Zinc Enrichment in Two Contrasting Genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. Grains: Interactions between Edaphic Conditions and Foliar Fertilizers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Analysis
2.2. Zinc Contents and Deposition in Grain Tissues
2.3. Grain Yield, Test Weight, Thousand Kernel Weight, Moisture and Macroscopic Aspects
2.4. Ash Contents and Colorimetric Parameters of Whole Wheat Flour
3. Discussion
3.1. Soil Aptitude for Zn Biofortification
3.2. Ash, Zinc Contents and Deposition in Grain Tissues
3.3. Grain Yield, Test Weight, Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW) and Colorimetric Parameters
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Fields
4.2. Soil Analysis
4.3. Zinc Contents and Deposition in Grain Tissues
4.4. Grain Yield, Test Weight, Thousand Kernel Weight, Moisture and Macroscopic Aspects
4.5. Ash and Colorimetric Parameters of Whole Wheat Flour
4.6. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experimental Field | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrochemical Conductivity | µS/cm | 507.44 ± 30.98 a | 521.78 ± 36.69 a | 368.56 ± 19.27 b | 328.00 ± 18.84 b |
pH (H20) | - | 7.67 ± 0.05 a | 7.80 ± 0.03 a | 6.85 ± 0.07 b | 6.85 ± 0.07 b |
Organic Matter | % | 6.86 ± 0.06 a | 7.07 ± 0.13 a | 7.23 ± 0.42 a | 5.32 ± 0.34 b |
Moisture | 22.47 ± 0.14 a | 20.25 ± 0.65 ab | 19.58 ± 0.35 b | 15.09 ± 0.90 c | |
S | 0.023 ± 0.001 b | 0.025 ± 0.001 a | 0.021 ± 0.001 b | 0.020 ± 0.0004 b | |
K | 0.622 ± 0.014 a | 0.184 ± 0.009 b | 0.065 ± 0.001 c | 0.083 ± 0.0014 c | |
Ca | 1.165 ± 0.060 b | 6.331 ± 0.349 a | 1.018 ± 0.027 b | 1.103 ± 0.0284 b | |
Mn | mg/kg | 755.58 ± 11.41 b | 430.61 ± 21.81 d | 840.74 ± 16.23 a | 507.78 ± 25.69 c |
Fe | 38777 ± 376 b | 21860 ± 936 c | 46030 ± 419 a | 22440 ± 746 c | |
Cu | 46.91 ± 1.62 b | 77.73 ± 7.21 a | 87.04 ± 1.86 a | 90.82 ± 3.00 a | |
Zn | 59.81 ± 0.77 a | 32.52 ± 2.95 c | 40.94 ± 0.71 b | 22.82 ± 0.61 d | |
As | 10.98 ± 0.22 a | 5.97 ± 0.41 b | 5.61 ± 0.19 b | n.d. | |
Cd | 24.18 ± 0.84 b | 25.14 ± 0.87 b | 36.37 ± 0.74 a | 35.73 ± 1.43 a | |
Mg | <1500 | ||||
P | <200 |
Variety | Treatment | Experimental Field/Fertilizer | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||
ZnSO4 | Zn-EDTA | Tecnifol Zinc | ZnSO4 | Zn-EDTA | Tecnifol Zinc | ||
Zn Contents (mg/kg) | |||||||
