Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Vineyard Site
Climate Conditions at the Experimental Site
4.3. Experimental Set-Up
4.4. Yield Components
4.5. Clusters Characterization
4.6. Analysis of Physiochemical Components of Fresh Juice
4.7. Wines
4.8. Analysis of Standard Components of Wine
4.9. Analysis of (Non)Flavonoid Compounds by HPLC
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agronomic parameters | |||||
Cluster number/vine | 11.78 ± 3.67 a | 10.36 ± 3.12 b | 10.16 ± 2.95 b | 7.2 ± 2.46 c | 10.67 ± 3.13 ab |
Yield/vine (kg) | 1.54 ± 0.63 b | 1.33 ± 0.52 bc | 1.15 ± 0.45 c | 1.24 ± 0.51 c | 1.83 ± 0.71 a |
Cluster architecture | |||||
Cluster weight (g) | 244.54 ± 34.17 b | 251.73 ± 64.22 b | 227.47 ± 57.83 b | 325.07 ± 54.30 a | 360.74 ± 58.93 a |
Cluster length (cm) | 14.57 ± 2.01 b | 15.04 ± 1.04 ab | 14.61 ± 1.87 b | 15.29 ± 1.28 ab | 16.36 ± 1.41 a |
Cluster width (cm) | 10.49 ± 1.27 ab | 10.61 ± 1.26 ab | 10.36 ± 2.40 b | 12.12 ± 2.19 a | 11.77 ± 2.10 ab |
Berries/cluster | 120 ± 23.63 c | 131 ± 33.38 bc | 129 ± 39.55 bc | 151 ± 28.34 b | 183 ± 28.83 a |
Rachis weight (g) | 6.81 ± 1.14 b | 7.43 ± 1.94 b | 7.49 ± 2.53 b | 10.58 ± 2.69 a | 11.53 ± 3.59 a |
Total berry weight (g) | 237.73 ± 33.37 b | 244.30 ± 62.57 b | 219.99 ± 55.79 b | 314.49 ± 52.41 a | 349.21 ± 56.10 a |
Mean mass (1 berry) | 2.07 ± 0.25 a | 1.94 ± 0.29 ab | 1.81 ± 0.32 b | 2.17 ± 0.25 a | 1.98 ± 0.17 ab |
Compactness | 1.2 ± 0.35 ab | 1.11 ± 0.23 b | 1.07 ± 0.22 b | 1.41 ± 0.32 a | 1.36 ± 0.23 a |
Cluster elongation | 1.43 ± 0.37 a | 1.44 ± 0.20 a | 1.46 ± 0.29 a | 1.29 ± 0.22 a | 1.43 ± 0.27 a |
Ripening parameters | |||||
Weight 100 berries | 227.83 ± 3.04 ab | 218.84 ± 4.50 cd | 214.88 ± 4.89 d | 233.85 ± 1.88 a | 224.71 ± 4.55 bc |
Sugar (°Brix) | 19.47 ± 0.15 d | 20.37 ± 0.06 b | 22.30 ± 0.00 a | 20.37 ± 0.12 b | 20.10 ± 0.20 c |
pH | 3.54 ± 0.01 d | 3.63 ± 0.01 c | 3.75 ± 0.01 a | 3.67 ± 0.01 b | 3.62 ± 0.02 c |
Total acidity (g/L) | 6.12 ± 0.05 a | 5.30 ± 0.04 d | 5.01 ± 0.06 e | 5.56 ± 0.09 c | 5.87 ± 0.08 b |
T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | C | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol (% v/v) | 11.9 ± 0.0 c | 12.5 ± 0.1 b | 13.9 ± 0.0 a | 12.47 ± 0.4 b | 12.1 ± 0.0 c |
Total dry extract (g/L) | 28.6 ± 0.66 b | 28.57 ± 0.29 b | 33.67 ± 0.4 a | 29 ± 0.17 b | 27.8 ± 0.17 c |
Reducing sugars (g/L) | 1.67 ± 0.06 c | 2.2 ± 0.1 b | 2.53 ± 0.15 a | 1.7 ± 0.2 c | 1.87 ± 0.06 c |
pH | 3.90 ± 0.06 a | 3.87 ± 0.02 a | 3.89 ± 0.00 a | 3.86 ± 0.03 a | 3.85 ± 0.02 a |
Total acidity (g/L) (as tartaric acid) | 5.5 ± 0.44 c | 5.97 ± 0.06 ab | 6.3 ± 0.00 a | 5.93 ± 0.23 ab | 5.63 ± 0.06 bc |
Volatile acidity (g/L) (as acetic acid) | 0.43 ± 0.06 b | 0.5 ± 0.0 ab | 0.47 ± 0.06 ab | 0.47 ± 0.06 ab | 0.53 ± 0.06 a |
Nonflavonoid Compounds | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | C |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caftaric acid | 46.91 ± 1.5 a | 43.02 ± 0.84 b | 29.71 ± 2.10 d | 43.64 ± 0.91 b | 40.29 ± 1.12 c |
