Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bacteria as Biological Control Agents
2.1. In Vitro Tests
2.2. Pot Experiments
2.3. Field Trials
3. Growth Stimulation and Productivity of Plants
4. Modes of Action of Bacteria on Nematodes
5. Mechanisms Involved in Plant Growth Stimulation
6. Suppression of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms by Bacteria
7. Available Commercial Formulations of Bacteria
8. Conclusions, Problems and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nematicidal Compounds | Species of Bacteria | Target Phytoparasitic Nematodes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Direct influence on nematode | |||
Hyperparasitism | |||
Pasteuria pentrans | Aphelenchoides besseyi, Globodera rostochiensis, Meloidogyne incognita, M.arenaria, M. hapla, M. graminicola, Pratylenchus penetrans, Radopholus similis | [68,70,71] | |
Antibiosis | |||
Lytic enzymes | |||
Proteases | Brevibacillus laterosporus | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Heterodera glycines | [70,72] |
Bacillus megaterium | M. graminicola (juveniles) | [73] | |
Chitinases | Serratia marcescens | M. hapla (eggs and juveniles) | [74] |
B. subtilis, B. pumilus | Meloidogyne spp. | [73] | |
Collagenases | B. cereus | M. javanica (juveniles) | [74] |
Lipases | Bacillus thuringiensis FB833T, B. amyloliquefaciens FR203A, B. thuringiensis FS213P | Xiphinema index | [74] |
Complex chitosanase, alkaline serine protease | B. cereus | M. incognita, (juveniles) | [72] |
Glucanases, cellulases, pectinases | Pseudomonas | M. incognita | [74] |
Antibiotics | |||
2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) | Fluorescent pseudomonads | M. javanica, M. graminicola | [75,76,77] |
Globodera rostochiensis (eggs and juveniles) | [78] | ||
Cyclic lipopeptides: surfactin, fengycin, iturins, acteriocins, polyketides, bacteriocins. | B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, B. subtilis | M incognita | [18,70,73,79] |
Toxins | |||
Hydrogen cyanide | Pseudomonads | Burrowing nematodes; cyst nematodes; dagger nematodes root-knot nematodes (juveniles); | [74,80] |
Cry6Aa2 protoxin | B. thuringiensis | M. hapla (egg hatch, juvenile motility) | [29] |
Cry5B | B. thuringiensis | Meloidogyne spp. | [81] |
Cry1Ea11 | B. thuringiensis | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus | [82] |
Toxin A and toxin B, antibiotics | Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus budapestensis, X. szentirmaii | Aphelenchoides besseyi, M. incognita, Nacobbus aberrans | [49,83,84] |
VOC | |||
alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, ketones, terpenoids, and sulfur families | Bacillus spp. | M. graminicola (juveniles) | [85] |
Arthrobacter nicotianae | M. incognita (juveniles) | [23] | |
B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 | M.incognita | [79] |
Bacteria | Name/Producer | Target | Observations/Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pasteuria pentrans | Econem—Syngenta | Belonolaimus longicaudatus | Ineffective | [98] |
P. penetrans | Econem—Pasteuria Bioscience, USA | Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria | Effect depends on plant culture and growing conditions. | [99] |
P. penetrans | Econem—Nematech, Japan. | M. incognita | Biological efficiency 89%. Increase in marketable yield of sweet potato. The results are similar to Dichloropren. | [100] |
P. nishizawae Pn1 | Clariva PN—Syngenta, Brazil | Heterodera glycines | Ineffective | [62] |
Pasteuria sp. Ph3 | Naviva ST—Syngenta | Rotylenchulus reniformis | Inhibition of nematodes in cotton, soybean, vegetables. | [80] |
P. usage Bl1 + Pasteuria sp. Ph3 | NewPro—Syngenta | B. longicaudatus | Inhibition of lance and sting nematodes in turf. | [80] |
B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 | RhizoVital—AbiTep GmbH, Berlin, Germany | M. incognita | Reduction in J2, enhanced of root weight | [18] |
Burkholderia cepacia | Deny—Stine Microbial Products, Madison, WI | M. incognita | Suppression of root-knot nematode population on bell pepper. Biological efficiency 60% | [101,102] |