Roxo | T0 | 64.16 ± 2.516 d,B | 53.99 ± 1.270 d,B | 78.52 ± 3.298 cd,A | 59.99 ± 1.537 fghi,B | 54.16 ± 2.280 hi,B | 51.96 ± 5.479 hi,B |
T1 | 142.5 ± 4.556 a,A | 80.60 ± 3.189 bc,C | 101.4 ± 1.277 b,AB | 130.2 ± 2.577 abc,AB | 99.57 ± 18.26 cde,AB | 107.9 ± 2.974 bcde,AB | |
T2 | 120.8 ± 3.386 b,BC | 92.79 ± 1.687 a,D | 113.1 ± 1.399 a,C | 157.8 ± 5.355 a,A | 90.95 ± 2.367 defg,D | 126.1 ± 0.785 abcd,B | |
Paiva | T0 | 38.80 ± 1.138 e,D | 50.44 ± 2.018 d,B | 69.21 ± 3.446 d,A | 55.07 ± 1.372 ghi,B | 48.72 ± 1.892 hi,BC | 41.34 ± 1.499 i,CD |
T1 | 94.11 ± 3.884 c,AB | 77.94 ± 2.659 c,B | 85.73 ± 1.003 c,B | 125.7 ± 7.887 abcd,A | 92.67 ± 17.67 def,AB | 96.65 ± 10.84 cde,AB | |
T2 | 87.39 ± 7.799 c,CD | 88.58 ± 0.842 ab,CD | 119.5 ± 1.810 a,B | 142.2 ± 3.011 ab,A | 80.28 ± 1.068 efgh,D | 101.6 ± 2.696 cde,C |
Experimental Field | Fertilizer | Variety | Treatment | Grain Yield (kg/ha) | Test Weight (kg/hl) | Moisture Content (%) | TKW (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ZnSO4 | Roxo | T0 | 1970 ± 143 b,AB | 81.53 ± 0.15 ab,A | 10.63 ± 0.03 ab,B | 38.73 ± 0.45 a,AB |
T1 | 1932 ± 58 b,A | 82.33 ± 1.10 ab,A | 10.38 ± 0.21 b,B | 34.30 ± 1.42 b,B | |||
T2 | 1841 ± 82 b,A | 80.78 ± 0.40 b,A | 10.62 ± 0.08 ab,B | 33.39 ± 1.34 b,B | |||
Paiva | T0 | 3379 ± 78 a,A | 83.35 ± 0.30 a,A | 10.66 ± 0.08 ab,B | 42.69 ± 0.46 a,AB | ||
T1 | 3002 ± 256 a,A | 82.10 ± 0.30 ab,A | 10.91 ± 0.02 a,B | 41.09 ± 0.74 a,A | |||
T2 | 3050 ± 117 a,A | 82.13 ± 0.30 ab,A | 10.87 ± 0.05 a,C | 41.67 ± 0.45 a,A | |||
2 | Zn-EDTA | Roxo | T0 | 1691 ± 152 a,B | 81.78 ± 0.14 a,A | 10.34 ± 0.06 a,B | 39.43 ± 0.92 ab,AB |
T1 | 1559 ± 217 a,A | 80.18 ± 0.84 a,AB | 10.28 ± 0.03 a,B | 40.05 ± 1.23 ab,A | |||
T2 | 1621 ± 153 a,A | 79.35 ± 1.52 a,AB | 10.26 ± 0.04 a,B | 36.56 ± 1.41 b,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1572 ± 61 a,C | 80.38 ± 0.21 a,B | 10.29 ± 0.03 a,C | 41.08 ± 0.20 a,B | ||
T1 | 1625 ± 211 a,B | 79.13 ± 0.54 a,B | 10.27 ± 0.02 a,C | 41.02 ± 0.53 a,A | |||
T2 | 1472 ± 122 a,C | 78.80 ± 0.18 a,B | 10.17 ± 0.04 a,D | 39.31 ± 0.61 ab,AB | |||
3 | Tecnifol Zinc | Roxo | T0 | 1689 ± 107 b,B | 76.95 ± 0.74 ab,B | 10.54 ± 0.04 bc,B | 28.68 ± 0.71 c,C |
T1 | 1716 ± 64 b,A | 78.13 ± 0.33 a,B | 10.52 ± 0.03 bc,B | 30.04 ± 0.25 bc,C | |||
T2 | 1594 ± 62 b,A | 76.95 ± 0.63 ab,B | 10.49 ± 0.09 c,B | 28.87 ± 0.85 c,C | |||
Paiva | T0 | 2902 ± 123 a,AB | 74.58 ± 0.69 bc,C | 10.75 ± 0.04 ab,B | 34.76 ± 0.56 a,C | ||