Caffeic acid | 2.78 ± 0.18 c | 3.57 ± 0.08 b | 8.11 ± 0.27 a | 3.32 ± 0.37 b | 2.55 ± 0.28 c |
p-coumaric acid | n.d. | n.d. | 1.60 ± 0.08 a | n.d. | n.d. |
Total Hydroxycinnamic acids | 49.70 ± 1.39 a | 46.59 ± 0.92 b | 39.42 ± 1.99 d | 46.96 ± 1.26 b | 42.84 ± 0.90 c |
Gallic acid | 13.08 ± 0.34 bc | 11.47 ± 0.98 c | 24.38 ± 1.93 a | 13.70 ± 0.3 b | 12.09 ± 0.27 bc |
Protocatechic acid | 2.82 ± 0.19 c | 2.87 ± 0.95 c | 8.07 ± 0.20 a | 4.32 ± 0.20 b | 3.66 ± 0.48 bc |
Vanillic acid | 3.32 ± 0.39 c | 3.46 ± 0.21 c | 7.00 ± 0.42 a | 4.05 ± 0.26 b | 4.03 ± 0.16 b |
Syringic acid | 2.31 ± 0.23 c | 3.12 ± 0.12 b | 7.13 ± 0.58 a | 3.70 ± 0.38 b | 3.57 ± 0.29 b |
Total Hydroxybenzoic acids | 21.53 ± 0.09 c | 20.92 ± 0.92 c | 46.58 ± 3.10 a | 25.78 ± 1.08 b | 23.35 ± 0.27 bc |
Viniferin | 0.21 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.04 a | 0.20 ± 0.05 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | 0.19 ± 0.02 a |
Resveratrol-3-O-glucoside | 2.74 ± 0.09 ab | 2.61 ± 0.26 ab | 1.78 ± 0.14 c | 2.78 ± 0.08 a | 2.50 ± 0.06 b |
Resveratrol | 0.07 ± 0.02 b | 0.10 ± 0.03 b | 0.16 ± 0.03 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 b |
Total stilbenes | 3.02 ± 0.11 ab | 2.92 ± 0.27 ab | 2.14 ± 0.10 c | 3.10 ± 0.07 a | 2.77 ± 0.08 b |
Flavonoid Compounds | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | K |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 0.72 ± 0.37 a | 0.74 ± 0.14 a | 0.20 ± 0.17 b | 0.68 ± 0.09 a | 0.14 ± 0.03 b |
Petunidin-3-glucoside | 4.01 ± 0.38 a | 3.6 ± 0.68 ab | 1.42 ± 0.20 d | 2.87 ± 0.75 bc | 2.34 ± 0.36 cd |
Peonidin-3-glucoside | 1.09 ± 0.32 a | 1.37 ± 0.16 a | 0.31 ± 0.04 c | 1.33 ± 0.11 a | 0.68 ± 0.20 b |
Malvidin-3-glucoside | 110.27 ± 6.25 a | 113.63 ± 2.98 a | 61.36 ± 21.45 c | 86.59 ± 3.67 b | 95.84 ± 6.56 ab |
Cyanidin-3-(6″acetyl) glucoside | n.d. | n.d. | 2.81 ± 0.3 a | 1.95 ± 0.18 b | n.d. |
Delphinidin-3-(6″caffeoyl) glucoside | 0.36 ± 0.04 a | 0.32 ± 0.04 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 b | 0.10 ± 0.08 b | 0.27 ± 0.08 a |
Peonidin-3-(6″acetyl) glucoside | 1.8 ± 0.12 c | 2.74 ± 0.12 a | 1.03 ± 0.23 d | 2.37 ± 0.20 b | 2.1 ± 0.13 b |
Malvidin-3-(6″acetyl) glucoside | 30.79 ± 6.10 a | 32.21 ± 2.82 a | 12.97 ± 2.25 c | 23.48 ± 2.53 b | 28.33 ± 2.31 ab |
Peonidin-3-(6″-p-coumaroyl) glucoside | 1.28 ± 0.10 a | 1.19 ± 0.12 a | 0.47 ± 0.11 c | 0.74 ± 0.13 b | 0.80 ± 0.15 b |
Malvidin-3-(6″-p-coumaroyl) glucoside | 6.74 ± 1.93 a | 6.40 ± 2.7 a | 2.0 ± 0.8 b | 6.93 ± 1.31 a | 6.79 ± 0.68 a |
Total anthocyanins | 157.05 ± 14.22 a | 162.20 ± 8.55 a | 82.69 ± 23.31 c | 127.04 ± 4.83 b | 137.29 ± 10.06 ab |
Myricetin-3-O-glucuronide | 7.09 ± 0.47 a | 4.37 ± 0.52 b | 0.35 ± 0.15 e | 2.12 ± 0.73 d | 3.00 ± 0.25 c |
Myricetin-3-O-glucoside | 1.41 ± 0.02 ab | 1.28 ± 0.36 b | 0.70 ± 0.25 c | 1.77 ± 0.10 a | 1.62 ± 0.16 ab |
