Can Foliar Pulverization with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 Trigger Ca Enrichment in Solanum tuberosum L. Tubers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Field | Ability to Accumulate or Drain Surface Water | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Slope Class (%) | Surface Drainage | Area (m2) | Área (%) | ||||||||
Moledo | 1-[0–5%] | Low | 238.0 | 53.7 | |||||||
2-[5–20%] | Moderate | 212.9 | 47.2 | ||||||||
3- >20% | High | 0.5 | 0.1 | ||||||||
Casal Galharda | 1-[0–5%] | Low | 76.8 | 21.1 | |||||||
2-[5–20%] | Moderate | 265.5 | 72.9 | ||||||||
3- >20% | High | 21.7 | 6.0 | ||||||||
Boas Águas | 1-[0–5%] | Low | 2.5 | 0.5 | |||||||
2-[5–20%] | Moderate | 475.4 | 99.5 | ||||||||
3- >20% | High | 0.1 | - | ||||||||
Soil analysis (0–30 cm deep) (n = 16) | |||||||||||
pH | Electrical Conductivity | Organic Matter | Ca | K | Mg | P | Fe | S | Zn | Mn | |
μS cm −1 | % | ppm | |||||||||
Moledo | 7.41 ± 0.03 a | 205 ± 17.5 b | 1.88 ± 0.12 c | 0.39 ± 0.03 b | 2.20 ± 0.03 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 1.19 ± 0.07 b | 55.9 ± 4.80 b | 19.6 ± 1.54 c | 318 ± 26.5 b |
Casal Galharda | 7.40 ± 0.05 a | 349 ± 24.2 a | 4.59 ± 0.10 a | 0.65 ± 0.03 a | 2.23 ± 0.07 b | 0.19 ± 0.02 b | 0.29 ± 0.01 a | 2.59 ± 0.06 a | 77.6 ± 1.11 a | 62.7 ± 2.77 a | 703 ± 56.8 a |
Boas Águas | 7.30 ± 0.06 a | 332 ± 13.7 a | 4.13 ± 0.14 b | 0.71 ± 0.07 a | 2.64 ± 0.02 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 0.50 ± 0.07 c | 66.6 ± 1.24 b | 41.7 ± 1.62 b | 270 ± 31.1 b |
Water analysis | |||||||||||
pH | Electrical Conductivity | Ca2± | K± | Mg2± | Na± | Cl− | HCO3− | SO42− | NO3− | PO43− | |
μS cm −1 | mg L−1 (meq L−1) | ||||||||||
Moledo | 7.2 | 1322 | 156.4(7.8) | 2.1 (0.05) | 22.5 (1.8) | 22.8 (1.4) | 56.6 (1.6) | 297.6 (4.8) | 166 (3.4) | 90.3 (1.4) | <1.5 (<0.04) |
Casal Galharda | 6.9 | 1340 | 119.2(5.9) | 4.6 (0.1) | 37.1 (3.0) | 56.3 (2.4) | 89 (2.5) | 374.5 (6.1) | 164 (3.4) | 1.2 (0.01) | <1.5 (<0.04) |
Boas Águas | 6.9 | 1381 | 169.6(8.4) | 2.2 (0.06) | 20.6 (1.7) | 41.2 (1.7) | 69 (1.9) | 330.6(5.4) | 234 (4.8) | 26.7 (0.4) | <1.5 (<0.04) |
Treatments | Agria | Picasso | Rossi | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ca (%) | ||||
Control | 0.020 ± 0.001 b | 0.020 ± 0.001 c | 0.023 ± 0.000 a | |
Ca(NO3)2 | 0.5 kg ha−1 | 0.021 ± 0.000 b | 0.021 ± 0.002 bc | 0.024 ± 0.001 ab |
2 kg ha−1 | 0.027 ± 0.000 a | 0.026 ± 0.001 ab | 0.025 ± 0.000 ab | |
4 kg ha−1 | 0.028 ± 0.001 a | 0.027 ± 0.001 ab | 0.026 ± 0.000 b | |
CaCl2 | 3 kg ha−1 | 0.027 ± 0.002 a | 0.023 ± 0.001 abc | 0.023 ± 0.001 a |
6 kg ha−1 | 0.028 ± 0.000 a | 0.028 ± 0.002 a | 0.025 ± 0.001 ab |
Ca Contents (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | Agria | ||||
Transverse Sections in the Equatorial Region | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Control | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 |
Ca(NO3)2 (4 kg ha−1) | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
