An Integrated Framework for Landscape Indices’ Calculation with Raster–Vector Integration and Its Application Based on QGIS

Landscape-index calculation tools play a pivotal role in ecosystem studies and urban-planning research, enabling objective assessments of landscape patterns’ similarities and differences. However, the existing tools encounter limitations, such as the inability to visualize landscape indices spatially and the challenge of computing indices for both vector and raster data simultaneously. Based on the QGIS development platform, this study presents an innovative framework for landscape-index calculation that addresses these limitations. The framework seamlessly integrates both vector and raster data, comprising three main modules: data input, landscape-index calculation, and visualization. In the data-input module, the tool accommodates various data formats, including vector, raster, and tabular data. The landscape indices’ calculation module allows users to select indices at patch, class, and landscape scales. Notably, the framework provides a comprehensive set of 165 indices for vector data and 20 for raster data, empowering users to selectively calculate landscape indices for vector or raster data to their specific needs and leverage the strengths of each data type. Moreover, the landscape-index visualization module enhances spatial visualization capabilities, meeting user demands for an insightful analysis. By addressing these challenges and offering enhanced functionalities, this framework aims to advance landscape indices’ development and foster more comprehensive landscape analyses. And it presents a novel approach for landscape-index development.