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 13.68 ± 0.67 a | 11.82 ± 0.17 b | 4.82 ± 0.75 c | 5.47 ± 0.50 c | 5.43 ± 0.02 c |
Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 1.49 ± 0.10 a | 1.16 ± 0.04 b | 0.35 ± 0.18 c | 0.45 ± 0.10 c | 0.38 ± 0.09 c |
Kaempferol-3-glucuronide | 0.32 ± 0.02 ab | 0.30 ± 0.04 ab | 0.21 ± 0.07 b | 0.35 ± 0.13 a | 0.25 ± 0.06 ab |
Kaempferol-3-glucoside | 2.06 ± 0.05 a | 2.03 ± 0.05 a | 1.90 ± 0.01 b | 1.89 ± 0.01 b | 1.86 ± 0.04 b |
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside | 0.14 ± 0.02 a | 0.16 ± 0.06 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 0.15 ± 0.07 a |
Syringetin-3-glucoside | 8.85 ± 0.33 a | 8.88 ± 0.26 a | 7.66 ± 0.76 b | 7.02 ± 0.30 bc | 6.35 ± 0.13 c |
Total favonols | 35.03 ± 1.57 a | 30 ± 0.59 b | 16.08 ± 1.46 d | 19.19 ± 1.21 c | 19.05 ± 0.03 c |
Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) | 3.62 ± 0.21 c | 6.12 ± 0.08 a | 4.58 ± 0.21 b | 5.52 ± 0.41 a | 3.87 ± 0.99 bc |
Epicatechingallate (ECG) | 8.09 ± 0.67 a | 7.59 ± 0.96 a | 3.97 ± 0.25 c | 6.94 ± 0.85 ab | 6.31 ± 0.17 b |
Gallocatechin | 102.59 ± 3.58 a | 110.84 ± 7.16 a | 85.95 ± 5.82 b | 73.79 ± 7.22 c | 66.04 ± 1.38 c |
Epigallocatechin | 5.94 ± 0.30 a | 5.96 ± 0.82 a | n.d. | 5.61 ± 0.40 a | n.d. |
Dimer B1 | 24.04 ± 1.49 a | 20.31 ± 1.89 b | 19.91 ± 3.01 b | 19.98 ± 0.65 b | 19.52 ± 0.66 b |
Catechin | 19.08 ± 1.53 a | 16.18 ± 1.88 ab | 16.55 ± 2.70 ab | 16.85 ± 1.23 ab | 15.43 ± 0.47 b |
Dimer B3 | 4.55 ± 0.20 a | 3.39 ± 0.34 c | 4.18 ± 0.24 ab | 3.87 ± 0.08 b | 3.39 ± 0.19 c |
Dimer B4 | 2.92 ± 0.08 ab | 2.55 ± 0.06 cd | 3.03 ± 0.19 a | 2.71 ± 0.19 bc | 2.45 ± 0.05 d |
Dimer B2 | 12.14 ± 1.14 ab | 9.30 ± 1.10 c | 13.91 ± 2.26 a | 11.49 ± 0.94 bc | 10.35 ± 0.35 bc |
Epicatechin | 13.89 ± 1.42 a | 10.30 ± 1.48 c | 14.46 ± 2.11 a | 13.01 ± 0.53 ab | 11.38 ± 0.55 bc |
Total (catechin+epicatechin) | 32.97 ± 2.92 a | 26.49 ± 3.35 b | 31.01 ± 4.80 ab | 29.86 ± 1.74 ab | 26.81 ± 1.00 b |
Total dimers B | 43.66 ± 2.79 a | 35.55 ± 2.65 b | 41.04 ± 5.42 ab | 38.05 ± 1.11 b | 35.70 ± 1.11 b |
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Mucalo, A.; Budić-Leto, I.; Lukšić, K.; Maletić, E.; Zdunić, G. Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region. Plants 2021, 10, 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030551
Mucalo A, Budić-Leto I, Lukšić K, Maletić E, Zdunić G. Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region. Plants. 2021; 10(3):551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030551
Chicago/Turabian StyleMucalo, Ana, Irena Budić-Leto, Katarina Lukšić, Edi Maletić, and Goran Zdunić. 2021. "Early Defoliation Techniques Enhance Yield Components, Grape and Wine Composition of cv. Trnjak (Vitis vinifera L.) in Dalmatian Hinterland Wine Region" Plants 10, no. 3: 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030551