T1 | 2594 ± 232 a,A | 73.78 ± 0.70 c,C | 10.79 ± 0.06 a,B | 34.30 ± 1.91 ab,B | |||
T2 | 2810 ± 157 a,A | 75.08 ± 0.05 bc,C | 10.68 ± 0.04 abc,C | 33.70 ± 0.66 ab,C | |||
4 | ZnSO4 | Roxo | T0 | 2349 ± 151 cdef,A | 82.7 ± 0.24 ab,A | 11.41 ± 0.19 bcd,A | 42.35 ± 0.68 ab,A |
T1 | 1915 ± 113 fg,A | 82.10 ± 0.30 ab,A | 11.33 ± 0.13 cd,A | 39.97 ± 0.69 bcde,A | |||
T2 | 1626 ± 142 g,A | 81.90 ± 0.36 ab,A | 11.58 ± 0.18 abcd,A | 38.46 ± 0.62 cdef,A | |||
Paiva | T0 | 3180 ± 185 ab,A | 82.45 ± 0.44 ab,A | 12.00 ± 0.06 ab,A | 41.19 ± 0.60 abc,B | ||
T1 | 3234 ± 109 a,A | 82.53 ± 0.23 ab,A | 11.91 ± 0.08 abcd,A | 42.47 ± 0.32 ab,A | |||
T2 | 3047 ± 94 abc,A | 82.50 ± 0.29 ab,A | 11.70 ± 0.06 abcd,B | 37.78 ± 1.14 cdef,B | |||
Zn-EDTA | Roxo | T0 | 1902 ± 6 fg,AB | 82.78 ± 0.19 ab,A | 11.49 ± 0.14 abcd,A | 36.61 ± 0.90 ef,B | |
T1 | 1799 ± 122 fg,A | 82.45 ± 0.36 ab,A | 11.29 ± 0.11 d,A | 35.25 ± 0.51 f,B | |||
T2 | 1573 ± 44 g,A | 81.75 ± 0.21 b,A | 11.39 ± 0.04 bcd,A | 36.19 ± 0.76 f,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 2452 ± 171 cdef,B | 82.98 ± 0.28 ab,A | 11.89 ± 0.09 abcd,A | 43.06 ± 0.67 ab,AB | ||
T1 | 2495 ± 99 bcdef,A | 82.70 ± 0.16 ab,A | 11.66 ± 0.14 abcd,A | 42.23 ± 0.38 ab,A | |||
T2 | 2203 ± 191 defg,B | 82.18 ± 0.28 ab,A | 11.88 ± 0.08 abcd,AB | 40.81 ± 0.66 bcd,AB | |||
Tecnifol Zinc | Roxo | T0 | 2077 ± 122 efg,AB | 82.73 ± 0.20 ab,A | 11.64 ± 0.13 abcd,A | 35.66 ± 1.21 f,B | |
T1 | 1951 ± 168 fg,A | 81.90 ± 0.17 ab,A | 11.62 ± 0.15 abcd,A | 37.46 ± 0.77 def,AB | |||
T2 | 1831 ± 155 fg,A | 82.40 ± 0.10 ab,A | 11.44 ± 0.14 abcd,A | 36.82 ± 0.28 ef,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 2827 ± 217 abcd,AB | 83.30 ± 0.33 a,A | 11.77 ± 0.13 abcd,A | 44.52 ± 0.13 a,A | ||
T1 | 2731 ± 125 abcde,A | 82.88 ± 0.31 ab,A | 11.93 ± 0.15 abc,A | 42.96 ± 0.31 ab,A | |||
T2 | 2808 ± 65 abcd,A | 82.80 ± 0.21 ab,A | 12.07 ± 0.03 a,A | 42.20 ± 0.56 ab,A |
Experimental Field | Fertilizer | Variety | Treatment | Ash Content (%) | Colorimeter—CIELab System | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | a* | b* | |||||
1 | ZnSO4 | Roxo | T0 | 1.839 ± 0.030 bc,B | 81.67 ± 0.610 a,AB | −1.450 ± 0.170 bc,AB | 22.48 ± 0.370 ab,AB |
T1 | 1.872 ± 0.013 b,A | 82.33 ± 0.340 a,A | −1.900 ± 0.070 c,BC | 22.45 ± 0.270 ab,AB | |||
T2 | 1.833 ± 0.055 bc,AB | 82.61 ± 0.460 a,A | −1.950 ± 0.090 c,BC | 21.97 ± 0.250 ab,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 3.234 ± 0.108 a,A | 77.55 ± 1.670 b,A | −1.190 ± 0.190 ab,B | 20.90 ± 0.630 b,A | ||
