Hydro-Environmental Criteria for Introducing an Edible Halophyte from a Rainy Region to an Arid Zone: A Study Case of Suaeda spp. as a New Crop in NW México
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Need to Introduce New Crops to Areas with Limited Water Availability
1.2. Halophytes for Salty Soils Restoration and Saline-Water Based Agriculture
1.3. The Genus Suaeda—Subfamily Chenopodiaceae—Family Amaranthaceae in México
1.4. Climate-Related Hydroenvironmetal Descriptors
2. Results
2.1. Suaeda Species Distribution in SW USA and NW Mexico
2.2. Climate and Soil Sustaining Halophytes in Northwestern and Central Mexico
2.3. Hydroenvironmetal Descriptors
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Regions
4.2. Geography, Climate and Soils of Northwest México
4.3. Distribution of the Genus Suaeda Species in Northwest Mexico
4.4. Thermo-Hydroenvironmetal Descriptors
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Distribution |
---|---|
Suaeda calceoliformis | California (USA), Great Salt Lake, Utah (USA) |
Suaeda californica | Pacific coast (MEX), Southwest (USA) |
Suaeda conferta | Pacific coast (MEX) |
Suaeda esteroa | West coast (USA), Balandra BCS (MEX) |
Suaeda fruticosa | Pacific coast, BCS (MEX), Bahía Kino, Sonora (MEX) |
Suaeda jacoensis | Northwest (MEX), Southwest (USA) |
Suaeda maritima | Pacific coast (MEX/USA), Atlantic coast (USA) |
Suaeda mexicana | Northwest (MEX), Southwest (USA) |
Suaeda moquinii | California coast (USA) |
Suaeda nigra | West coast (USA), Colorado Desert (USA), NW (MEX), SW (USA), Mojave Desert (USA), Great Basin (USA), California (USA), |
Suaeda nigrescens | Chihuahuan Desert (MEX), Southwest (USA) |
Suaeda prostrata | West coast (USA), Pacific coast (USA/CAN) |
Suaeda puertopenascoa | Northwest (MEX), Sea of Cortés coast (MEX) |
Suaeda suffrutescens | NW (MEX), SW (USA), Mojave Desert (USA), Great Basin (USA) |
Suaeda taxifolia | Northwest (MEX) |
Suaeda torreyana | West coast (USA), Lower Colorado Desert (USA) |
Species | Habitat | Plant Type | Life Form | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Suaeda calceoliformis (Hook.) Moquin | Native coastal habitats; coastal strand; wetland | Hydro-halophyte | Annual herb | eHALOPH [35], calflora.org [36], RHNM [37], plants.usda.gov [38] |
Suaeda californica S. Watson | Salt marsh; coastal areas; wetlands | Hydro-halophyte | Subshrubs, shrubs, woody plants | eHALOPH [35], calflora.org [36], plants.usda.gov [38] |
Suaeda conferta (Small) I.M. Johnst | Subtropical and trop. coastal areas–NE México (Tamaulipas) | Xero-halophyte | Subshrubs, shrubs, woody plants | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda esteroa Ferren & S.A. Whitmore | Coastal salt marsh and saline streams; sub-humid wetlands | Hydro-halophyte | Shrub, perennial herb | calflora.org [36] |
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex J.F. Gmel | Salt marsh; coastal areas | Xero-halophyte | Chaemaephyte | eHALOPH [35], RHNM [37] |
Suaeda jacoensis I.M. Johnst | Periodically flooded shorelines with pioneer/ephimer vegetation | Xerophyte | Chaemaephyte, shrub, subshrub, woody plants | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda maritima subsp. maritima (L.) Dumort | Coastal salt marsh; coastal wetlands | Hydro-halophyte | Shrub, perennial herb | RHNM [37] |
Suaeda mexicana Standl | Subtropical, semiarid and arid lands | Xerophyte | Chaemaephyte, shrub, woody plant | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda moquinii (Torr.) Greene | Saline lake | Hydro-halophyte | Herb, shrub, subshrub | eHALOPH [35], plants.usda.gov [38], Khan et al. [39] |
Suaeda nigra (Raf.) J.F. Macbr | Coastal salt marsh | Xerophyte | Subshrub, shrub, woody plant | calflora.org/ [36] |
Suaeda nigrescens I.M. Johnst | Estuaries; saline coastal lagoons | Xerophyte | Chaemaephyte | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda prostrata Pall | Interior salt marshes | Xero-halophyte | Annual | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda puertopenascoa M.C.Watson & W.R.Ferren | Coastal salt-marsh-Northwest Sonora (Puerto Penasco) | Xero-halophyte | Subshrub, shrub | RHNM [37] |
Suaeda suffrutescens S. Watson | Estuaries; saline coastal lagoons | Xerophyte | Chaemaephyte, shrub | eHALOPH [35] |
Suaeda taxifolia (Standl.) | Estuaries-southern California, NW México (Baja California) | Xero-halophyte | Subshrub, shrub | RHNM [37] |
Suaeda torreyana S. Watson | Estuaries; saline coastal lagoons | Xerophyte | Shrub | eHALOPH [35] |
Hydroenvironmental Criteria | Problem or Limitation in the Target Region | Strategy for Solution/Mitigation | Warning Status |
---|---|---|---|
