 | Phase 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Inactivated | 22 | 3 | 10 |
Live attenuated | 2 | NIL | 1 |
Protein subunit | 59 | 1 | 23 |
DNA Vaccines | 17 | NIL | 2 |
mRNA vaccines | 43 | 3 | 7 |
Virus-like particle | 7 | NIL | 3 |
Non-replicating viral vector | 26 | 4 | 3 |
Replicating viral vector | 6 | NIL | 1 |
S. No. | Type of Vaccine | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Inactivated virus |
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2 | Live attenuated virus |
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3 | Protein subunit vaccine |
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4 | DNA vaccine |
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5 | mRNA vaccine |
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6 | Virus-like particles (VLPs) |
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7 | Viral vectors |
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Mathew, D.S.; Pandya, T.; Pandya, H.; Vaghela, Y.; Subbian, S. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023, 13, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111565
Mathew DS, Pandya T, Pandya H, Vaghela Y, Subbian S. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines. Biomolecules. 2023; 13(11):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111565
Chicago/Turabian StyleMathew, Dona Susan, Tirtha Pandya, Het Pandya, Yuzen Vaghela, and Selvakumar Subbian. 2023. "An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines" Biomolecules 13, no. 11: 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111565
APA StyleMathew, D. S., Pandya, T., Pandya, H., Vaghela, Y., & Subbian, S. (2023). An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines. Biomolecules, 13(11), 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13111565