Effects of Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature on Wheat and Corn Susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Contamination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on F. graminearum Disease Severity in Wheat
2.2. Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on F. graminearum Disease Severity in Corn
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Wheat and Corn Cultivars and Growth Conditions
4.2. Inoculations and Disease Evaluation
4.3. Mycotoxin Analyses
4.4. Estimation of Host and Pathogen Biomass
4.5. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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F. graminearum Strains | 13MN1-6 | 12SD6-2 |
---|---|---|
North American F. graminearum population [25] | NA1 | NA2 |
Mycotoxin Chemotype [26] | 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) | 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) |
Primer Name | Organism | Gene Product | Primer Sequence | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zm.GAPDH Forward | Z. mays | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | CGAGAATAAATGTGGATGGCG | * |
Zm.GAPDH Reverse | Z. mays | Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | GCAGGAAGGGAAACAAAAGTG | * |
Zm.TUB Forward | Z. mays | Tubulin | TCCACATTCATCGGCAACTC | * |
Zm.TUB Reverse | Z. mays | Tubulin | AACTCCATCTCATCCATGCC | * |
Zm.CYP Forward | Z. mays | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase | CGTCCGTTCCTTTGGATCTG | * |
Zm.CYP Reverse | Z. mays | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase | GAAACACGAATCAAGCAGAGG | * |
Fg.Tri101 Forward | F. graminearum | Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase | GGACTCTGGGATTACGACTTTG | [17] |
Fg.Tri101 Reverse | F. graminearum | Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase | ATCAGGCTTCTTGGGCATAAA | [17] |
Fg.TEF Forward | F. graminearum | Translation elongation factor | CAGTCACTAACCACCTGTCAAT | [17] |
Fg.TEF Reverse | F. graminearum | Translation elongation factor | AATGGTGATACCACGCTCAC | [17] |
Fg.RED Forward | F. graminearum | Reductase | TGACAGCTTTGGTTGTGTTTG | [17] |
Fg.RED Reverse | F. graminearum | Reductase | CTTGGCTGGAATGAGTCTGT | [17] |
Ta.Ef1 Forward | T. aestivum | Elongation factor | GATTGACAGGCGATCTGGTAAG | [17] |
Ta.Ef1 Reverse | T. aestivum | Elongation factor | GGCTTGGTGGGAATCATCTT | [17] |
Ta.Actin Forward | T. aestivum | Actin | CCAAGGCCAACAGAGAGAAA | [17] |
Ta.Actin Reverse | T. aestivum | Actin | GCTGGCATACAAGGACAGAA | [17] |
Ta.PAL Forward | T. aestivum | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase | GTGTTCTGCGAGGTGATGAA | [17] |
Ta.PAL Reverse | T. aestivum | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase | GTATGAGCTTCCCTCCAAGATG | [17] |
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Hay, W.T.; McCormick, S.P.; Vaughan, M.M. Effects of Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature on Wheat and Corn Susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Contamination. Plants 2021, 10, 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122582
Hay WT, McCormick SP, Vaughan MM. Effects of Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature on Wheat and Corn Susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Contamination. Plants. 2021; 10(12):2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122582
Chicago/Turabian StyleHay, William T., Susan P. McCormick, and Martha M. Vaughan. 2021. "Effects of Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature on Wheat and Corn Susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum and Deoxynivalenol Contamination" Plants 10, no. 12: 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122582