T1 | 1.589 ± 0.020 cd,BC | 77.99 ± 0.520 b,AB | −0.760 ± 0.190 a,AB | 22.77 ± 0.460 a,A | |||
T2 | 1.534 ± 0.052 d,B | 79.48 ± 0.580 ab,A | −1.370 ± 0.110 bc,B | 21.23 ± 0.140 ab,AB | |||
2 | Zn-EDTA | Roxo | T0 | 1.480 ± 0.030 a,D | 81.61 ± 0.390 a,AB | −2.040 ± 0.040 b,C | 21.15 ± 0.190 a,B |
T1 | 1.600 ± 0.046 a,C | 82.33 ± 1.090 a,A | −2.210 ± 0.160 b,C | 20.66 ± 0.420 a,C | |||
T2 | 1.558 ± 0.052 a,C | 82.91 ± 0.730 a,A | −2.130 ± 0.180 b,C | 21.80 ± 0.480 a,B | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1.648 ± 0.036 a,BC | 72.30 ± 0.430 b,B | −0.780 ± 0.070 a,AB | 20.77 ± 0.190 a,A | ||
T1 | 1.522 ± 0.034 a,C | 75.91 ± 1.190 b,BC | −1.000 ± 0.110 a,AB | 21.09 ± 0.130 a,B | |||
T2 | 1.576 ± 0.030 a,B | 74.59 ± 1.300 b,B | −0.820 ± 0.160 a,A | 20.94 ± 0.150 a,B | |||
3 | Tecnifol Zinc | Roxo | T0 | 2.024 ± 0.040 a,A | 79.30 ± 0.400 a,B | −1.080 ± 0.130 bc,AB | 23.22 ± 0.330 a,A |
T1 | 1.811 ± 0.018 b,A | 77.87 ± 0.450 ab,B | −1.590 ± 0.090 c,AB | 21.71 ± 0.170 b,BC | |||
T2 | 1.814 ± 0.023 b,B | 79.32 ± 0.900 a,B | −1.470 ± 0.080 c,A | 22.13 ± 0.160 b,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1.785 ± 0.027 b,BC | 76.09 ± 0.620 bc,A | −0.760 ± 0.170 ab,AB | 21.44 ± 0.390 b,A | ||
T1 | 1.786 ± 0.039 b,A | 73.48 ± 0.860 c,C | −0.530 ± 0.130 a,A | 21.83 ± 0.190 b,AB | |||
T2 | 1.833 ± 0.008 b,A | 77.93 ± 0.650 ab,A | −0.910 ± 0.160 ab,AB | 21.79 ± 0.190 b,A | |||
4 | ZnSO4 | Roxo | T0 | 1.982 ± 0.011 a,A | 80.88 ± 0.240 abc,AB | −1.680 ± 0.130 ij,BC | 21.86 ± 0.350 bcdef,B |
T1 | 1.890 ± 0.006 ab,A | 80.39 ± 0.490 abcde,A | −1.400 ± 0.070 defghi,A | 23.24 ± 0.180 a,A | |||
T2 | 1.999 ± 0.032 a,A | 80.81 ± 0.540 abcd,AB | −1.460 ± 0.140 efghi,A | 23.15 ± 0.380 ab,A | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1.846 ± 0.007 bc,B | 76.43 ± 0.280 g,A | −0.630 ± 0.090 a,A | 21.94 ± 0.370 abcde,A | ||
T1 | 1.737 ± 0.023 cde,A | 79.48 ± 0.540 bcdef,A | −1.160 ± 0.060 bcdef,B | 21.08 ± 0.070 ef,B | |||
T2 | 1.782 ± 0.027 bcd,A | 78.03 ± 0.290 efg,A | −1.180 ± 0.100 bcdefg,AB | 21.08 ± 0.340 ef,AB | |||
Zn-EDTA | Roxo | T0 | 1.710 ± 0.009 def,C | 79.65 ± 1.190 bcdef,B | −1.570 ± 0.100 ghij,BC | 22.10 ± 0.440 abcde,AB | |
T1 | 1.762 ± 0.048 bcde,AB | 79.88 ± 0.420 abcdef,AB | −1.560 ± 0.070 fghij,AB | 22.44 ± 0.290 abcd,AB | |||