Bacillus subtilis | Stanes Sting—Imported from T. Stanes and Company Limited, India, by Gaara company, Egypt | M. arenaria | Reduction of J2 both in soil and roots as well as root galling, egg masses, biological efficiency 50%. Enhanced potato yield. | [103] |
B. firmus I-1582 | Poncho—Votivo Crop Science, Raleigh, NC | Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera glycines | Biological efficiency against Meloidogyne luci over 50%. Triggering ISR. Degradation of Meloidogyne eggs, colonization of plant roots. | [43,62,89] |
B. firmus I-1582 | Poncho—Votivo Crop Science, Raleigh, NC | R reniformis | Nematode control and yield similar to Avicta (Abamectin) | [63,64] |
B. firmus GB-126 | VOTiVO—Bayer, Germany | R reniformis | Reduction in number of females, eggs, and juvenile life stages. Cotton yield similar to aldicarb. | [104] |
B. firmus | BioNem-WP—BioSafe—AgroGreen, Israel | M. incognita | Field efficiency 75–84%. Enhanced shoot height (29–31%) and tomato weight (20–24%) | [56,105] |
B. firmus | BioNemaGon—Agri-Life, India | Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Helicotylenchus spp. | Reduction in nematode population and root infestation by nematodes in vegetables and herbs | [80] |
B. megaterium | Bio-Arc | Meloidogyne spp., | Reduction in J2, egg masses, eggs and reproduction factor. Enhanced shoot weight. | [106,107] |
B. megaterium | Bio-Arc | Tylenchulus semipenetrans | Biological efficiency 88%,89% on baladi orange and lime | [108] |
B. methylotrophicus | Onix—Laboratorio de Bio Controle Farroupilha S.A., Brazil | M. javanica | Ineffective on tomato plants | [109] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | Sheathgua (Sudozone)— Agriland Biotech, India | Meloidogyne spp., Cyst nematodes | - | [70] |
Serratia marcescens | Nemaless—Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt | M. incognita | Reduction in J2, egg masses, egg numbers and reproduction factor. Improvement of tomato growth criteria: fresh weight of shoots and roots, length of both systems. | [106] |
B. amyloliquefaciens IN937a, B. subtilis GB03 | BioYield—Gustafson LLC, USA | M. incognita | Significant reduction in nematode eggs, juveniles and galls on tomato. Enhanced root weight. | [18,110] |
B. licheniformis, B. subtilis | Nemix C | Meloidogyne spp. | - | [33] |
B. licheniformis FMCH001, B. subtilis FMCH002 | Presense—FMC Química do Brasil Ltd.a., Brazil | Plant parasitic nematodes | - | [70] |
B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. coagulans, P. fluorescens, Streptomyces spp., | Pathway Consortia—Pathway Holdings, USA | Plant parasitic nematodes | - | [111] |
B. chitinosporus, B. laterosporus, B. licheniformis | BioStart— Bio-Cat, USA | Meloidogyne spp. | Inconsistent effect | [112,113] |
Serratia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Azotobacter spp., B. circulans, B. thuringiensis | Micronema—Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt | M. incognita | Significant reduction in J2, galls and egg masses (97%, 80% and 88%). Enhanced growth parameters: length of shoots, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots. | [44] |
47 strains of bacilli | Equity—Naturize Biosciences LLC, Jacksonville, FL, USA | M. incognita | Significant reduction in nematode eggs, juveniles and galls on tomato. Enhanced root weight. | [18] |
Rhizobacteria and microbial metabolites produced during anaerobic fermentation of a microbial community | Ag-Blend—Advanced Microbial Solutions LLC, Pilot Point, TX, USA | M. incognita | Reduction of gall numbers, enhanced root weight. | [18] |
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Migunova, V.D.; Sasanelli, N. Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes. Plants 2021, 10, 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020389
Migunova VD, Sasanelli N. Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes. Plants. 2021; 10(2):389. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020389
Chicago/Turabian StyleMigunova, Varvara D., and Nicola Sasanelli. 2021. "Bacteria as Biocontrol Tool against Phytoparasitic Nematodes" Plants 10, no. 2: 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020389