The Next Chapter in Cancer Diagnostics: Advances in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Direct HPV Examination in Tumor Tissue
2.1. DNA-Based Detection
2.1.1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
2.1.2. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
2.2. RNA-Based Detection
2.2.1. MicroRNAs
2.2.2. E6/E7 Detection: Blood- and Saliva-Based HPV Biomarkers and Viral Integration
3. Indirect HPV Testing in Tumor Tissue
3.1. Protein-Based Markers
3.1.1. p16 Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and p16 Overexpression
3.1.2. Cyclin D1
3.1.3. Estrogen Receptor Positivity
4. Liquid Biopsy for HPV-Positive HNSCC
4.1. Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA)
4.2. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR)
5. Role and Prognostic Value of PD-L1 and Emerging Immune Checkpoint Markers in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers
6. Epigenetic Markers
7. Future Directions and Emerging Technologies
7.1. Development of Novel Biosensors and Biomarkers
7.2. Graphitic Nano-Onion/Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheet
7.3. Potential of CRISPR-Based Diagnostics
7.4. Single Gene Markers and Emerging Biomarkers
8. Sensitivity and Specificity of HPV Detection Techniques
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HPV Detection Technique | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
---|---|---|
Serology (antibody detection) | 70–80 | 85–95 |
p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC) | 85–90 | 85–90 |
In situ hybridization (ISH) | 85–90 | 90–95 |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | 90–95 | 80–90 |
RNA-based methods | 95–100 | 90–95 |
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) | 95–100 | 95–100 |
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Krsek, A.; Baticic, L.; Braut, T.; Sotosek, V. The Next Chapter in Cancer Diagnostics: Advances in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080925
Krsek A, Baticic L, Braut T, Sotosek V. The Next Chapter in Cancer Diagnostics: Advances in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer. Biomolecules. 2024; 14(8):925. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080925
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrsek, Antea, Lara Baticic, Tamara Braut, and Vlatka Sotosek. 2024. "The Next Chapter in Cancer Diagnostics: Advances in HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancer" Biomolecules 14, no. 8: 925. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14080925