T2 | 1.745 ± 0.030 cde,B | 80.77 ±0.370 abcd,AB | −1.880 ± 0.030 hij,ABC | 21.66 ± 0.310 cdef,B | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1.631 ± 0.032 efgh,BC | 77.65 ±0.480 fg,A | −0.650 ± 0.080 a,A | 21.56 ± 0.270 cdef,A | ||
T1 | 1.686 ± 0.024 defg,AB | 78.15 ±0.610 defg,AB | −0.900 ± 0.040 abc,AB | 21.46 ± 0.140 def,B | |||
T2 | 1.529 ± 0.025 h,B | 79.30 ± 0.240 bcdef,A | −1.230 ± 0.020 cdefgh,AB | 20.59 ± 0.080 f,B | |||
Tecnifol Zinc | Roxo | T0 | 1.592 ± 0.020 fgh,CD | 82.40 ± 0.520 a,A | −1.810 ± 0.070 ij,BC | 22.11 ± 0.140 abcde,AB | |
T1 | 1.648 ± 0.018 defgh,BC | 81.63 ± 0.470 abc,A | −1.770 ± 0.080 ij,AB | 22.49 ± 0.280 abcd,AB | |||
T2 | 1.707 ± 0.024 defg,BC | 81.97 ± 0.360 ab,A | −1.610 ± 0.090 j,AC | 22.82 ± 0.140 abc,AB | |||
Paiva | T0 | 1.572 ± 0.028 gh,C | 77.53 ± 0.720 fg,A | −0.780 ± 0.060 ab,AB | 21.42 ± 0.160 def,A | ||
T1 | 1.522 ± 0.027 h,C | 77.81 ±0.700 efg,AB | −1.030 ± 0.080 abcd,B | 21.39 ± 0.240 def,B | |||
T2 | 1.529 ± 0.028 h,B | 79.08 ± 0.440 cdefg,A | −1.070 ± 0.040 bcde,AB | 21.84 ± 0.210 bcdef,A |
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Luís, I.C.; Lidon, F.C.; Pessoa, C.C.; Marques, A.C.; Coelho, A.R.F.; Simões, M.; Patanita, M.; Dôres, J.; Ramalho, J.C.; Silva, M.M.; et al. Zinc Enrichment in Two Contrasting Genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. Grains: Interactions between Edaphic Conditions and Foliar Fertilizers. Plants 2021, 10, 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020204
Luís IC, Lidon FC, Pessoa CC, Marques AC, Coelho ARF, Simões M, Patanita M, Dôres J, Ramalho JC, Silva MM, et al. Zinc Enrichment in Two Contrasting Genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. Grains: Interactions between Edaphic Conditions and Foliar Fertilizers. Plants. 2021; 10(2):204. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020204
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuís, Inês Carmo, Fernando C. Lidon, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Ana Coelho Marques, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Manuela Simões, Manuel Patanita, José Dôres, José C. Ramalho, Maria Manuela Silva, and et al. 2021. "Zinc Enrichment in Two Contrasting Genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. Grains: Interactions between Edaphic Conditions and Foliar Fertilizers" Plants 10, no. 2: 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020204