1. Precipitation | Soil moisture is deficient for crops, and the sources of irrigation water are depleted. | Design efficient irrigation with the possibility of using saline or residual waters. | |
2. Temperature | High temperatures and solar radiation prevail in the region and agricultural localities. | A suitable season must be assessed for S. edulis, i.e., winter, spring. | |
3. HEAI | High temperatures associated with low humidity magnify heat stress and water deficit. | Select the best growing seasons combined with water conservation strategies. | |
4. Water quality | No problems with water quality have been detected, since the crop is grown in saline soils. | Carefully manage poor quality water to avoid soil degradation. |
Environmental Issue | Origin: Temperate Rainy Regions.-Valley of México, México City, Western Regions. | Target: Semiarid Dry Zones.-Northwest México: Baja California Sur (La Paz BCS). | Agroecological Significance |
---|---|---|---|
1. Freshwater demand | Low demand, without impact on water resources; normal pp supplies enough moisture; irrigation only on demand. | Real possibilities of irrigation with saline water; it would not increase the demand for fresh water for a new crop. | Highly positive because it would not increase the freshwater demand for an introduced new crop. |
2. Biodiversity | As traditional crop, ‘Romerito’ increases biodiversity within crops and agroecosystems; enthomofauna, birdlife, etc. | There are wild ecotypes of Suaeda with unknown potential, only used by cattle during drought periods. | It is positive, but it is highly advisable to verify field trials for observation. |
3. Land-use | It is a monoculture in small plots but is part of diversified regional agroecosystems. | Implications not yet known, but it should be planned to be irrigated with saline water. | It is positive if soils are properly diagnosed, conserved and managed. |
4. Soil or substrate quality requirements | It stabilizes saline soils with proper management; it is cultivated where other crops can not grow and produce.. | Similar to its place of origin, it should be used in degraded soils unsuitable for other crops, as a feasible option. | Positive if not disturbing good quality lands for conventional crops; needs proper selections of soils. |
5. Surrounding soil quality | It is grown mainly in saline soils; it does not affect surrounding soils. | Attention should be paid to discharge areas, so as not to salinize undisturbed soils. | Neutral but with a risk potential; soil quality needs to be monitored. |
6. Harvest–marketing | Markets are specialized and important in specific seasons. | New local markets must be developed and promoted. | At this time it is negative; new markets are needed. |
7. Harves–economic profitability | It is produced for decades, its profitability is reached in central states, México City and in the Valley of México. | The economics of producers owning salt-affected soils are in decline, so this may be an option to regain profitability. | At this time it is unknown; detailed analysis are needed, but it is expected to be an option for saline soils, actually useless. |
8. Potential risk of becoming a weed | It has not become a weed, but it associates positively to other halophytes in untillaged soils. | No risk as a weed is detected, since it does not have asexual propagation structures. | If grown only on saline soils or in protected agriculture, no escape would be expected. |
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Costa-Becheleni, F.R.; Troyo-Diéguez, E.; Nieto-Garibay, A.; Bustamante-Salazar, L.A.; García-Galindo, H.S.; Murillo-Amador, B. Hydro-Environmental Criteria for Introducing an Edible Halophyte from a Rainy Region to an Arid Zone: A Study Case of Suaeda spp. as a New Crop in NW México. Plants 2021, 10, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101996
Costa-Becheleni FR, Troyo-Diéguez E, Nieto-Garibay A, Bustamante-Salazar LA, García-Galindo HS, Murillo-Amador B. Hydro-Environmental Criteria for Introducing an Edible Halophyte from a Rainy Region to an Arid Zone: A Study Case of Suaeda spp. as a New Crop in NW México. Plants. 2021; 10(10):1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101996
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta-Becheleni, Francyelli Regina, Enrique Troyo-Diéguez, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, Luis Alejandro Bustamante-Salazar, Hugo Sergio García-Galindo, and Bernardo Murillo-Amador. 2021. "Hydro-Environmental Criteria for Introducing an Edible Halophyte from a Rainy Region to an Arid Zone: A Study Case of Suaeda spp. as a New Crop in NW México" Plants 10, no. 10: 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10101996