CaCl2 (6 kg ha−1) | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.01 |
Treatments | Picasso | ||||
Transverse Sections in the Equatorial Region | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Control | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.02 |
Ca(NO3)2 (4 kg ha−1) | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 0.75 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.03 |
CaCl2 (6 kg ha−1) | 1.00 ± 0.05 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.02 |
Treatments | Rossi | ||||
Transverse Sections in the Equatorial Region | |||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Control | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 |
Ca(NO3)2 (4 kg ha−1) | 0.90 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 |
CaCl2 (6 kg ha−1) | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.02 |
Treatments | Agria | Picasso | Rossi | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry weight (%) | ||||
Control | 25.2 ± 0.459 a | 20.9 ± 0.596 ab | 26.1 ± 1.180 a | |
Ca(NO3)2 | 0.5 kg ha−1 | 21.0 ± 0.359 b | 17.6 ± 0.403 c | 18.1 ± 0.690 c |
2 kg ha−1 | 20.0 ± 0.248 b | 20.9 ± 0.533 ab | 21.6 ± 0.422 bc | |
4 kg ha−1 | 20.2 ± 0.660 b | 21.6 ± 0.403 ab | 22.8 ± 0.410 ab | |
CaCl2 | 3 kg ha−1 | 22.6 ± 0.386 ab | 19.7 ± 0.158 bc | 23.2 ± 0.763 ab |
6 kg ha−1 | 22.4 ± 0.790 ab | 23.0 ± 0.713 a | 23.2 ± 0.090 ab | |
Total Soluble Solids (°Brix) | ||||
Control | 6.17 ± 0.136 a | 4.83 ± 0.136 b | 7.50 ± 0.408 a | |
Ca(NO3)2 | 0.5 kg ha−1 | 5.33 ± 0.272 ab | 4.93 ± 0.054 b | 6.17 ± 0.136 bc |
2 kg ha−1 | 5.40 ± 0.249 ab | 5.17 ± 0.136 b | 5.17 ± 0.136 c | |
4 kg ha−1 | 5.00 ± 0.000 b | 5.50 ± 0.235 ab | 6.67 ± 0.134 ab | |
CaCl2 | 3 kg ha−1 | 5.07 ± 0.054 ab | 6.51 ± 0.232 a | 7.33 ± 0.272 ab |
6 kg ha−1 | 5.30 ± 0.244 ab | 5.50 ± 0.288 ab | 7.00 ± 0.288 ab |
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Coelho, A.R.F.; Lidon, F.C.; Pessoa, C.C.; Marques, A.C.; Luís, I.C.; Caleiro, J.; Simões, M.; Kullberg, J.; Legoinha, P.; Brito, M.; et al. Can Foliar Pulverization with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 Trigger Ca Enrichment in Solanum tuberosum L. Tubers? Plants 2021, 10, 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020245
Coelho ARF, Lidon FC, Pessoa CC, Marques AC, Luís IC, Caleiro J, Simões M, Kullberg J, Legoinha P, Brito M, et al. Can Foliar Pulverization with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 Trigger Ca Enrichment in Solanum tuberosum L. Tubers? Plants. 2021; 10(2):245. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020245
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoelho, Ana Rita F., Fernando C. Lidon, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Ana Coelho Marques, Inês Carmo Luís, João Caleiro, Manuela Simões, José Kullberg, Paulo Legoinha, Maria Brito, and et al. 2021. "Can Foliar Pulverization with CaCl2 and Ca(NO3)2 Trigger Ca Enrichment in Solanum tuberosum L. Tubers?" Plants 10, no. 2: 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020245